Composition Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Determination of morphological composition of municipal solid waste for mykolayiv city (Ukraine) and forecasting of their accumulation in the future

Determination of morphological composition of municipal solid waste for mykolayiv city (Ukraine) and forecasting of their accumulation in the future

A contribution to the municipal solid waste management in Havana, Cuba

Problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) are increasing with growing populations and urbanisation, resulting in the need for improved waste management strategies. The physical composition and generation rate of MSW from residential areas in five representative municipalities in Havana were classified into 11 categories according to ASTM standards. The study reveals that over 65% of the MSW was comprised of organic waste (food waste). The average generation rate of MSW in the city was 0.7 kg/person-d. Five components of MSW in Havana are indicating promising dimensions for recycling activities, with paper and cardboard being largest. The recycling rate is currently insufficient and there is potential for significant improvements.

Preparation of artificial MSW leachate for treatment studies: Testing on black soldier fly larvae process.

When approaching the study of new processes for leachate treatment, each influencing variable should be kept under control to better comprehend the treatment process. However, leachate quality is difficult to control as it varies dramatically from one landfill to another, and in line with landfill ageing. To overcome this problem, the present study investigated the option of preparing a reliable artificial leachate in terms of quality consistency and representativeness in simulating the composition of real municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate, in view of further investigate the recent treatment process using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. Two recipes were used to simulate a real leachate (RL): one including chemical ingredients alone (artificial synthetic leachate-SL), and the other including chemicals mixed with artificial food waste (FW) eluate (artificial mixed leachate-ML). Research data were analysed, elaborated and discussed to assess simulation performance according to a series of parameters, such as Analytical representativeness, Treatment representativeness (in this case specific for the BSF larvae process), Recipe relevance, Repeatability and Flexibility in selectively modifying individual quality parameters. The best leachate simulation performance was achieved by the synthetic leachate, with concentration values generally ranging between 97% and 118% of the RL values. When feeding larvae with both RL and SL, similar mortality values and growth performance were observed.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗРУШЕНИЕ ПОЛИМЕРНОЙ УПАКОВКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ, ПРИБЛИЖЕННЫХ К ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫМ

Modern systems for the separate waste collection and recycling are not able to efficiently process all packaging materials in the composition of municipal solid waste, in particular, thin-walled products made from non-biodegradable polymeric materials. Reducing the share of such packaging and even refusing it has been enshrined in laws, it leads to development of new materials for these purposes, adequate criteria and methods for establishing biodegradability. The biodegradability of packaging material, consisting of starch, polylactide, and polyester of terephthalic acid, has been evaluated under conditions close to natural - in soil and in an aqueous environment. Packaging material degrades faster in an aqueous medium, biodegradation is more active in the presence of peptides, and mechanical destruction is faster achieved by alternating moistening with drying. Bacterial cultures had played the leading role in biodegradation, while cultures of microscopic fungi were practically not detected. This fact can be associated with the effect of photoinactivation of reactive oxygen species on the titanium oxide surface.

Improving the methodology for analyses of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste with stratification approach

First, problem-solving for solid waste management should be based on solid field analysis of their morphological composition. It is important to conduct research for both urban and rural settlements to obtain results that are more reliable. The aim of this article is to improve methodological approaches to determining the morphological composition of solid waste. From the data analysis, it is established that the lack of morphological composition of solid waste in the methodology of research requirements for representativeness of research results, error rate and common approaches to the research plan leads to the inability to compare the results of such studies and reduces their value. This study presents a new approach to determining the morphological composition of solid waste. The process of field research of morphological composition in Sumy city took place in 4 stages – preliminary research, sampling planning, field research, evaluation of results. Obtained results show the importance of using the requirements for statistical reliability of results. The application of such an approach allows us to unify the results of the study, and to compare the individual results of determining the morphological composition between settlements and by years.

Snapshot review of refuse-derived fuels

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is generated by selected Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) fractions. Due to MSW composition changes by location, it is challenging to sell RDF as a product in the market. This article compiles the significant standards and rules governing RDF manufacture and usage. Additionally, it emphasizes the key actors that have already made a business of its commercialization and energy production through thermochemical processes. Combustion is the most often utilized thermochemical process, and this paper gathers information from several works on the combustion of RDF and RDF blends. Pyrolysis and gasification are also discussed, along with the primary benefits and drawbacks of RDF usage. Finally, the market's potential and significant constraints are examined. The primary constraint is the RDF price due to commercialization fees. However, RDF is aligned with the circular economy, sustainable development goals, and CO2 reductions by avoiding the extraction of new fossil fuels.

National and regional waste stream in the United States: conformance and disparity

Abstract Accurate estimation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition is critical for efficient waste management. In the United States, site-specific and material flow approaches determine the MSW composition at regional and national levels. The material flow-based national estimates are determined by the US EPA; the US EPA’s estimates are known to differ substantially from the aggregated tonnage of MSW managed by waste handling facilities in the United States. However, the material class-specific discrepancies of the US EPA’s material flow approach resulting in these differences are unknown. To find the basis of these discrepancies, we analyze the discarded MSW stream of 27 US states, which roughly accounts for 73 percent of the US population. Our analysis indicates that the material flow-based national estimates are accurate for the food, plastic, and glass material classes. In contrast, we find that the US EPA’s material flow-based predictions underestimate paper waste disposal by at least 15 million tons annually. These differences likely stem from incorrect assumptions of residence time. These results highlight the material class-specific strengths and drawbacks of the US EPA’s material flow-based MSW estimates.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPLIED IN FORECASTING THE COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN IASI, ROMANIA

Neural network time series (NNTS) tool was used to predict municipal solid waste composition in Iasi, Romania. The nonlinear input output (NIO) time series model and nonlinear autoregressive model with external (exogenous) input (NARX) included in this tool were selected. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were chosen for evaluation. By applying NIO, the optimum model is 4-11-6 artificial neural network (ANN, R2 = 0.929) in the case of testing as for the validation, with all 0.849 and 0.885, respectively. Applying NARX, the suitable model became 4-13-6 ANN model, with R2 = 0.999 for training, 0.879 for testing, and 0.931, respectively 0.944 for validation and all. The resulted RMSE is zero for training and 0.0109 for validation in the case of this model which had 4 inputs, 13 neurons and 6 outputs. The four input variables were: number of residents, population aged 15–59 years, urban life expectancy, total municipal solid waste (ton/year). The suitable ANN model revealed the lowest root mean square error and the highest coefficient of determination. Results indicate that NNTS tool is a complex instrument, NARX is more accurate than NIO model, and can be used and applied easily.

Biodegradation chemistry of new adipate plasticizers

Plastics are materials that, in the composition of various municipal solid waste, enter the environment in large quantities. Lightness and strength, the ability to withstand the effects of external factors, long-term use led to their widespread use. However, some of the additives needed to improve the performance of polymer products are highly toxic and pose a serious environmental problem. In this regard, the development of environmentally friendly PVC plasticizers is technically important. The article describes the preparation and study of the properties of ester additives based on adipic acid and ethoxylated butanol. The mechanism of biodegradation of the synthesized adipates was studied, the resulting metabolites were determined. The ecological safety of the developed plasticizers in the process of utilization in natural conditions is shown.

Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Composition, and Resident Awareness of Recycling in Oman

Currently, the entire daily MSW generated in Oman which is roughly equal to more than 5,000 tons is disposed at more than 300 dumpsites which create a number of sustainability issues. This article attempts to know the composition of MSW in Oman. The article also aimed to know the public awareness on the segregation of MSW and their willingness to participate in waste recycling to develop recommendations to improve the MSW management. A mixed research method was adopted to achieve the aims and objectives. A total of 749 samples of MSW were collected and analyzed. The residents’ awareness of the waste segregation and their willingness to participate in the recycling activates was established through interviews. 69.45% of the waste is classified as organic, 15% as inorganic, and 16% as recyclable. The results show that 70% of the participants know how to segregates MSW. 90% of the respondents confirmed that they are willing to cooperate in the segregation of MSW. The finding of this research could be helpful to develop strategies to reduce and recycle the MSW in Oman.

Seasonal characterization of municipal solid waste for selecting feasible waste treatment technology for Guwahati city, India

ABSTRACT As quantities and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) vary significantly with seasons, a seasonal characterization study is critical for developing an efficient MSW management system. MSW was characterized in three different seasons for selecting an appropriate waste treatment and management strategy for Guwahati city. Results of the study shows that the major components of the MSW were organics (42.2%) and plastic wastes (25.2%), which show high variations on a seasonal basis (22–49%). The chemical characterization of MSW revealed that on seasonal basis moisture content varies between 43.4% and 58.3%, pH between 5.5 and 6.5, volatile solid content from 32.9 to 58.9%, and the calorific value between 1203 and 3015 kcal/kg. Waste collected in the present study was a mixture of organics, recyclables, and inert material which is difficult and uneconomical for treatment in its present form. However, with proper waste segregation, bio-methanation, and composting could be sustainable waste treatment solutions due to the high moisture and volatile content of the MSW. Due to inadequate quantity, low calorific values, requirement of skilled supervision, and high capital investment, the thermochemical conversion of MSW may not be economically feasible for the present case. Implications: Present study is a novel attempt to analyze in-depth variation in the municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and properties in different seasons and how does it influence the selection and feasibility of the available waste treatment technologies. Search on Google scholar shows that only seven articles have been published till now which evaluated seasonal impact of MSW. Out to these published studies only one study have calculated energy potential of MSW on seasonal basis which is mainly restricted to incineration only. In-depth analysis of seasonal variation on anaerobic digestion, composting, refuse derived fuel (RDF), pyrolysis, and gasification is yet to determine. Furthermore, to best of our knowledge so far in India there was no such in-depth study has been published related to seasonal variation in MSW on large scale (city level). Present study provides in-depth valuable information regarding degree of variation in MSW composition and how does it affect resource recovery out of waste, which was not studied before in-depth before. Outcomes of the present study will definitely assist engineers and policymaker involved MSW management and planning for large urban areas to fulfil their sustainability goals.

Life cycle assessment of the existing and proposed municipal solid waste management system in Moscow, Russia

This study provides the first life cycle assessment (LCA) for municipal solid waste waste management system in one of the largest cities in Europe, Moscow. Its significance stems from recent important changes in the waste management system, the introduction of limited source separate collection in 2020, and the first examination of sorted municipal solid waste (MSW) composition. Moscow city generates 8.1 million tonnes of MSW per year, most of which is still mainly disposed of in landfill sites. The study assesses the current situation, the waste management system planned to be operational by 2024 and proposes improvements to separate collection and treatment of organic waste that could be adopted in the future. In this context, 6 scenarios are compared using LCA based approach. The impacts are presented as global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP). The results show that the existing MSW management system has the highest GWP and AP. Planned changes to the system by 2024 will reduce impacts in all categories. The largest emissions reduction potential is found for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) production and its use in cement kilns as a replacement for coal, which reduces emissions by 1.1 kg CO2-eq/kgRDF and results in a negative AP. The change in EP remains negligible. Separate collection and treatment of biowaste is also beneficial, with anaerobic digestion being the most advantageous treatment method. Nevertheless, even after the implementation of all initiatives, landfill still represents about 53% of direct emissions in GWP. Sensitivity analysis estimated that flaring of landfill gas can reduce GWP from landfill sites by a factor greater than two. With these changes, the total emissions of the system approach zero. Energy recovery at MSW incineration plants and substitution to the grid gives reductions in GWP and EP in the range of 35% and provides especially significant reductions in AP. The waste management system in Moscow accounts for 3% of residents’ carbon footprint, which might drop to 1% if appropriate changes to the system are implemented.

Refuse Derived Fuel for Energy Recovery by Thermal Processes. A Case Study in Depok City, Indonesia

The number of words should not exceed 350. Depok City is one of Indonesia's big cities, which is currently focused on processing waste-to-energy. This research was conducted to study and describe waste management in Depok City to become renewable energy. Secondary data from the Depok City local government's inventory was used to determine the generation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW). The waste's characterization was taken from the material recovery facility of Depok City, located at Jalan Merdeka. The amount of waste generated in Depok City is predicted to reach 681.612 tons/year by 2025. The significant waste composition items were food waste, garden waste, textiles, paper, and plastics. The result shows that the potential heating value for the waste was 35.04 MJ/kg Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) at a temperature range of 30-800 ° C showed only 1.39% leftover food, but mass decline at 30-110 ° C occurred quite slowly due to high air content. The optimum combustion temperature for paper, plastic, and garden waste are 317-430°C, 404.5-447.15°C, and 251.78-479.9°C, respectively. The total heating value obtained was equivalent to the electrical energy of 6635.2 GWh/year in 2025. A 1-tailed ANOVA analysis with a significance of 90% parameters of water content, carbon (C) composition, hydrogen composition (H), and oxygen composition (O) presented significances of 0.090; 0.005; 0.003; and 0.037, respectively.

Potential Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste of Gwalior City, India

Abstract: This paper aims at determining the recent composition of municipal solid waste of Gwalior city and provide sa notion to take action and proposed economical & viable waste management technologies and techniques for effective utilization of waste. In this study, MSW samples were collected from the Kedarpur landfill site situated at Shivpuri link road and were analyzed for physical composition. The study reveals that Gwalior city produces a high quantity of biodegradable waste (58.03%) with high moisture content (68.60%) and plastic waste (15.96%). Waste composition and characterization disclosed that vigorous segregation is required before dispatching the waste for different treatment processes or landfilling. Based on this study, we may conclude that the combined mechanism of planning and implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies and treatment such as Anaerobic Digestion/ Bio-methanation, Material recovery facility (MRF), and Bio-remediation/Bio-mining for old existing waste and new generating waste is needed for upgrading the waste management scenario of the city. Keywords: Municipal solid waste (MSW), Kedarpur Landfill site, Composition & Characteristics, Waste to Energy, Anaerobic Digestion, Bio-Mining, Recycling & Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

The impact of successive COVID-19 lockdowns on people mobility, lockdown efficiency, and municipal solid waste.

The COVID-19 pandemic has induced many issues for all societal sectors, in particular in the production and disposal of municipal solid waste. This may be because successive easing and reimposing of lockdown measures have deeply changed people’s movements, consumers’ behaviors and waste management. Previous studies have focused on the short-term effects of lockdowns on waste changes, yet there is little knowledge on waste variations during successive lockdowns and unlocking of various lockdown intensities. Moreover, the efficiency of lockdown and its relation to people’s mobility in different countries are still not clear. Here, we studied the variations of amount and composition of municipal solid waste before the pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020–2021 in USA, Brazil, Canada, UK, France and Italy. We used a stringency index and a composite mobility index to assess the lockdown intensity and people’s movements. Results show that the mobility index sharply decreased with lockdown intensity, and enforcing measures were more efficient in France and Italy. Compared to 2019, prolonged lockdowns caused larger decreases in the quantity of commercial and construction wastes versus household waste. The initial implementation of lockdown or unlocking measures promoted inhabitants’ consumption, generally leading to the increased waste amount, by about 9% for Trento and 12% for Montreal at the beginning of lockdown, respectively. Moreover, larger variations in the waste amount in Trento, from − 25.3 to 9.8%, were in line with higher lockdown intensity compared to those in Montreal, from − 9.5 to 12.7%, affected by people’s mobility, consumers’ behaviors and waste management.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-021-01290-z.

Study on Compressibility and Settlement of a Landfill with Aged Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study in Taizhou

Capacity expansion of existing landfills is one of the most economical methods of relieving the stress caused by the disposal of local municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. In this paper, the compression characteristics and settlement of the aged MSW in Xiawan landfill were studied. The physical composition, moisture content, volumetric weight, and modified primary compression index of the aged MSW at different depths were tested, and then the settlement of the MSW in the area to be filled with fly ash was calculated. The test results showed that the main components of the aged MSW were muck and textile, indicating that kitchen waste was degraded. The moisture content of the MSW generally increased with depth, and the average moisture content within 5 m of the shallow part of the landfill was 97%. The void ratio of the aged MSW decreased from 4.0 to 2.2 with an increase in vertical load from 1 kPa to 400 kPa. The modified primary compression index of the aged MSW ranged from 0.22 to 0.27, and generally decreased with depth. Under the load generated by the subsequent filling of fly ash, the final strains of the aged MSW was approximately 15% to 20%. The physical composition and compression characteristics of the aged MSW measured in this paper were compared with those reported in previous studies to provide reference for the settlement analysis of landfills with aged MSW.

Comparatively investigation of real MSW and biomass tar treatment by a rotating gliding arc

Effective tar removal is the bottleneck in gasification application with municipal solid waste (MSW) and biomass as feedstocks. Herein, a rotating gliding arc plasma reactor equipped with a specific designed swirling generator and pre-heating systems is firstly proposed to treat real tar rather than tar surrogates. The composition of MSW and biomass tar is comparatively analyzed. The influence of vapor concentration, CO2 concentration and the discharge current on the destruction efficiency and distribution of gas products are systematically emphasized. The destruction efficiency of major components from both MSW and biomass tar can reach up to over 90%. The order of destruction efficiency of the components tends to be η (Monocyclic species) > η (Bicyclic species) > η (Tricyclic species). Amongst, species with oxygen-containing functional group such as –OH is prone to be destructed compared with those aromatic hydrocarbon species. Similar changing trend of MSW and biomass tar destruction efficiency dependent on operating parameters is detected, with slight differences attributed to the differences of element and group content.

Municipal Solid Waste in Turkey and Its Relationship with the Population

The population of Turkey has increased rapidly in parallel with the rise in technology and industrialization. The increasing population of the country has triggered urbanization, and environmental problems have drawn attention. One of the issues resulting from urbanization is municipal solid waste (MSW). Every object we use in our daily life is transformed into solid waste when its economic life has ended. The processes from the storage of these wastes to their disposal, often referred to as MSW management, come under the municipalities' authority and responsibility. MSW must be processed with the most negligible environmental impact. This study aimed to investigate MSW management systems in Turkey, including the quantity, composition, and disposal methods of MSW generated and populations served by MSW, MSW per capita per day. Results from the study showed that the mean MSW generated in Turkey was 26.74 Mton/yr and increased in the following order by region; Eastern Anatolia < South East Anatolia < Black Sea < Mediterranean < Aegean < Central Anatolia < Marmara. This order/ranking was in line with the regions' population. The population explained 84 to 95% of the variation in MSW. Results from the study could be used in MSW management.

A comparison study of bottom‐up and top‐down methods for analyzing the physical composition of municipal solid waste

AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) management is a crucial issue in socioeconomic metabolism and requires multicategory and high‐resolution data, and data on the physical composition of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) are fundamental in MSW research. Extensive financial resources have been invested in the research on field investigations of PCMSW; however, it is time‐consuming and sometimes not truly representative of the studied case. In this work, two bottom‐up and two top‐down approaches were applied for analyzing the PCMSW, namely, field investigation (FI), BP neural network (BPNN), material flow analysis (MFA), and inversion algorithm based on electricity generation of waste incinerator (IAEI). Wuhan City, China, was chosen as the studied case for analyzing and comparing the PCMSW results. The PCMSW values obtained by applying those four methods showed acceptable differences, and the standard deviations of organic fraction, ash and stone, paper, plastic and rubber, textile, wood, metal, glass, and others were 3.94%, 2.77%, 6.57%, 2.22%, 2.49%, 1.36%, 0.53%, 1.19%, and 0.28%, respectively. Use of the MFA, BPNN, and IAEI methods could reduce time and labor spent on manual sampling, sorting, and weighing of MSW, compared to the FI method. BPNN algorithm advances in providing PCMSW data in history and by trajectory throughout the year, whereas IAEI contributes PCMSW data with much higher temporal resolution. Data quality and applicability of different methods were discussed, considering the availability of time, labor, and reference data.

An overview of factors affecting the rate of generation and Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

An efficient waste management strategy requires a detailed waste characterization, quantification and prediction of the rate of generation and physical components of waste, which is also an index of the recoverable energy. A comprehensive data of waste generation and composition creates awareness for the concerned policy makers and organization responsible for waste management. The objective of studies on estimation of waste generation and physical content is to provide baseline data for effective waste management planning. Several factors account for the variation in the rate of generation and the physical content of waste generated at different places. This study aims at identifying and analyzing some of these factors. The review reveals that waste generation and composition follows different patterns in different places at different locations at different times and season. A major factor that influences the rate of generated waste per year and the percentage composition of each physical waste stream is the socio-economic level. Moreover, the organic stream of the waste depends largely on the income level. High content of organic waste is identified in the low-income region, this paper, therefore, recommends the setting up of treatment facilities for organic waste at the organic-rich region.