Municipal Solid Waste Collection System Research Articles

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN KABUL NEW CITY, AFGHANISTAN: A CASE STUDY

The municipal solid waste collection system and services of existing Kabul City are not acceptable socially, economically, and environmentally. This study was carried out in 2020–2021 for the Phase-1 area of Kabul New City (KNC). The study aims to analyze different MSWCSS for the KNC area and choose the best option during the planning stage. The average incremental cost for different collection systems was determined, and the results show that the total annualized cost (AN) of the proposed waste collection system (PWCS) is 855.3699 AFN/tonne, while the total operation and maintenance cost (OP) is 577.1235 AFN/tonne. The AN and OP of the stand-alone underground waste collection system (SAUWCS), tailored collection point system, traditional (prevailed) system, and alley waste collection system (AWCS) are 911.3032 AFN/tonne and 499.9017AFN/tonne, 1,681.762 AFN/tonne and 1,267.28 AFN/tonne, 308.9254 AFN/tonne and 186.3363 AFN/tonne, and 716.7706 AFN/tonne and 410.5375 AFN/tonne, respectively. The social and environmental analysis for the PWCS, SAUWCS, existing system, and AWCS obtained scores of 19, 29, -6, 17, and -5, respectively. From the cost-benefit analysis, it has been proposed that for the PWCS of low-rise residential areas, three wheelie bins of different colors will be provided to each housing unit. The total costs per tonne of solid waste for the PWCS, SAUWCS, TCPS, and traditional system are 2,832.1952, 3,638.137205, 3,888.6272, 751.45984, and 1,975.8152, respectively. For the PWCS of residential areas, chute waste collection systems are planned for high-rise apartment buildings and SAUWCSs are planned in commercial areas.

Life Cycle Analysis and Cost–Benefit Assessment of the Waste Collection System in Anyama, Cote d’Ivoire

Municipal solid waste collection system in Anyama is in a critical state and is compounded by high population density. Household residents need about 30 minutes’ walk to the designated waste collection point. Waste is dumped openly along the roadside, which serves as breeding grounds for chronic diseases, malaria, diarrhea, and acute respiratory disease. Could the perception and attitude of residents change if the distance between their homes and the collection points is reduced? This study evaluated the current waste management system in Anyama. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and cost–benefit analysis were conducted on four different waste collection scenarios, to propose an alternative, feasible, and integrated solid waste management system. Results showed that the kerbside recycling scenario has the highest benefit (5.8 billion CFA) compared to its cost (1.9 billion CFA), proving to be more economically sustainable. In environmental terms, the kerbside recycling scenario emitted lower emissions such as global warming potential (GWP 4967 tons) and carbon dioxide (CO2eq 550 tons). The kerbside recycling obviously had the highest potential for recycling and thus is more environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the kerbside scenario is the most suitable and recommended policy that should be adopted and implemented in Anyama. We recommend the introduction of waste banks specifically for recyclable waste and the setting up of more kerbside collection points in order to reduce the distance from households to collection points, thus improving residents’ attitude towards effective waste disposal.

An Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Collection in Singapore, Mongolia, and Nepal

Municipal solid waste (MSW), including refuse and non-hazardous waste, is generated mainly from households. This article adopts the approach of describing the MSW collection systems in three Asian countries that are Singapore, Mongolia, and Nepal; by reviewing the literature related to this particular subject. Therefore, by going through the literature, it has been found that the authorities responsible for waste collection are: Public Waste Collectors (PWCs) appointed by National Environment Agency (NEA) in Singapore, the municipal government, and Tohijilt Uilchilgeenii Kompani (TKUs) in Mongolia, and 270 municipalities in Nepal. Along with this, the waste collection fee in Singapore is paid to Singapore Power (combined with utility bills); in Mongolia to TKUs (based on their performance); and in Nepal, it is fixed on ad hoc basis. Overall, based on the practices of waste collection discussed in this article, Singapore has a better waste collection system than that Mongolia and Nepal.

Municipal solid waste collection systems: An indicator to assess the reusability of products.

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Optimization of municipal solid waste collection routes in a Latin-American context

ABSTRACT Latin-American cities need efficient municipal solid waste (MSW) collection systems, specifically in municipalities with fast urbanization. Poor logistics in collection routes is one of the causes of inefficient MSW management. A strategy for designing the MSW collection routes, considering an environmental and economic analysis, was developed and tested in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MMA), one of the cities with the highest urban and economic development in Mexico. Life cycle assessment and costs analysis were performed to evaluate archetypal routes’ environmental and economic impact in the current MSW collection system. The assessment of the environmental impact was realized through midpoint indicators of the ReCiPe 2008 method. The mathematical model describing the collection routes was developed using actual data from the MSW collection system in MMA, optimized by the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), and solved in RStudio. This study shows a reduction of between 9 and 20% of greenhouse gas emissions and distance covered in current collection stages, respectively. The results also demonstrate the influence of road direction, collection-truck efficiency, and traffic load in different stage on the environmental and economic impacts of the collection routes. A life cycle inventory, with realistic inputs and outputs of the MSW collection system, was developed. These inventories are scarce in Mexico and Latin America; their development helps designing cleaner MSW collection systems. Implications: The optimization of urban solid waste collection systems is a strategy to reduce costs and environmental impacts, considering factors such as distance or fuel consumption. However, mathematical models within the optimization require detailed information of the road network to achieve reliable results. In this context, Latin America shows difficulties in increasing its collection systems’ efficiency due to economic constraints and limited access to information from locals governments. The use of geographic information systems has been shown to collect real data on a city’s roads. This work aims to propose a strategy for designing urban solid waste collection routes with the least environmental and economic impacts through an optimization strategy that considers the road network’s real-time data, added to an environmental analysis developed with a life cycle assessment approach. We believe that our results could help the design of urban solid waste collection systems for cities with Latin American characteristics. Additionally, an inventory of specific inputs and emissions for waste collection in this type of city will be generated, supporting future sustainable management strategies.

Household Generated Solid Waste Collection System Management Using Arcgis: a Case of Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia

Proper management of solid waste collection is one of the challenges in the urban areas of developing countries like Jimma town. Therefore, this study aims to assess the municipal solid waste collection system in Jimma town using geographical information system, GIS, techniques. Data used were digital elivation model, DEM, river shapefile, and coordinates of the locations of municipal solid waste, MSW, collection containers and open disposal site. Distances of the locations of existing MSW collection bins from the surface water, the contour lines and flow directions of areas around the existing Qofe Open Dump Site were evaluated. The findings of the study indicate that there was one waste container that was allocated in a 20 m buffer distance from the river. The solid waste collection bins in the town were not evenly allocated. The allocated waste collection containers covered only 12.32% of the total area of the town. There were about 34(51.52%) shortage of MSW collection bins in the town. The municipality should transfer collection bins placed in the river buffer zone of 20 m to other suitable locations. Unserved areas of the town should have waste collection containers after further detail investigation. Water sources near the open disposal site need to be regularly monitored for quality degradation.

Design of a Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Situations with a Lack of Resources: Nikki (Benin), a Case in Africa

Waste collection is one of the most important public services in a town. However, waste collection has not been effectively implemented in some places due to the lack of economic and management resources. The waste is placed in inappropriate sites with the consequent risks of pollution and unhealthy conditions for the inhabitants. Therefore, establishing a municipal solid waste collection plan can be complicated. The methodologies and techniques that work in countries with medium and high income levels cannot be extrapolated to others with low income level because the boundary conditions are widely different. The aim of this paper is to design a municipal solid waste collection system adapted to this type of situation where not much money can be invested and where data are limited. In these cases, municipalities need to use their existing resources effectively. This paper offers a methodology for these cases as well as a case study. The first step was to gather information about the type and amount of waste generated and the characteristics of the town. The second step was to propose the location of the bins and, finally, the waste collection routes. With all these data, the technical and human resources were set. The methodology used was validated in a real case, the town of Nikki (Benin) in Africa. The collection of three waste fractions was designed with the actual resources of the city in order to offer a realistic implementation. Similar situations can be found around the world, and this case study can be used as an example to improve the waste management practices in some places with low resources.

Improving Municipal Solid Waste Collection System Through a Gis Based Mapping of Location Specific Waste Bins in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Scope/Aim. Solid waste management in Ibadan Metropolis, the capital of Oyo State in Nigeria has been a serious concern to the government and the public for several years. The waste generated at the rate of about 0.51kg per capita per day from 11 Local Government Areas is transported to the existing four landfill sites and dumped indiscriminately. This study recorded various collection points using GPS, available collection bins, number of households using the facilities and identified the gap. Methods. The waste transportation routes used currently in respect of distance and travel time was assessed using a GIS analytical distribution and optimization mapping. Results. The results indicated that there is need for provision of 837 waste bins (5m3 capacities) to meet the demand gap. By following the optimized transportation routing, the waste management authorities can clear the waste 15 per cent more efficiently and save NGN 1.2 million (USD 3,335) on energy every year. Conclusions: The GIS analytical distribution and optimization mapping tool will help the city authorities in improving waste collection with significant saving in operational cost. It is replicable in other parts in African countries.

Optimization of a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem for Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Collection Management Using the PSO-TS Algorithm.

Sustainable management of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection has been of increasing concern in terms of its economic, environmental, and social impacts in recent years. Current literature frequently studies economic and environmental dimensions, but rarely focuses on social aspects, let alone an analysis of the combination of the three abovementioned aspects. This paper considers the three benefits simultaneously, aiming at facilitating decision-making for a comprehensive solution to the capacitated vehicle routing problem in the MSW collection system, where the number and location of vehicles, depots, and disposal facilities are predetermined beforehand. Besides the traditional concerns of economic costs, this paper considers environmental issues correlated to the carbon emissions generated from burning fossil fuels, and evaluates social benefits by penalty costs which are derived from imbalanced trip assignments for disposal facilities. Then, the optimization model is proposed to minimize system costs composed of fixed costs of vehicles, fuel consumption costs, carbon emissions costs, and penalty costs. Two meta-heuristic algorithms, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu search (TS), are adopted for a two-phase algorithm to obtain an efficient solution for the proposed model. A balanced solution is acquired and the results suggest a compromise between economic, environmental, and social benefits.

Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Systems in Ghana

For purposes of establishing a benchmark against which performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection systems can be evaluated by sector regulators, investors and managers, this study assessed the cost efficiency of MSW collection systems in Ghana, using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Data from seventy municipal solid waste collection systems were used to estimate the parameters of a Cobb-Douglas cost function. The study developed a cost function, estimated the parameters using maximum likelihood, and applied SFA to determine the efficiencies. Four variables (quantity of waste collected, distance travelled, fuel consumed and number of trips) which affect operating cost were used to estimate the efficiency. Results from the analysis showed that the cost efficiencies ranged from 59.82% to 93.23%, with a mean value of 84.16% and, that fuel consumed was the significant cost driver at the 5% significant level. Efficiencies for Municipal Assemblies ranged from 71.80% to 90.77%, with a mean value of 84.26% while District Assemblies recorded 59.82% to 93.23%, with a mean value of 83.79%. There was no significant difference in the mean relative efficiency estimates of the District and Municipal Assemblies. The findings establish a benchmark and methodology, essential for industrial players in performance evaluation. The study also serves as a resource material for further study in performance evaluation of solid waste collection systems, particularly in developing economies.

Influence of the Municipal Solid Waste Collection System on the Time Spent at a Collection Point: A Case Study

Waste management plans pay attention to municipal solid waste (MSW) collection systems. It represents a significant portion of waste management as it involves a great economic cost and environmental impact. For these reasons, many researchers have studied the optimization of collection routes, analyzing factors that make them more efficient and sustainable, for example, the overall distance traveled and the time spent on the route. Collection times depend on factors such as the speed of the truck, time at traffic lights or time spent on loading and unloading the waste. The loading and unloading times play an important role in the measurement of the total time of the route. Moreover, there is scarce information in the literature about measuring the real-time spent on the trip. All those times are necessary to optimize the total route time. However, it is difficult to obtain this information directly as it depends on parameters such as the type of truck. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology to define all the times involved in the waste collection process. Once they are well defined, they have to be measured in some cases or calculated in others. This works also presents a case study to validate the proposed methodology with an extensive fieldwork to measure those times that can’t be calculated in the waste collection process. The work presents the results of a study of the time spent at a collection point in six MSW collection systems using different types of collection trucks and bin designs. We have determined how the characteristics of the system affect the time spent at a collection point. Additionally, the times for the six models have been established. Finally, we have determined the influence of the collection model in the duration of the activity. Under certain conditions, times can coincide even though the models are different.

LCA-Based Comparison of Two Organic Fraction Municipal Solid Waste Collection Systems in Historical Centres in Spain

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas in Spain where conventional street-side container collection is not feasible. Since door-to-door collection generates significant direct greenhouse gas emissions from trucks, pneumatic collection emerges as an alternative to the trucking system. While this technology apparently reduces local direct air emissions, it suffers from a large energy demand derived from vacuum production for waste suction. The introduction of new normative frameworks regarding the selective collection of the biodegradable fraction makes necessary a comprehensive analysis to assess the influence of this fraction collection and its subsequent recycling by anaerobic digestion. As a novelty, this work compares both conventional door-to-door and pneumatic collection systems from a life cycle approach focusing on the biodegradable waste. Results indicate that, in spite of the fact electricity production and consumption have a significant influence on the results, the energy savings from the recycling of the organic fraction are higher than the energy requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic collection could be an environmentally-friendly option for MSW management under a circular economy approach in Spanish city´s historic areas, since wastes could be a material or energy source opportunity.

Multi-stage optimization approach for sustainable municipal solid waste collection systems in urban areas of Asia's newly industrialized countries.

A multi-stage optimization approach for sustainable collection system design for urban municipal solid waste is developed for megacities in Asia's newly industrialized countries. The approach combines four methods-analysis of waste and area characteristics, data acquisition and evaluation by GIS, mathematical projection of existing and future collection systems, and identification of most suitable alternatives through comparative multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The approach is applied in Bangalore, India with 1.66 million inhabitants and 46.7-km2 area of investigation, and stratified based on population density. Two possible collection mechanisms (door-to-door (D2D) and community bin (CB)) are analyzed with a varied combination of collection coverage and waste segregation level. The study results confirm that both operational and investment expenses of the collection system decrease with an increasing rate of CB collection. Moreover, overall CO2 emissions of waste collection from the entire area of investigation decrease from 5.2 to 3.1 tons per day if the present 100% D2D collection is replaced with 100% CB collection system. Also, the increase of segregation at source contributes to the reduction of operational expenses and CO2 emissions; for example, a 20% increase of segregation level for D2D collection system leads to a 6% reduction of CO2 emissions. Considering all decision parameters through MCDA, a collection system comprising only CB with one separate compartment for wet waste and another combined compartment for dry and mixed waste is determined to be the most favorable approach.

Can intelligent collection integrate informal sector for urban resource recycling in China?

Collection is a key activity in sustainable solid waste management and resource recycling. In many developing countries, collection is undertaken mainly by the informal sector. This is accompanied by various environmental, social, health and efficiency problems. Some top-down experiments to integrate informal collection into the waste resource recycling chain have proved unsuccessful. Meanwhile, Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in waste management are formulating a new collection model: intelligent collection. In China, there are dozens of emerging companies who are engaging in intelligent collection of recyclables. What are the intelligent collection cases in China? Do they have potential to integrate the informal collection into the waste recycling chain? To answer these questions, we selected and interviewed 15 Chinese intelligent collection companies to identify their organisational model and comparative advantages over informal collection. We found that intelligent collection companies in China operated in two forms: human-human interaction collection and human–machine interaction collection. Comparative advantages were found in organisation, trade, data accumulation, and profit making sources. These render them with a high potential to integrate informal collection. Intelligent collection in China is still at an early stage. Its potential for a sustainable business model needs to be further explored. Its application as a supplement to the Municipal Solid Waste collection system and as an exclusive collection for high value waste items under the Extended Producer Responsibility framework seems promising.

Cost drivers and functions for municipal solid waste collection systems in Ghana

The collection of municipal solid waste accounts for 60% to 80% of total management cost. This study determined the factors driving operating cost and developed cost functions for municipal solid waste collection systems in Ghana. Data on cost variables from seventy systems were used to estimate the parameters of log-linear cost functions. Results from the study led to the conclusion that quantity of waste collected, fuel consumed and distance travelled increase significantly and explain about 63.0% of the variation in operating cost. The amount of fuel consumed and quantity of waste collected varied significantly and explained about 67.4% of the variation in operating cost of systems from low waste generating sources. For high waste generating sources, the distance travelled, fuel consumed and quantity of waste collected significantly and better explained (85.4%) the variation in operating cost. This can be attributed to the fact that such systems are from places with better facilities. The cost function for high waste generating sources can comparatively better aid decision making in terms of operations, management, investment and policy actions. Cost-effective solid waste collection schemes should therefore consider efficient management of fuel consumed, quantity of waste generated and distance travelled.

Fuel-related Emissions from the Croatian Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in 2013: Mixed Municipal Waste

Fuel-related Emissions from the Croatian Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in 2013: Mixed Municipal Waste

Suburbal Residents’ Environmental Culture and its Connection with the Formation of Municipal Solid Waste Dump

The problem of environmental pollution is becoming increasingly relevant every year. It manifests itself not only at the global but also at the local level. The most common cause of these problems is the neglect of the population to the environment. This can be clearly seen in the suburban area, where there is a problem of accumulation of solid household waste and the occurrence of unauthorized dumps. In the suburban area, unlike the city, there are no necessary tools for managing the streams of solid waste. Purpose. To investigate the correlation between the level of environmental awareness of the population of the Babai village and the existing problem of landfills in this village. Results. In the course of the study, the main groups-subjects of economic activity that affect the state of the environment were identified. The survey revealed a low interest of local population in environmental issues. The introduction of environmental practices by residents of the Babai village is due more to economic than environmental reasons. Recommendations were developed for each of the identified groups of stakeholders based on the obtained data. Conclusions. In order to address the problem of solid waste accumulation in Babai, administrative, social and educational groups of decisions were proposed. Administrative decisions include an agreement with the shipping company for the creation of municipal solid waste collection system. Social decisions include awareness campaigning measures aimed at raising the level of environmental culture of the local population. Educational solutions include conducting environmental education work with pupils of the Babai secondary school. Compliance with the selected recommendations by the public and government will help to solve the existing environmental problems.

Effectiveness of health and safety training for municipal waste collectors: a case study from Galle, Sri Lanka

Municipal waste collectors are exposed to numerous hazardous substances during the process of collection, transportation and the disposal of municipal solid wastes, resulting in occupational health and safety risks including mortality and morbidity. An efficient and safe municipal solid waste collection system is vital to protect the environment, the community and the workers involved. Therefore, a training module was developed based on the needs analysis, and after conducting a series of training and awareness programmes, personal protective equipment was distributed to all the 115 municipal waste collectors in Galle Municipal Council, the provincial capital of Southern Province of Sri Lanka. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of those project interventions. A questionnaire survey, key informant discussions and expert observations were used as primary data collection tools, while secondary data were gathered from various reports. Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices (KAP) questionnaire was used to evaluate the conditions of 115 municipal waste collectors before and after conducting the training programme and distributing the personal protective equipment. The interventions made by conducting the training programme described in this study had effectively created a significant improvement in knowledge, attitude and practices of the respondents (p < 0.05). Personal protective equipment distributed has resulted in an increase of dignity among the waste collectors giving them recognition by both Galle Municipal Council and the general public of the area.

Stakeholders Behaviour towards Clean India Mission's New Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Chandrapur City, Central India

The study was carried out to analyze behavioural pattern of stakeholders–inhabitants of Chandrapur city as well as employees of Chandrapur Municipal Corporation (CMC)–towards the "Clean India Mission" scheme as compared with previous scheme of women’s self help group. For behavioural change analysis field survey was carried out in October 2015 in Chandrapur city. Total 41 respondent including inhabitants and employees of CMC were interviewed. The results of the study shows that, previously municipal solid waste (MSW) collection was irregular (41.66%) however, since the implementation of this new scheme it has become regular (100%). Enhanced MSW collection frequency was observed (once a day, 83.33%) with alternative staff arrangement in case of staff is absent. The work was monitored by officials (79%) which were previously not existing. In previous scheme, extra money was charged for collection of MSW, however no such charges are levied in this new scheme. Satisfaction rate of this new scheme was 95.83% among inhabitants. As reported by MSW collection employees, there was awareness among inhabitants about dry and wet waste (41.17%). The employees were satisfied with the scheme (94.11%) as there is improved and timely salary with a job guaranty.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTVolume-5, Issue-4, Sep-Nov 2016, page: 32-43

The assessment of waste source-separated system in Tehran and comparative analysis between collection systems by RIAM method

This study focuses on municipal solid waste (MSW) source separated collection system in Tehran in 2013. Tehran demonstrates a poor level in MSW source separated collection due to insufficient equipment, mismanagement as well as weak public awareness. To improve the current situation of waste collection system, a comparative assessment of MSW collection is done based on environmental sustainability between conventional collection system and its pneumatic alternative. The technique that we use to assess two approaches is rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) method. The physical-chemical (PC), social-cultural (SC), biological-ecological (BE) and economical-operational (EO) aspects of two methods were evaluated based on the experts' judgment. In pneumatic method both PC and SC indexes, are improved considerably compared to another method, and the improvement of BE and EO indexes are also obvious. According to the results, pneumatic method illustrates the most positive effects and it is recommended as a priority of MSW collection system in Tehran.