Municipal Abattoir Research Articles

Indigestible Foreign Bodies in the Rumen-reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Batna Slaughterhouse, Algeria: A Postmortem Study

Background: To determine the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen-reticulum of cattle. Identify the types and the common diseases associated with their occurrence. 289 cattle were examined at Batna (Algeria) municipal abattoir. Methods: About 289 cattle were examined immediately after slaughtering to determine the presence or absence of the foreign bodies in their rumen-reticulum and different lesions were recorded. Result: From total of 289 cattle examined 151 (52.24%) were found positive for various types of foreign bodies in their rumen and/or reticulum. From each 56 (19.37%) and 95 (52.24%) were positive for vulnerable bodies and non-vulnerable foreign bodies respectively. The types of foreign bodies detected were: wire segments, needles, nails, hair clips, coins, corks, ropes, cloth, pebbles, sand, glass pieces, trichobezoar, plastic bags. The plastics were the most common found in 61 (23.92%) males and 34 (79.06%) females. The most common lesions in rumen of cattle with Foreign bodies were traumatic reticuloperitonitis, perirecticular abscess, esophageal obstruction, non penetrating reticulum and/or ruminal foreign bodies were respectively 3.79%, 12.65%, 1.26% and 82.27%. The study revealed that the plastics in rumen my play an important role in the pathologenesis of cattle.

Causes of organ condemnation in food animals slaughtered at a municipal abattoir in Oyo State, Nigeria

Introduction: The abattoir is a registered premise where food animals are hygienically processed and converted to meat through methodical inspection carried out by certified public health veterinarians. This study was conducted to assess the causes of organ condemnation in food animals slaughtered at the Bodija abattoir in Oyo state. Methods: A retrospective abattoir-based survey was conducted for the year 2014. The data collected included: the throughput of food animals slaughtered, various disease conditions recorded, total number of suspected and laboratory based confirmed cases (where available) respectively, and total number of condemnations (partial or total condemnation) with organs involved. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and one-way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA). Results: A total of 9527 (433.0±144.4), 1488 (67.6±52.4), 4971(226.0±132.9), and 1195(54.3±18.6) cattle, sheep, goat and pigs were slaughtered respectively. Some of the slaughtered cattle, sheep and goat, 29.4% (n = 1822), 1.4 % (n = 1488) and 3.8% (n = 4971) respectively, had abnormal conditions that led to condemnations of organs respectively. For organ specific condemnations, 447 (21.7%) and 141 (6.8%) livers were condemned due to fasciolosis and hepatitis respectively. Pimply gut, pneumonia and nephritis accounted for 433 (21.0%) intestines, 141 (6.8%) lungs and 88(4.3%) kidneys condemnations respectively. Overall, tuberculosis accounted for 402 (19.5%) condemnations of lungs, liver, kidneys and spleens. Significance: Organ condemnations constitute a huge meat loss and reduction in per capita animal protein consumption. It is emphasized in this work that pathological conditions encountered at the abattoir are preventable if adequate disease surveillance and control programs are implemented at critical control points of the red meat value chain.

Biogas and bio-fertilizer production potential of abattoir waste: implication in sustainable waste management in Shashemene City, Ethiopia

Fossil fuel resources become scarce, and their combustion is a major pollutant in the environment. As a result, scientists are eager to find alternatives to fossil fuels, and biomass could be one of them. One method of turning biomass into biogas is anaerobic digestion (AD). One of the organic waste kinds used to generate biogas is abattoir waste. In developing countries, managing abattoir waste streams is a significant concern. Using these wastes to produce biogas and biofertilizers could help Ethiopia reduce its environmental hazard while also solving energy and fertilizer-related issues. Given that, the researchers in this study intend to investigate the biogas and bio-fertilizer production potential of abattoir waste in Shashemene Municipality Abattoir (SMA), Ethiopia. To this aim, the production potential of biogas, energy, biofertilizer, and Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction was examined. The study showed about 688,755 kg (kg) per year of slaughterhouse waste is produced from 13,505 cattle, and anaerobic digestion may create approximately 206.63 × 103 m3/year of biogas. As a result, it can generate 1,018.98 Kilowatt-hour (kWh)/day and 371,927.7 kWh/year. On an annual basis, the biogas output (206.63 103 m3) can replace the 211.8 tons of energy consumed by LPG, kerosene, charcoal, furnace oil, petrol, and diesel. Moreover, the anaerobic digester has the potential to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) by 952.4 tons CO2 eq per year. Furthermore, biogas has the potential to generate 43,184.9 kg of dry bio-fertilizer per year. Therefore, while biogas technology is the long-term solution for ensuring environmental safety and public health, proper disposal was one of the short-term options.

Genotyping of Taenia hydatigena isolated from sheep and goats in KSA based on Cox1 gene

Sheep and goats are among other herbivorous animals that serve as intermediate hosts (containing the larval stage Cysticercus tenuicollis) of Taenia hydatigena tapeworm. This infection can lead to serious complications or cause death. The genetic diversity and epidemiological significance of cysticercosis due to T. hydatigena is poorly understood. We examined 11,651 goats and 23,542 sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir in Makkah, for C. tenuicollis infection. The resulted DNA sequences were compared with previously available sequences from different hosts. Phylogenetic analysis and Pairwise nucleotide variations of cox1 gene were performed. Sheep and goats revealed infection rates of (4.95%) and (4.75%) respectively. DNA sequence analysis of all isolates from both sheep and goats showed that the total haplotypes number was 7. T. hydatigena population with high haplotypes diversity values. The nucleotide diversity was low, while Tajima’s D and Fu’s tests were negative (with no statistical significance). The present work will give valuable information regarding the prevalence and implementation of control and prevention measures of C. tenuicollis.

Solar homogeneous catalysis to the removal of organic matter from slaughterhouse effluents undergone to a prior biological process.

This study shows the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment from a municipal slaughterhouse that has undergone a previous biological treatment applying a sequence of stages, reaching a 75% of elimination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using sedimentation in combination with coagulation-flocculation, using 0.5 g/L FeCl3 which is one of the best known inorganic coagulants. Then, the elimination of COD was around 98% adding the Fenton process in which 1,000 mg/L H2O2 and FeSO4 were used. In addition to the COD, other water quality parameters were measured to evaluate the level of purification of the test samples, such as solids of different types, pH, DOC and so on. With the above process, it can be noted that the Fenton process produced a slight improvement in the effluent quality by using a solar concentrator in the now-called photo-Fenton process, reaching around 99% of COD removal (0.36 g/L), 91% of total suspended solids (0.32 g/L) and 89% of dissolved organic carbon (0.20 g/L). These results were the best achieved within a proposed treatment train for this type of complex wastewater. Moreover, this last part of the process adds an improvement by the usage of renewable energy sources such as sunlight.

Evaluation of Postmortem Inspection Procedures to Diagnose Bovine Tuberculosis at Debre Birhan Municipal Abattoir.

Simple SummaryTuberculosis is transmitted from animal to human by consuming raw or under cooked meat and milk from infected animals. Careful meat inspection considering all parts of the carcass is very important. However, most abattoirs in Ethiopia are performing only routine meat inspection which does not examine the organs in detail. Failure to do so might result in undetected lesions. In this study, two methods (routine and detailed meat inspections) were compared to inspect carcasses at abattoir level. Our study clearly shows that the routine meat inspection method misses about 89% of the tuberculosis lesions identified by detailed meat inspection. Based on detailed meat inspection, overall 4.7% of lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) were found in the carcass of cattle slaughtered at Debre Birhan municipality abattoir during the study period. However, the routine meat inspection only detected 0.5% of the carcasses examined as having Tuberclosis (TB) lesions. Anatomically, 66% of the lesions were found in the lungs and associated lymph nodes, 21% in lymph nodes of the head, and 13% in the lymph nodes of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, lesion distribution routine and detailed meat inspection and their sensitivity with respect to lesion detection was identified.Routine meat inspection in the abattoir was used to examine carcass for subsequent approval for consumption. However, the chance of missing lesions results in approval of carcass and/or the offal with lesions of tuberculosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Birhan Municipal abattoir from October 2016 to May 2017. Lesion prevalence estimation and two meat inspection procedures’ efficacy evaluation was attempted. The breeds of the animals inspected were zebu breeds. Routine abattoir meat inspection involves visual inspection, palpation and incision of intact organs such as the liver and kidneys, as well as inspection, palpation and incision of tracheobronchial, mediastinal and prescapular lymph nodes. The detailed meat inspection involves inspection of each of the carcass. In this case, the seven lobes of the two lungs, lymph nodes and organs were also thoroughly examined. The cut surfaces were examined under bright light sources for the presence of an abscess, cheesy mass, and tubercles in detail. The study involved and compared both routine and detailed meat inspections at the abattoir. Chi-square test of independence and odds ratio were used to see the association of lesion and different risk factors. Based on detailed meat inspection, the overall lesion prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the carcass of cattle slaughtered at Debre Birhan municipality abattoir was found to be 4.7% but only 0.5% of the carcass examined had detectable bovine tuberculosis lesions when routine abattoir meat inspection alone was used. The majority of the lesions were distributed to the lungs and associated lymph nodes. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) in TB infection rate and body condition score. In conclusion, this study has clearly indicated the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions in the abattoir that are missed by routine abattoir meat inspection. In addition, it showed low sensitivity of the routine meat inspection procedure used. Hence, our study warrants immediate attention to strengthen the current meat inspection practices at Debre Birhan public abattoir.

Occurrence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species of Bovine Carcass at Municipal Abattoir and Butcher Shops of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

BackgroundAlthough Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) cause acute diarrheal diseases in people all over the world, they are most commonly seen in other mammalian species and are a seemingly healthy carrier condition. Humans in Ethiopia, on the other hand, are largely unaware of the existence of Campylobacter in food animals as potential sources of infection.ObjectiveTo determine the occurrence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of thermophilic Campylobacter species in bovine raw meat from the abattoir and butcher shops.MethodsSwab samples were collected from 177 cattle carcasses (from abattoir 93 and butcher shops 84) and cultured using standard methods. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method towards eleven antimicrobial agents.ResultsThe overall prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species was 14 (7.9%). From these, 11 (78.6%) were identified to be C. jejuni and 3 (21.4%) were C. coli. Lack of handwashing before meat processing and after visiting the toilet, meat contact with floors, walls, or soiling during preparation, and lack of training were the most important factors independently associated with (p<0.05) the prevalence of Campylobacter species contamination. The highest level of antimicrobial resistance of the Campylobacter isolates was recorded to ampicillin (10μg) (100%), followed by amoxicillin (30μg) (78.6%) and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (57.1%) while the least resisted antimicrobials were streptomycin (25μg), erythromycin (15μg), oxytetracycline (30μg) (each 28.6%), kanamycin (30μg) 14.3%, chloramphenicol (30μg) and gentamycin (10μg) (each 7.1%).ConclusionDespite the low prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter in the current investigation, it may pose a significant public health threat. As a result, it is vital to give retailers and customers extensive education, training, and knowledge about the correct handling and cooking of animal-derived goods. Furthermore, antimicrobials should be used with caution in both veterinary and human treatment regimens as well as a wider examination of antimicrobial resistance patterns for the use of well-targeted antimicrobials.

Major Cause of Organ Condemnations and their Economic Loss at Different Municipal Abattoirs and Export Abattoirs in Ethiopia

This study was conducted to determine the major cause’s organ Condemnations and their economic loss in municipal and export abattoirs in Ethiopia. Across sectional and a retrospective abattoir survey was conducted at municipal and export abattoirs respectively

Edition and Imputation of Multiple Time Series Data Generated by Repetitive Surveys

This paper considers the statistical problems of editing and imputing data of multiple time series generated by repetitive surveys. The case under study is that of the Survey of Cattle Slaughter in Mexico’s Municipal Abattoirs. The proposed procedure consists of two phases; firstly the data of each abattoir are edited to correct them for gross inconsistencies. Secondly, the missing data are imputed by means of restricted forecasting. This method uses all the historical and current information available for the abattoir, as well as multiple time series models from which efficient estimates of the missing data are obtained. Some empirical examples are shown to illustrate the usefulness of the method in practice.

Comparison of Liver Condemnation and Bile Microscopy As Tools to Estimate Fasciola hepatica Prevalence and Burden in the Anta Province of Cusco in Peru.

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection linked to significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Infection prevalence and estimated financial burden vary across locations owing to different diagnostic tests used. The accuracy of liver condemnation to estimate the prevalence and costs of fascioliasis has seldom been evaluated. We performed a pilot study to determine the prevalence and burden of Fasciola hepatica infection among cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir in the Anta province of the Cusco highlands in Peru. We compared liver condemnation with bile microscopy for the diagnosis of infection and prediction of carcass weight. Data were collected from 2009 slaughtered cattle for 1 year. The overall prevalence of Fasciola infection by bile microscopy was 62.5% (1247/2009). A higher prevalence was observed after the rainy season from March to August than from September to February (p < 0.01). Fascioliasis prevalence during the first 6 months was 77.4% (714/923), combining the results of condemnation and microscopy. Bile microscopy diagnosed more infections than liver condemnation (62.7% (579/923) versus 55.4% (511/923), McNemar test p < 0.01). The agreement of the bile microscopy testing with liver condemnation was fair (κ = 0.247). Animal age, gender, breed, and liver condemnation predicted carcass weight [F (df 4, 704) = 61.1, p < 0.001]. Liver condemnation and bile microscopy are complementary tools for evaluation of the prevalence and burden of fascioliasis in livestock. Large scale studies are warranted to confirm our results.

Economic Importance of Hydatid Cyst in Slaughtered Cattle of Muğla Province

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, seasonal distribution and economic effects of hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered cattle of Muğla province. Data from the 2019 records of the Muğla Metropolitan Municipal Abattoir were studied retrospectively. Both direct and indirect calculation methods were used to determine the economic losses incurred due to hydatid cyst. Twenty-one out of 9.985 (0.21%) cattle were found to have been infected with hydatid cyst in 2019. The highest prevelance of infection was reported in February (1.17%), while no cases were observed in May, June and August. The direct economic loss attributed to liver destruction in Muğla province was 11,760 TL (1.950 $). The total indirect economic loss caused by hydatid cyst (carcass loss, milk production loss, decreased fecundity) was 122,691 TL (20,346 $). Cumulatively, the direct and indirect economic losses for hydatid cyst disease in Muğla province were 134,451 TL (22,296 $). According to our results, the prevalence of hydatid cyst in cattle of Muğla province was 0.21%, which was still lower than the average loss in Turkey in spite of the corresponding significant economic loss.

Tubercles in cattle carcasses and risk behaviours for zoonotic tuberculosis transmission among workers in a municipal slaughterhouse

Prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis in livestock in Nigeria contributes substantially to TB incidence among the population at risk. This study sought for tubercles in cattle carcasses and assessed knowledge and risk behaviours for zoonotic tuberculosis transmission among workers in Ikpa slaughter, Nsukka, Nigeria. Tubercle samples collected during meat inspection of 420 cattle carcasses were subjected to Ziehl Neelson stain. Questionnaire was issued to 50 slaughterhouse workers and data generated analysed with STATA 12 at p&lt;α (0.05). The results showed 0.71% (3/420) prevalence of tubercles that translated to 0.79% (3/382), 0.81% (3/372), 0.79% (2/379) among the males, adults and White Fulani breeds, respectively. Among the respondents, 64% (32/50) had good knowledge of the disease. Knowledge of ZTB was significantly associated with level of education (P&lt;0.05). Practices that expose to zoonotic tuberculosis infection were found among 48% of the participants. Practices that expose to the infection was found to be significantly associated with the level of education (P&lt;0.05). Tubercles were prevalent in cattle carcasses in Ikpa slaughterhouse. Workers in the place need in-depth enlightenment on ZTB and its modes of transmission to reduce human exposure to the disease.

A Study of Prevalence and Financial Loss of Cysticercus Tenicollis in Visceral Organ of Sheep Slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir,Southwest Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2015 to March 2016 on a total of 384 sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir to determine the prevalence and estimate direct financial loss due to Cysticercus tenuicollis. Ante-mortem examinations and post-mortem organ inspections were performed following standard procedures. A total of 205 animals were found positive for Cysticercus tenuicollis with an overall prevalence of 53.4% (95% CI = 48.0-58.0) with a significant difference (p=0.000) between age groups which was higher in adult animals than in younger age groups. The relative cyst distribution in visceral organs was higher in omentum (38.0%) followed by liver (25.5%) with an estimated financial loss of 21528 ETB from liver condemnation. This study revealed that the occurrence of high prevalence of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep slaughtered at Jimma abattoir with a significant financial loss which deserve proper disposal of affected organs and implementation of parasite control programs in the area. Keywords: Prevalence, Cysticercus tenuicollis, Sheep, Jimma, Ethiopia. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/89-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

English

This study aims at characterizing new chicken feather-degrading bacteria isolated from soils of keratinic waste collected from four dumping sites of Ngaoundere. Fifteen proteolytic bacteria were isolated with three (D1, D2 and F1) showing the capacity to degrade feather in Basal Salt Media. Highest degradation rate (71.11 &plusmn; 3.05%) of feather was obtained from isolate D2 from Municipal slaughterhouse. The partial characterization of the strain D2 based on morphological and biochemical tests revealed that it is a Bacillus sp. The keratinolytic activity was positively correlated to the bacterial growth with the highest value (13.76 U.ml-1) obtained at the stationary phase after 120 h of incubation. The optimal conditions for the keratinolytic activity of this isolate were determined to be pH 8.0 and temperature of 45&deg;C. Thus, the Bacillus strain (D2) isolated is a promising strain for the management and valorization of feather wastes. &nbsp; Key words: Chicken feather-degrading bacteria, keratinolytic enzyme activity, characterization, Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

Prevalence and associated economic loss of fetal wastage in small ruminants slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipality abattoir, Ethiopia

The study examined prevalence and economic implications of abattoir pregnancy/ fetal wastage in small ruminants. Survey was conducted on ewes (n=201) and does (n=183) slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipality abattoirs, during December 2017 and January 2018. Female reproductive tracts were examined for presence and types of pregnancy and/ or gross disorders. Net economic lossand net economic risk due to abattoir fetal wastage were calculated for each species after accounting for naturally expected abortion and neonatal losses, and domestic net market values. One hundred forty-two (37 %) animals were pregnant 131 (34.1 %) with single and 11 (2.9 %) with twin fetus. A total of 153 fetuses were recovered giving a fetal wastage prevalence of 39.8 %. More animals in the second trimester (25.5 %) were slaughtered than those in first (8.3 %) or third (3.1 %) trimesters (p &lt; 0.05). Prevalence of pregnancy was 32.8 % in does and 40.8 % in ewes (p = 0.104). Prevalence of fetal wastage was 37.2 % (68 fetuses) and 42.3 % (85 fetuses) in goats and sheep, respectively (p &gt; 0.05). Abattoir pregnancy prevalence showed variations relative to slaughter month in goat (p &lt; 0.01) and body condition in sheep (p &lt; 0.05). Observed abattoir pregnancy prevalence levels incurred net economic loss of 313.55 USD in sheep (per 201 ewes) and 315.4 USD in goats (per 108 doe). This translated to net economic risk of 1.7 USD per mature doe or ewe slaughtered for meat. Nine (4.9 %) does and 1 (0.5 %) ewe showed gross reproductive tract disorders (p &lt; 0.05). Frequent female slaughter without efficient ante-mortem pregnancy screening predisposed significant proportion of small ruminants to pregnancy/ fetal wastage. Deeper investigations are needed to understand reasons behind pregnant small ruminant slaughter and to mitigate its negative impacts onsustainability of animal production. Evaluating and capacity building on alternative small ruminant pregnancy diagnosis methods requires due attention. &#x0D; Key words: Doe; Pregnancy; Reproductive disorders; Ewe; Fetal wastage; Economic implication; Abattoir

Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in One-Humped Camels Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important zoonotic and economically important disease prevalent in different parts of Ethiopia and the world at large. This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence, identify associated risk factors, and tissue distribution patterns of CE in camels slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipality abattoir. Out of 416 one-humped camels examined during meat inspection, hydatid cysts were detected in 159 (38.22%) of them. The cyst was detected more frequently in the lungs (37.02%) followed by liver (35.1%), but very few camels had cysts in their heart, spleen, and kidneys. Significantly higher (p &lt;0.05) prevalence of hydatid cyst was observed in female than male camels (48.05% vs 32.4%), in adult camels than young ones (53.1% vs 20.2%), and camels with good (25.0%) and medium body conditions (67.4%) compared to those in poor body condition (7.7%). The study further revealed that out of 768 cysts collected from the different organs, 169 (22%), 215 (28%) and 384 (70.57%) were abscessed/calcified, sterile and fertile cysts, respectively. About 54% (n=235) of the cysts in the lungs and 45% (n=148) in the liver were fertile. Of which, 146 (62.13%) cysts in lungs and 87 (58.78%) cysts in liver were viable. In conclusion, this study revealed a high prevalence of CE with a higher proportion of fertile and viable cysts in the pastoral areas. Therefore, to reduce the wide spread occurrence of CE and hence the presumed public health and socio-economic impacts, extension work on safe disposal of infected offal and dead animals, awareness creation to the community about the disease, construction of abattoirs with appropriate disposal pits and strict meat inspection should be given due consideration&#x0D; Keywords: Abattoir; Camelus dromedarius; Cystic echinococcosis; Prevalence; Risk factor.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium Africanum from the Sputum of Butchers in a Municipal Abattoir in

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) remains a major public health concern due to its high rate of person to person transfer as well as a high level of morbidity and mortality. The risk factors for transmission of zoonotic TB to humans are close physical contact with cattle, consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products and unhealthy meat processing by butchers are common in developing countries like Nigeria. However, the circulating MTC among the occupationally exposed are unknown therefore the need to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis and to characterize the mycobacterial species in them. A crosssectional study was conducted among butchers, cattle traders and herders in Bodija Municipal Abattoir, Akinyele International Cattle Market and some herds respectively. Using systematic random sampling, 93 sputum samples were collected and analyzed by culture, Mycobacterium Genus Typing as well as Deletion Typing (Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)). Of the 93 sputa collected, two (2.2%) were positive for mycobacteria by culture which were confirmed to be Mycobacterium africanum by molecular characterization. These bacilli were isolated from two butchers; one of which had the habit of eating raw meat and cherish ‘wara’ (a local soft cheese made from milk). The isolation of M. africanum from butchers in this study raises public health concern on the contamination of the meat processed as well as highlights its importance in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Nigeria.

In vitro Efficacy of Albendazole against Strongyle eggs recovered from Trade Goats slaughtered at the Nsukka Abattoir: A Preliminary Survey of Resistance to Albendazole

The efficacy of Albendazole against trichostrongyle nematode parasites in goats presented for slaughter at the Nsukka municipal abattoir was evaluated using the In vitro Egg hatch assay (EHA) model. The abattoir was visited once every week for 4 consecutive months during which a total of 240 goats were sampled. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from a minimum of 15 goats on each day of the visit. Egg Hatch Assay was performed on strongyle eggs recovered from pooled faecal sample on each day of sampling with a 2.5% W/V Albendazole. Faecal culture was also set up from the pooled faecal sample on each sampling day to recover and identify the nematode parasites present in the goats. Among the 240 goats sampled, the prevalence of trichostrongylosis as observed by the presence of strongyle eggs was 94.6% (227/240). Faecal culture and larval identification revealed 69.8% of the strongyles as Haemonchus contortus, while 25.5 and 4.8% were Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum species respectively. In the EHA, Albendazole had mean LC50 value of 0.16 µg/ml which is slightly in excess of the discriminating dose of 0.1µg/ml as prescribed by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) as an indication of anthelmintic resistance. There is therefore an urgent need to screen the nematode parasite population in the Nigeria for the presence Albendazole resistance genes.&#x0D; Key words: GI nematode; egg hatch assay; goat; Albendazole; Resistance; Nigeria

Association between animal welfare indicators and microbiological quality of beef carcasses, including Salmonella spp., from a slaughterhouse in Ecuador.

Background and Aim:Pre-slaughter management and slaughter operations are considered critical factors for animal welfare and meat quality. Previous studies have found poor animal welfare management at municipal slaughterhouses in Ecuador, and little is known about how this affects the microbiological quality of the meat. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the association of the microbiological quality of beef carcasses and animal welfare indicators in a municipal slaughterhouse in Ecuador.Materials and Methods:Data for 6 months were collected from a municipal slaughterhouse in Ecuador. Five trained researchers were strategically located along the slaughter process. A total of 351 animals were observed with regard to welfare indicators, and their carcasses were sampled to evaluate microbiological quality. Antemortem (slipping, falling, and vocalization) and postmortem animal welfare indicators (bleed interval, pH, temperature, and bruises) were measured. To determine the total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and Escherichia coli counts and the presence of Salmonella spp., we collected samples by swabbing four different points of each carcass. The association between microbiological quality and animal welfare indicators was studied using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions.Results:The mean TAB count was 5.3 log CFU/cm2, and the mean total count of E. coli was 2.4 log CFU/cm2. Salmonella spp. were isolated in 3.1% of the carcasses. An electric goad was used in all animals, 19.1% slipped at least once, and 19.9% vocalized. The mean pH of the carcasses was 7.2, and 79.2% of carcasses had bruises. Multivariate analysis showed that Salmonella spp. and the TAB count were associated with pH and the number of bruises (p = 0.01 in both cases).Conclusion:Although there was non-significant association between the majority of animal welfare indicators and microbiological quality, the poor management affecting animal welfare and carcass hygiene are worrisome.

Occurrence and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in Raw Beef and Hygienic Practices in Abattoir and Retailer Shops in Ambo Town, Ethiopia.

Foodborne infections are widespread and growing public health problems in the world. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 is one of the most significant foodborne pathogens. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and antibiogram of E. coli O157 : H7 from raw beef as well as hygienic and sanitary practices of meat handling in abattoir and retailer shops. Systematic random sampling technique and census methods were used to collect samples from abattoir and retailer shops, respectively. All tryptone soya broth preenriched carcass samples were subcultured onto MacConkey agar. Then, the bacterium confirmed as Escherichia coli using biochemical tests was streaked onto Sorbitol-MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Escherichia coli O157 : H7 was confirmed by latex agglutination kit. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates was done against 13 antimicrobials. Hygiene and sanitation data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and observational checklist. Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact two-tailed tests were performed and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Out of 197 meat samples, 23.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.6–29.9%) and 9.1% (95% CI: 5.5–14.1%) were contaminated with Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 : H7, respectively. There was a significant variation in the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 between retailer shops (19.1%) and abattoir (7.2%) (P = 0.03). The study revealed that the municipal abattoir and retailer shops in Ambo town did not adhere to the required sanitation and hygienic standards. All Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and ceftazidime. However, all isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. Multidrug resistance was widespread and was found in 66.3% of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolates. The occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 was high. Therefore, fulfilling national and international meat safety requirements, training and monitoring of meat handlers, and rational use of antimicrobials are recommended