Municipal Ordinances Research Articles

Lung cancer incidence and the strength of municipal smoke-free ordinances.

Smoke-free laws reduce disease prevalence. The impact of municipal smoke-free laws on lung cancer incidence in Kentucky was examined. The authors hypothesized that lung cancer incidence rates would be associated with the strength of smoke-free laws. This was a secondary analysis of 83,727 Kentucky residents aged ≥ 50 years who were newly diagnosed with lung cancer from 1995 to 2014. In 2014, 33 municipalities had 1 or more smoke-free laws. County-level characteristics included adult smoking rate, sex, race/ethnicity, income, physician supply, observed radon values, and rurality. Individuals living in communities with comprehensive smoke-free laws were 7.9% less likely than those living in communities without smoke-free protections to be diagnosed with lung cancer. The difference in lung cancer incidence between counties with moderate/weak laws and those without laws was not significant. Comprehensive smoke-free laws were associated with fewer new cases of lung cancer, whereas weak or moderate smoke-free laws did not confer the same benefit. One hundred percent smoke-free laws, covering all workers and the public with few or no exceptions, may be key in reducing new cases of lung cancer. Cancer 2018;124:374-80. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

“The Blood Never Stops Flowing and the Party Never Ends”: The Originals and the Afterlife of New Orleans as a Vampire City

“The Blood Never Stops Flowing and the Party Never Ends”: The Originals and the Afterlife of New Orleans as a Vampire City

The case study on the jurisdiction of municipal ordinances regarding education

The case study on the jurisdiction of municipal ordinances regarding education

Acciones y estrategias para un Programa de Tenencia Responsable de Animales en Chile

The Responsible Pet Ownership (RPO) at present, does is not a global concept and one; in Chile its guiding principles is in a draft law, actually the practices of regulation are in laws, regulations, municipal ordinances, without a conceptual definition and operational indicators. The abscense of a public policy about pet ownership problem, has repercussions in the health of people, care and the environment. The objetive of the study was identified in the actions and strategies of a RPO program to be implemented in Chile, combining a Systematic review of cientific and not-cientific literature and a Delphi method addressed to fifteen national social actors, to value contents. Six global actions and fifty strategies were identified in a Systematic review as relevant to approach a RPO. All actions were valued by experts, with greater emphasis on animal population control, legislation and education strategies. Other strategies such as euthanasia and shelters generated controversy and there was no agreement to incorporate them. It was defined that the municipalities are the entity that has the role of the implementation of the Program.

Acciones y estrategias para un Programa de Tenencia Responsable de Animales en Chile

La Tenencia Responsable de Animales (TRA) no constituye un concepto global y único; en Chile sus principios rectores descansan en un proyecto de ley y actualmente su regulación se sustenta en aportes de diversos reglamentos, leyes y ordenanzas municipales; sin una definición conceptual y operativa de indicadores. La no existencia de una política pública para abordar el origen de la problemática de tenencia animal, repercute en la salud de personas y animales; y del ambiente. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar acciones y estrategias componentes de un Programa de TRA para ser implementado en Chile, combinando una Revisión Sistemática de literatura científica y gris para identificar contenidos pertinentes y una metodología Delphi dirigida a 15 actores claves nacionales para valorar los contenidos. En la revisión de literatura se identificaron seis grandes acciones y cincuenta estrategias para abordar la TRA. Todas las acciones fueron valoradas por los expertos, poniendo mayor énfasis en estrategias de ``control de población animal'', ``legislación'' y ``educación''. Otras estrategias como ``eutanasia'' y ``refugios'' generaron controversias y no existió acuerdo para que sean incorporadas. Se definió que las municipalidades son la entidad que tiene el rol de la implementación del Programa.

Building Community, Breaking Barriers: Little Free Libraries and Local Action in the United States

Building Community, Breaking Barriers: Little Free Libraries and Local Action in the United States

LA IRRUPCIÓN DEL BIOCENTRISMO JURÍDICO. LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA EN AMERICA LATINA Y SUS DESAFÍOS

ResumenEn el presente texto se analizan las nuevas normas sobre reconocimiento y protección de los derechos de la naturaleza que han sido promulgadas en América Latina, así como la fuerte influencia del denominado biocentrismo en la construcción del nuevo articulado constitucional y legal que persigue un cambio radical en la gestión del patrimonio ecológico de países como Ecuador y Bolivia, además de considerar el impacto de estas disposiciones en el sistema normativo tradicional latinoamericano, heredero del derecho europeo. Igualmente se describen algunas manifestaciones jurídicas precedentes que han tenido como objetivo la protección de los sistemas naturales y de los seres vivos no humanos y han influido el nuevo paradigma constitucional ecuatoriano, como es el caso de las ordenanzas municipales en los Estados Unidos que confieren derechos propios a los sistemas naturales. El texto también refiere las leyes ecológicas nazis,como un importante precedente en materia de protecciónde la naturaleza, ligado directamente a la ideología nacionalsocialista. La protección jurídica de la naturaleza y los animales en la jurisprudencia colombiana también es analizada. Finalmente el artículo analiza los retos que implica en Latinoamérica la aplicación y efectiva puesta en obra de las nuevas disposiciones que confieren derechos a la naturaleza y la elevan a la categoría de nuevo sujeto jurídico.Palabras claves: Constitución, Leyes, Biocéntrico, Antropocentrismo.

集落・町並み保存地区における自主規範の法制化の過程に関する研究

Tsumago-juku is an old post town along Nakasenndo in Nagano Prefecture and the pioneer of historical village preservation in Japan. In 1971, after the completion of a memorial project marking the 100th anniversary of Meiji, the residents of Tsumago-juku established a Residents' Charter in an attempt to protect the town's historical buildings, their surrounding natural environment, and residents' lives from both internal and external risks(Fig. 1). At first, the Residents' Charter was not legally binding; however, in 1973, the local government of Nagiso Town passed a municipal ordinance for the preservation of Tsumago-juku (1st legislation). Such an advanced step for the preservation of historical buildings and their surroundings helped initiate the establishment of preservation districts for groups of historic buildings (hereinafter, the Denken policy) in 1975. In 1976, Tsumago-juku, along with six other districts, was designated as cultural property under the Denken policy (2nd legislation). This paper elucidates the two-stage legislation process of the Residents' Charter by procuring and analyzing the minutes of the local assembly and the Council for the Preservation of Tsumago-juku. Moreover, it also considers the significance and limitations of the legislation of the voluntary rule, the relationship between the Residents' Charter and legislation, and the conceivable actions of the local community. The 1st legislation process of the Residents' Charter involved the following four main points: the significance of the legislation of the Residents' Charter, publicness of Tsumago-juku and its relation with other areas, property rights of residents, and residents' agreement (Table1). Tsumago-juku used a comprehensive perspective to address these points and limited the legislation to a single phrase: “We won't destroy.” They also emphasized the necessity of rigorous maintenance of the Residents' Charter and considered systems such as a special account for paid parking for balance adjustment between areas, especially between Tsumago and other areas. On the 2nd legislation process, discussion was concentrated on the area for preservation and practicable adjustments of the operation mechanism between local circumstances and national rules. The legislation guaranteed the preservation of Tsumago-juku by making it a part of ongoing preservation projects. Besides, it allowed for the reevaluation of the characteristics of Tsumago-juku under different frameworks concerning its publicness. However, compromises were made on some points, such as the area for preservation(Fig3.→Fig. 4→Fig. 6) and changes to be implementation(Fig. 2→Fig. 5). To put it differently, the legislation became a limited tool for the local community, and realizing this, they formulated local systems such as a Control Committee and thought up other measures (Table2 and Fig. 7). Thus, they succeeded in developing a comprehensive system to satisfy the requirements mandated by the Residents' Charter.

Written Testimony, Bill 17-0513, Denver City Council (Safety, Housing, Education & Homelessness Committee)

Written testimony concerning a bill proposing a revision to the sentencing scheme for violations of Denver municipal ordinances. The testimony argues that while the bill takes important steps toward disentangling the criminal justice system of the City and County of Denver from the federal immigration enforcement system, and toward reforming the one-size-fits-all municipal criminal code, it falls short in: (1) retaining the possibility of a one-year sentence, creating entanglement with immigration enforcement; and (2) not taking additional steps to disentangle Denver's criminal justice system, such as decriminalizing code violations; establishing tiers of fine-only violations, for which jail is not a possible sentence; limiting arrest authority, so that more ordinance violations are handled via summons without arrest; creating procedures for community members to clear warrants without arrest or incarceration; and creating procedures for community members to resolve ordinance violations without appearing in court.

The Scope of Municipal Ordinance Establishment and Applications of the 「Road Act」

The Scope of Municipal Ordinance Establishment and Applications of the 「Road Act」

Les migrants irréguliers en ville : Quelle rationalité aux politiques de sanctuaire ?

This article examines the political rationalities of municipal sanctuary policies towards undocumented immigrants, which were first adopted in the 1980s in the midst of an influx of Central American asylum-seekers. The policies have become governmental tools serving to maintain trust and communication between municipal services and immigrant communities, contributing in particular to strategies of community policing. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken in 2010-2011, the article analyzes the texts of municipal ordinances in New York and Philadelphia, public discourse by the respective mayors, and interviews with stakeholders in order to identify the logics underlying support for sanctuary policies. The conditional and precarious nature of the protections offered by these policies is found to be linked to the way they construct undocumented immigrants as a deserving and strategic population of residents.

Production and response toAzospirillum brasilenseinoculation in two globe artichoke hybrids

The implementation of the Municipal Ordinance No6425 in Junin, Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°28'5S; 60°52'W) will impose a restriction to continue the current production practices by defining a “buffer area”. In this context it would be interesting to evaluate non-traditional crops for this zone and the implementation of sustainable practices. The aim of this work was to study the productive feasibility of two globe artichoke hybrids and their response to Azospirillum brasilense inoculation. The trial essay was carried out in the Experimental Field of Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA). Two commercial seed propagated hybrids were used: 'Opal' and 'Madrigal'. Transplant was performed on June 27, 2014. Both hybrids were drenched with a formulation of Azospirillum brasilense strain AZ39 (50 cm3 plant-1, 1×10(7) cfu mL-1) provided by the PGPR working group from Universidad Nacional de Lujan. Non-inoculated plants were used as control. The experimental design was a split plot with 12 replications, with hybrids in the main plot and inoculation treatments in the subplot. Yield, average capitulum weight and number of capitula were recorded and analyses of variance were conducted. Yield was significantly influenced by the hybrid (2.90 kg plant-1 for 'Opal', 4.40 kg plant-1 for 'Madrigal'), as well as by inoculation treatment (3.4 kg plant-1 for control, 3.9 kg plant-1 for treated plants), without significant effect of interaction. Capitula per plant were significantly modified by the hybrid, with a mean of 21 for 'Opal' and 35 for 'Madrigal', while the average capitulum weight was influenced by the interaction of both treatments, with no significant differences attributable to the inoculation in 'Opal' (average weight of 137 g) and a significant increase on capitulum weight in inoculated plants of 'Madrigal' (136 vs. 120 g).

Ordenanzas municipales, autoridad policial y trabajo femenino: la prostitución clandestina en Buenos Aires, 1870-1880

Este articulo aborda los anos posteriores a la aprobacion de la ordenanza de 1875, que reglamento las casas de prostitucion, para examinar su impacto en los sentidos morales atribuidos a ciertos lugares de ocio y sociabilidad masculina que dependian del trabajo femenino. Se trata de un periodo marcado por la aprobacion de ineditos reglamentos sobre viviendas y lugares de sociabilidad en el marco de la construccion del poder municipal. En especial, argumenta que la nocion de “prostitucion clandestina” permite examinar la construccion cotidiana de la autoridad, los ambitos municipales como escenarios de disputa entre derechos y los arreglos laborales entablados en estos lugares.

Whose Backyard and What’s at Issue? Spatial and Ideological Dynamics of Local Opposition to Fracking in New York State, 2010 to 2013

What drives local decisions to prohibit industrial land uses? This study examines the passage of municipal ordinances prohibiting gas development using hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) in New York State. I argue that local action against fracking depended on multiple conceptions of the shale gas industry. Matching these alternative conceptions with prevailing spatial models of public response to industrial land uses—“not in my backyard,” “not in anyone’s backyard,” and “please in my backyard”—improves our understanding of where local contention might emerge and how it contributes to policy change. Results from event history and logistic regression analyses show, first, that communities lying above favorable areas of the shale did not pass anti-fracking laws because opposition to fracking was counteracted by significant local support for development. Fracking bans passed primarily in a geographic sweet spot on the periphery of targeted regions, where little or no compelling economic interest in development existed. Second, as fracking became the subject of a highly politicized national debate, local opposition increasingly reflected mobilization by political liberals. This trend is reflected in the increasing rate of ordinance adoption among Democratic-leaning communities outside the geographic sweet spot.

A Study on the limits and controls of the making Municipal Ordinance

A Study on the limits and controls of the making Municipal Ordinance

Conga Mines: Development as Conflict in Peru

The US-based Newmont Mining Corporation is the world's wealthiest gold mining company and has been denounced within the United States and by other countries including Indonesia, Ghana, Turkey, and Bolivia. Its critics accuse Newmont of seriously damaging the environment and public health, bribing government officials, abusing its workers, and hiring people to threaten and attack the company's critics. Its activities in Peru date back to the second half of the 1990s, during the Fujimori Dictatorship, when it managed to obtain the deposit reserve of Yanacocha, Cajamarca, in the northern highlands of Peru, which has continuously generated conflicts. In 1998, thousands of trout died in rivers near the mine; in 2000, hundreds of kilos of mercury were spilled in the Choropampa district. Four years later, the water from Cerro Quilish, which supplies the capital Cajamarca, was contaminated. Due to massive popular protest, a municipal ordinance was passed establishing the mountain aquifer as a protected zone. Ollanta Humala, who became Peru's president in 2011, decided to move forward with Newmont's second wealthiest project, called Conga Mines (that would relieve the already exhausted Yanacocha mine). The project was originally approved by former president Alan García and would endanger four large highland Andean lagoons in the region, generating the largest and most important socio-environmental conflict thus far under that government.

Jail Diversion and Recidivism: A Case Study of a Municipal Court Diversion Program

Municipal Courts in the United States have jurisdiction over cases involving municipal ordinance violations such as loitering, trespassing, public drunkenness, and vandalism. When an individual violates a city ordinance, the typical punishment is a fine, even if the defendant is indigent. Failure to pay the fine on time results in a warrant and possible jail time. This study examined whether individuals who successfully completed a court diversion program for indigent defendants were less likely to reoffend than their counterparts who failed to complete the diversion program. Findings showed clients who successfully completed the diversion program were less likely to commit future city violations and state offenses. The results suggest court diversion programs might offer a promising alternative to jail for some indigent defendants and aid with lowering recidivism at least within the first few years of their initial offense.

An Municipal Ordinance and Appeal Litigation on the Public Facilities

An Municipal Ordinance and Appeal Litigation on the Public Facilities

Municipal ordinances and street prostitution in Spain

Beginning with the civic ordinance enacted in Barcelona in 2005, in the first decade of the twenty-first century, most big and medium-sized cities in Spain enacted municipal ordinances prohibiting various types of uncivil behaviour in the street. The stated goal of all these municipal regulations was to promote urban safety and the civic use of public space. However, in some cases these prohibitions have gone beyond this goal and had deeper, at times even contrary, effects on some of the activities they are intended to regulate. An analysis of the effects of banning street prostitution through municipal ordinances in Spain shows not only that the trade of sexual services in the street has not disappeared, but also that the conditions of police control in which street sex workers must operate have worsened. The lack of effectiveness of these regulations to discourage sex workers from offering their services in the street may explain the recent change in municipal policy attitude towards this issue, which is shifting from a soft prohibitionist approach to an abolitionist one. At the national level, although the recently passed Citizen Safety Act seems to take an abolitionist approach to this matter, materially speaking it is very close to prohibitionist schemes for dealing with street prostitution.

La gestión municipal: ¿cómo administrar las plazas y los mercados de la ciudad de México? 1824-1840

<p>El texto analiza la gestión de los servicios públicos en la ciudad de México, y en particular, la administración de las plazas y los mercados a través de contratas a particulares. La problemática se centra en las dificultades que enfrentó la administración municipal para regular el comercio urbano. La fuente documental empleada es la Ordenanza Municipal de 1840 y el estudio detallado de las comisiones que integraban al Ayuntamiento de México entre 1810 y 1840. La investigación concluye que la falta de un orden jurídico que regulara la gestión municipal provocó una mala organización y planeación en los servicios públicos de la ciudad. Por ello, las contratas, que parecían una salida eficiente en la administración municipal, terminaron por convertirse en negocios entre particulares, debido a la incapacidad del gobierno para vigilarlos y regularlos, así como por la falta de recursos económicos para sostenerlas.</p><br /><p> </p>