Mung Bean Research Articles

Khảo sát hàm lượng flavonoid tổng số và hoạt tính chống gốc tự do của cao chiết từ một số loại đậu trên thị trường Việt Nam

Total flavonoid content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of extracts from four types of bean, such as Vigna radiata, Vigna angularis, Vigna unguiculata, and Phaseolus vulgaris, in the market have been evaluated. The extracts from Phaseolus vulgaris had significantly higher flavonoid contents than the three other ones and showed a considerable free radical scavenging effect.

Controlled solvothermal synthesis of self-assembled SrTiO3 microstructures for expeditious solar-driven photocatalysis dye effluents degradation

In this work, the self-assembled SrTiO3 (STO) microstructures were synthesized via a facile one-step solvothermal method. As the solvothermal temperature increased from 140 °C to 200 °C, the STO changed from a flower-like architecture to finally an irregularly aggregated flake-like morphology. The photocatalytic performance of as-synthesized samples was assessed through the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and malachite green (MG) under simulated solar irradiation. The results indicated that the photocatalytic performance of STO samples depended on their morphology, in which the hierarchical flower-like STO synthesized at 160 °C demonstrated the highest photoactivities. The photocatalytic enhancement of STO-160 was benefited from its large surface area and mesoporous configuration, hence facilitating the presence of more reactive species and accelerating the charge separation. Moreover, the real-world practicality of STO-160 photocatalysis was examined via the real printed ink wastewater-containing RhB and MG treatment. The phytotoxicity analyses demonstrated that the photocatalytically treated wastewater increased the germination of mung bean seeds, and the good reusability of synthesized STO-160 in photodegradation reaction also promoted its application in practical scenarios. This work highlights the promising potential of tailored STO microstructures for effective environmental remediation applications.

Extraction, characterization, and utilization of mung bean starch as an edible coating material for papaya fruit shelf‐life enhancement

AbstractThis research was aimed to investigate the utilization of mung bean starch as an innovative edible coating material to enhance the shelf‐life of cut papaya fruits. The study focused on the extraction process of mung bean starch and its subsequent characterization through various analyses. Particle size (142.3 ± 1.24 nm), zeta potential (−25.52 ± 1.02 mV), morphological images, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and thermal stability (68.36 ± 0.15°C) were assessed to determine the mung bean starch properties. The functional properties, such as bulk density (0.51 ± 0.004 g/cm3) and tapped density (0.62 ± 0.010 g/cm3), angle of repose (21.61°), swelling power (12.26 ± 0.25%), and minimum gelation concentration (4.01 ± 1.25%), were examined to detect its potential as a coating base material. Subsequently, the prepared mung bean starch coating solution (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) was applied to papaya fruits and the coated fruits' physicochemical characteristics evaluated during storage. These characteristics encompassed color, weight loss, pH shifts, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, fruit firmness, microbial analysis, and sensory attributes. The results revealed that starch coating on papaya maintained its color, reduced weight loss, preserved vitamin C, and delayed firmness loss, enhancing shelf‐life when compared to control sample. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of mung bean starch coatings in preserving papaya fruits. The research made a significant contribution to the use of mung bean starch as a potential coating material for improving the shelf‐life of papaya fruits. This finding has great promise for the field of food preservation and quality control.

Assessment of Fertility Status of Soils under Different Cropping Patterns in Rainfed Semi-Arid Eastern Plain of Rajasthan, India

Soil fertility assessment is essential for effective land management practices. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the physico -chemical characteristics of soil under different cropping systems (Pearl millet (S1), Sorghum (S2), Ground nut (S3), Mung-bean (S4), Maize (S5), Pasture (S6) and to test for significant differences in the nutrient in order to provide basis for recommending site specific land management practices in the study area. Soil samples under the aforementioned cropping systems were collected from 3 sites (Malpura Todaraisingh Piplu) in Tonk District. Collected soil samples were examined for various physico-chemical parameters which includes BD, PD, WHC, Porosity, pH, EC, OC, also macro nutrient like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S by using standard analytical methods. Results showed that lowest pH (6.3 to 6.7) observes in sorghum cropping land while highest PH observed in pearl millet (7.4 to 6.7), while Highest organic matter observed in Mung bean cropping system (1.52 and 1.10%) after that ground nut (1.29 and 0.88%). Highest values (568 Kg/ha and 480 Kg/ha) of Nitrogen was obtained from mung bean soil, while lowest in pearl millet and maize (260 Kg/ha and 329 Kg/ha) crop land.

Response of Different Doses of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Early Growth of Mung Bean Seedlings to Seed Priming under Salinity Stress Condition

Background: Salinity impacts physiological processes, including germination, seedling development, ionic balance and water relations, leading to growth inhibition. Mung bean’s early stage is susceptible to salt stress. Our study aimed to mitigate salt stress at early stage using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to enhance mung bean tolerance. Methods: Pot experiment was carried out to incorporate ZnO-NPs into mung bean seedlings. Two Mung bean genotypes, TMB-37 (tolerant) and MH-1314 (sensitive), were chosen. Seeds were primed with ZnO-NPs at various concentrations (0.00 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) and shown in saline soil. Result: ZnO-NP priming notably increased germination percentage, shoot length and shoot dry weight in both genotypes. In 25-days-old seedlings, ZnO-NPs elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activity, while reducing lipid peroxidation and membrane injury. 1000 ppm ZnO-NPs had the negative impact on the root trait of sensitive genotype. Lower doses of ZnO-NP (50 ppm) concentrations was very effective in mitigating the adverse effect of salinity stress in both the genotypes offering a key approach for Mung bean’s salt stress mitigation.

Bioefficacy of Indigenous Isolates of Biocontrol Fungi and Bacteria against Macrophomina Phaseolina Causing Root Rot Disease in Green Gram

Green grams are the most valuable pulse crops in terms of plant-based protein, dietary fiber, and various phytochemicals. Although green gram is found susceptible to the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, it leads to severe root-rot disease and causes a significant reduction in crop yield. Thus, the study aims to determine the bioefficacy of indigenous isolates of biocontrol fungi and bacteria viz., T. asperelloides AMUTASPD-51, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-51, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-52, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-53, T. atroviride AMUTATROV-31, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-71, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-73, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-74, T. hamatum AMUTHM-31, T. viride AMUTVR-61, T. viride AMUTVR-62, T. virens AMUTVNS-41, T. longibrachiatum AMUTLONB-41, Pochonia chlamydosporia AMUPC-31, Purpureocillium lilacinum AMUPL-31, Aspergillus niger AMUAN-41, Bacillus subtilis AMUBS-80 and Pseudomonas fluorescens AMUPF-80 against Macrophomina phaseolina AMUMP-2 by using dual inoculation technique for seven days incubation at a temperature under in-vitro condition. All species of Trichoderma fungus showed high biocontrol potential to suppress the radial growth of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 over control. Among the biocontrol fungi and bacteria, T. viride AMUTVR-61 resulted in the highest radial inhibition of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 by 95.0% over control. The T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72 was second most effective in decreasing the radial growth by 94.2% of the pathogens, followed by T. harzianum AMUTHZ-71 (92.8%), T. asperellum AMUTASPM-53 (86.1%), and T. harzianum AMUTHZ-74 (83.7%) over control. However, B. subtilis AMUBS-80 was found to be the least effective, suppressing radial inhibition of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 by 21.7% over control. The present study indicates that T. viride AMUTVR-61 and T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72 were the most significant indigenous biocontrol fungi against M. phaseolina AMUMP-2. Furthermore, its application led to a substantial decrease in the soil-borne pathogen population that affects plant health, especially green gram, and adverse environmental and human effects.

Insights from Morpho-Physiological Traits Imparting Tolerance for Preharvest Sprouting of Mungbean Genotypes

Due to the absence of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) in mung bean seeds makes them susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). Mung bean yield has been proved to be 60–70% reduced in response to PHS, an abiotic stress. By understanding this problem present study was carried out at at experimental field, Department of Agricultural Botany (Plant Physiology) (20.70060N, 77.03710E), PGI, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during kharif (rainy) season 2012-13. The experiment entitled “Insights from morpho-physiological traits imparting tolerance for preharvest sprouting of munbean genotypes”. The design of experiment is Randomized block design in three replications with sixteen genotypes. It was observed that on the basis of morpho-physiological traits viz., high hard seed %, pod pubescence, lower germination in pod and seed, less seed and pod moisture genotype AKM-9801, AKM-9907, BM-2002-1 and AKM-10-05, genotypes were found to be tolerant to preharvest sprouting. And more interesting fact is the seed yield per hector found efficient in AKM-8802 and AKM-9907. So, it was found that AKM 9907 is best suitable variety of mungbean in kharif season to prevent crop from whether damage and improve yield also.

Exploring novel peptides in adzuki bean and mung bean hydrolysates with potent antibacterial activity

SummaryThis study delved into the antimicrobial potential of hydrolysates from adzuki bean and mung bean protein concentrates, created using Alcalase and Flavourzyme enzymes. Targeting common foodborne pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and Escherichia coli, the research underscored the crucial role of peptidase in generating antibacterial peptides. Fractions F2 of Flavourzyme hydrolysed adzuki bean (ABF) and F4 of Flavourzyme hydrolysed mung bean (MBF) showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium and S. aureus, respectively, whereas F2 of Alcalase hydrolysed mung bean (MBA) exhibited very poor activity against S. aureus. TripleTOF LC–MS/MS analysis revealed small cationic antibacterial peptides, with lysine being prominent against S. aureus and proline–proline against S. Typhimurium. These findings highlighted the significant contribution of protease enzymes in fostering antibacterial peptide production, offering valuable insights for developing effective antimicrobial agents in the context of food safety.

Prevalence, diversity and applications potential of nodules endophytic bacteria: a systematic review

Legumes are renowned for their distinctive biological characteristic of forming symbiotic associations with soil bacteria, mostly belonging to the Rhizobiaceae familiy, leading to the establishment of symbiotic root nodules. Within these nodules, rhizobia play a pivotal role in converting atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-assimilable form. However, it has been discerned that root nodules of legumes are not exclusively inhabited by rhizobia; non-rhizobial endophytic bacteria also reside within them, yet their functions remain incompletely elucidated. This comprehensive review synthesizes available data, revealing that Bacillus and Pseudomonas are the most prevalent genera of nodule endophytic bacteria, succeeded by Paenibacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Agrobacterium, and Microbacterium. To date, the bibliographic data available show that Glycine max followed by Vigna radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris and Lens culinaris are the main hosts for nodule endophytic bacteria. Clustering analysis consistently supports the prevalence of Bacillus and Pseudomonas as the most abundant nodule endophytic bacteria, alongside Paenibacillus, Agrobacterium, and Enterobacter. Although non-rhizobial populations within nodules do not induce nodule formation, their presence is associated with various plant growth-promoting properties (PGPs). These properties are known to mediate important mechanisms such as phytostimulation, biofertilization, biocontrol, and stress tolerance, emphasizing the multifaceted roles of nodule endophytes. Importantly, interactions between non-rhizobia and rhizobia within nodules may exert influence on their leguminous host plants. This is particularly shown by co-inoculation of legumes with both types of bacteria, in which synergistic effects on plant growth, yield, and nodulation are often measured. Moreover these effects are pronounced under both stress and non-stress conditions, surpassing the impact of single inoculations with rhizobia alone.

Screening of Mung bean Germplasm for Resistance against Cercospora Leaf Spot under Natural Field Conditions

Mung bean is an excellent protein source pulse crop grown throughout the world. Punjab province accounts for 80% area and production of mung bean in Pakistan. Mung bean is cultivated on a large scale for its green manuring ability and grain consumption. Mung bean is prone to economically important fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens is one of the most serious disease concerns in Pakistan. The pulses program at the National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad is trying hard to get the resistant germplasm against CLS. Sixty-eight advance lines/approved varieties were evaluated in the augmented design under natural field conditions. Forty-one advance lines/approved varieties were found resistant and twenty-five advance lines/approved varieties were found moderately resistant. Two advanced lines/approved varieties did not perform well and were susceptible to CLS infection. This data indicates that the germplasm at pulses program is excellent in resistance against CLS under natural field conditions in the Arid Zone and can serve as potential future varieties.

Remediation of methylene blue water solution with iodine doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their regeneration: For reuse and check phytotoxicity level of treated water

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an essential metal-oxide semiconductor with unique features, such as low cost, photostability, nontoxicity, and abundance used as a photocatalyst. However, TiO2's photocatalytic activity is limited because it exclusively absorbs incoming light in the ultraviolet (UV) range. In present work, Iodine-doped TiO2 (IDT) photocatalysts were prepared employing solution-combustion process in various mol % of iodine (I), i.e., Ti1-xIxO2 (x = 0.00–0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopic (DRS) were used to characterise the synthesised IDT. DRS indicated that iodine doping increased the absorbance range while diminishing its bandgap energy. As the I doping concentration in TiO2 increased, there was a constant shift in absorbance towards the visible light area. The XRD demonstrated that the prepared photocatalysts were solely with the anatase phase of TiO2. The FTIR identified the functional groups in the prepared photocatalysts and numerous Ti–O lattice stretching and bending vibrational bands. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was tested in a UV photochemical reactor. The 3 % IDT photocatalyst has the highest photodegradation efficiency amid all the prepared pristine and IDT photocatalysts. Regarding dye photodegradation, the synthesised TiO2 photocatalyst doped with 3 % Iodine outperformed the commercially available Aeroxide P-25 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated excellent reusability in regeneration trials. A study on the germination of "Vigna Radiata" was done to determine phytotoxicity as part of the investigation into the potential use of photocatalytically treated water in irrigation. The phytotoxicity evaluation results show that the treated water has potential for use in irrigation.

Survey on Web Blight of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.] Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in Major Growing District of Rajasthan

Web blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) is one of the major diseases of mungbean. The mode of infection is soil-borne, seed borne and air-borne. Random survey was conducted during the kharif season (2022) to study the intensity of web blight in mungbean growing areas of Rajasthan which include Jaipur, Ajmer, Nagaur, Sikar and Tonk. The result showed that the disease intensity ranged from 15.70% to 31.04%. An average disease intensity of 23.57 % was recorded in the surveyed districts. The maximum intensity of web blight disease was recorded in Ajmer District (31.04%).

Effects of insoluble dietary fiber from mung bean skin on dough and gluten protein properties

Abstract In this study, the influences of the addition of different mung bean skin insoluble dietary fiber (MIDF) contents (0–10 wt%) on the properties of dough and gluten proteins were investigated. With the addition of MIDF, the elastic modulus, viscosity modulus, and loss factor of the dough all showed increasing trends. Additionally, the bound water content significantly increased by 15.37 % (P < 0.05), while the weakly bound water content decreased by 14.32 % (P < 0.05), indicating the migration of weakly bound water to bound water. These changes resulted in increased hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of the dough. Furthermore, the incorporation of MIDF significantly reduced the SS content in gluten by 43.01 % (P < 0.05). Concurrently, the secondary structure of gluten protein transformed from ordered structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets, to disordered structures, such as random coils and β-turns, thereby loosening the protein skeleton structure and affecting the gluten network. These results established a theoretical foundation for the development and enhancement of functional foods enriched with dietary fiber.

Comparative study of the combustion properties of briquettes produced from blends of mung beans shell, uncarbonized and carbonized sawdust

In this research, the combustion properties of the briquette produced by blending mung beans shell (MBS) with carbonized danta wood sawdust was compared with that of the briquette produced by blending MBS with uncarbonized danta wood sawdust. The briquettes wereproduced atdifferentsawdust to biomass ratios (100%:0, 70%:30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70% and 100%:0). Cassava starch was used as a binder. Proximate analysis (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and combustion properties (calorific value, ignition time, burning time, burning rate, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency) were calculated using standard methods. The results of the analyses showed that 100% sawdust briquette samples had the lowest moisture content, 4.74±0.00 for carbonized sawdust and 6.76±0.02 for uncarbonized sawdust.100% uncarbonized and carbonized sawdust briquette samples had a fixed carbon of 68.93±0.02 and 87.46%, Ash content:3.70±0.00% and 2.18±0.04%,volatile matter: 20.61±0.00 and 5.61±0.04 and calorific value: 29.401±0.0 MJ/Kg and 32.532±0.05 MJ/Kg respectively.The ignition time increase with increase in biomass load for uncarbonized sawdust samples and decrease with increase in biomass load for carbonized sawdust briquette samples. The burning time decreased from 86±0.57mins (70% sawdust + 30% biomass) to 70±0.57mins (100% biomass) for the carbonized sawdust briquette samples and for the uncarbonized, it ranged from 68±0.00 (70% sawdust + 30% biomass) to 71.6±0.57 mins (30% sawdust + 70% biomass) and then dropped to 68±0.57(100% biomass load). The burning rate decreased in carbonizedbriquette samples and increased in uncarbonized briquette samples with increase in biomass load. The specific fuel consumption for carbonized and uncarbonized sawdust briquette sample decreased with increase in MBS load. 100% carbonized and uncarbonized sawdust briquette samples had a thermal efficiency of 8.78 and 16.47 respectively. It can be concluded that blend of carbonized sawdust and mung beans shell will make a better fuel due to better combustion properties than the uncarbonized sawdust samples.

Emerging threat to Indian agriculture: Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex as a novel pathogen imperiling bajra, cowpea, finger millet, green gram, moth bean, and soybean crops

India, renowned for its diverse agro-climatic regions and agricultural legacy, relies on staple crops for sustenance. Cereals and Legumes, crucial to Indian agriculture and diet, contribute significantly to food security, economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability. Between August and October 2023, symptoms of grain/pod rot were observed in bajra, finger millet, cowpea, moth bean, green gram, and soybean crops in Uttarakhand. Based on morphological traits and the sequencing of the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer), rpb2 (RNA Polymerase II Second Largest Subunit), tef1 (Translation Elongation Factor 1-alpha) genes, the identified pathogens fall within the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). Pathogenicity tests confirmed the fulfillment of Koch's postulates, establishing the responsibility of the FIESC in grain/pod rot. This study unveils the first incidence of the FIESC causing grain/pod rot in bajra, cowpea, finger millet, soybean, green gram, and moth bean in India. Considering the economic importance of these crops, it is imperative to implement robust disease management strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of these pathogens on agricultural production. The findings underscore the necessity for continued research on emerging diseases to safeguard global crop production and food security.

Driving Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Different Sizes and Hydrophobicity in Metabolic Response and Eco-Corona Formation in Sprouts (Vigna radiata).

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) cause biotoxicity and pose a potential ecological threat; however, their effects on plant metabolism and eco-corona evolution between NPs and organisms remain unclear. This study clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological and metabolic responses induced by three different ZnO NPs with different sizes and hydrophobicity in sprouts (Vigna radiata) and explored the critical regulation of eco-corona formation in root-nano systems. Results indicated that smaller-sized ZnO inhibited root elongation by up to 37.14% and triggered oxidative burst and apoptosis. Metabolomics confirmed that physiological maintenance after n-ZnO exposure was mainly attributed to the effective stabilization of nitrogen fixation and defense systems by biotransformation of the flavonoid pathway. Larger-sized or hydrophobic group-modified ZnO exhibited low toxicity in sprouts, with 0.89-fold upregulation of citrate in central carbon metabolism. This contributed to providing energy for resistance to NP stress through amino acid and carbon/nitrogen metabolism, accompanied by changes in membrane properties. Notably, smaller-sized and hydrophobic NPs intensely stimulated the release of root metabolites, forming corona complexes with exudates. The hydrogen-bonded wrapping mechanism in protein secondary structure and hydrophobic interactions of heterogeneous functional groups drove eco-corona formation, along with the corona evolution intensity of n-ZnO > s-ZnO > b-ZnO based on higher (α-helix + 3-turn helix)/β-sheet ratios. This study provides crucial insight into metabolic and eco-corona evolution in bionano fates.

Decadal Performance of Major Kharif Pulse Crops in Madhya Pradesh: In Context of Growth, Decomposition and Instability Analysis

The study purpose examined the growth, decomposition and instability of major kharif pulses i. e. pigeon pea, green gram and black gram in Madhya Pradesh. The study was based on secondary data. The data of area, production, and productivity of selected pulse crops have been taken for 30 years from 1992-93 to 2021-22. The study period was divided into four periods i.e. period-I (1992-93 to 2001-02), period-II (2002-03 to 2011-12), period- III (2012-13 to 2021-22) and overall period (1992-93 to 2021-22). Three different analyses had been carried out in the study viz. (a) Compound annual growth rates, (b) Decomposition analysis and (c) Instability analysis. It was revealed from the outcomes that during the entire study period, a mixed growth pattern was observed in the area, production and productivity of pigeon pea and green gram while significant and positive growth was noticed in area, production and productivity of black gram with the magnitude of 4.31, 6.19 and 1.80 percent, respectively in Madhya Pradesh. During overall study period, area expansion was major instrument to increase the production of pigeon pea and black gram. The highest variability was noticed production of all selected crops during period – I, II, III and entire study period.

Evaluation and Control of Fusarium acuminatum Causing Leaf Spot in Saposhnikovia divaricata in Northeast China.

Saposhnikovia divaricata is an authentic Chinese herbal medicine in Northeast China named Guanfangfeng, which is made from very high-quality plants for sufficient efficacy. However, leaf spot causes a very large reduction in the yield and quality of S. divaricata in Shuangyashan (46.58°N, 131.28°E), Northeast China. A total of 18 isolates were isolated from the diseased leaves of S. divaricata, following Koch's postulates, and identified as Fusarium acuminatum based on morphological, molecular biological, and phylogenetic tree analyses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of F. acuminatum causing S. divaricata leaf spot in China. F. acuminatum infected perilla and mung beans but not foxtail millet, peanuts, wheat, peas, rye, red beans, or sorghum. Susceptibility assessment of F. acuminatum to fungicides using the mycelial growth rate method showed that isolates of F. acuminatum were most sensitive to prochloraz, with effective concentration values of 0.0005413 to 0.0009523 μg/ml. In the two field experiments, the average control efficacy of prochloraz at 0.450 g/liter on S. divaricata leaf spot caused by F. acuminatum was 75.42%. Therefore, nonhost plant rotation or intercropping with suitable chemical fungicides may be used to control S. divaricata leaf spot. This study's results provide a theoretical basis for controlling S. divaricata leaf spot and will facilitate the development of effective disease management programs.

First Report of Wilt Caused by Fusarium nanum (FIESC 25) on Mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Pakistan.

Mungbean, Vigna radia (L.) R. Wilczek, is ranked 2nd next to chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in total cultivation and production in Pakistan. In August of 2022 and 2023, mungbean plants (cv. PRI Mung-2018) were found wilting in a field at the Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Wilted leaves turned yellow, died, but remained attached to the stem. Vascular tissue at the base of the stem showed light to dark brown discoloration. Roots were stunted with purplish brown to black discoloration. Symptomatic mungbean plants were collected from fields at five different locations (20 samples/location). Disease incidence was similar among the five fields, ranging from 5 to 10% at each location depending upon type of germplasm and date of sowing. For fungal isolation and morphological identification, symptomatic stem and root tissues were cut into ~5 mm2 pieces with a sterilized blade. Tissues were surface-sterilized for one min in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed twice in sterilized water, air dried on sterilized filter paper, and aseptically placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 0.5 g/L-1 streptomycin sulphate. Plates were incubated for 3-4 days at 25 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Single-spore cultures were used for morphological and molecular analyses. Isolates on PDA grew rapidly and produced abundant white aerial mycelium that turned off-white to beige with age. Macroconidia were hyaline, falcate, typically 3-to-6 septate with a pointed apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell, measuring 24.5-49.5 x 2.7-4.7 μm (n = 40). Globose to obovate chlamydospores measuring 5.8 ± 0.5 μm (n = 40) were produced singly or in chains and were intercalary or terminal and possessed roughened walls. The morphological data indicated the isolates were members of the genus Fusarium (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To obtain a species-level identification, a portion of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB1), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) region were PCR amplified and sequenced using EF1/EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998), Fa/G2R (Hofstetter et al. 2007), and 5f2/7cr (Liu et al. 1999) primers, respectively. DNA sequences of these genes were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MW059021, MW059017 and MW059019, respectively. The partial TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 sequences were queried against the Fusarium MLST database (https://fusarium.mycobank.org/page/Fusarium_identification), using the polyphasic identification tool. The BLASTn search revealed 99.9% identity of the isolate to F. nanum (Xia et al. 2019), formerly FIESC 25 of the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (MRC 2610, NRRL 54143; O'Donnell et al. 2018). To confirm pathogenicity, roots of 3-5 leaf stage mungbean seedlings were soaked in a 106 spores ml-1 conidial suspension of the fungus for 15 min and then planted in 10 cm pots containing sterilized soil. Mock-inoculated plants with sterile water served as a negative control. Twenty pots that were used for each inoculated and control treatment were maintained at 25 ± 2°C, 14:8 h photoperiod, and 80% relative humidity in a growth chamber. After 15 days, leaf yellowing, internal browning from the base of stems and root discoloration was observed in all the inoculated plants. The uninoculated negative control plants remained asymptomatic. Fusarium nanum was re-isolated from artificially inoculated plants and identified by colony growth, conidial characteristics on PDA and molecular analyses (TEF1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of wilt caused by F.nanum on mungbean in Pakistan. In Pakistan, mungbean cultivation in irrigated areas has increased in recent years. It has been introduced frequently in citrus orchards, crop rotation of maize and sesame, intercropping with sugarcane and as green manure. However, citrus, maize, sesame and sugarcane are also hosts of Fusarium spp. Therefore, this information warrants sustainable crop protection and may have an impact on further interaction of F. nanum with other wilt pathogens.

Effect of Varieties and Nutrient Treatments on Physiological and Phenological Parameters of Summer Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

The present investigation was conducted during the summer season of 2020 at Regional Research Station (Bawal), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the response of greengran to different varieties and nutrients treatments. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications. The main plot consisted of varieties (MH-421, MH-318 and SML-668) and sub-plot consisted of nutrient treatments (Control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Rhizobium + PSB). The findings suggest that variety MH-318 gave significantly higher no. of branches, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) as well as phenological traits such as days taken to 50% flowering (days) over SML-668 and MH-421. Among the nutrient treatments, application of 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Rhizobium + PSB demonstrated superior performance across physiological (no. of branches, leaf area, LAI and LAD) and phenological traits (50% flowering) over 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% FYM + Rhizobium + PSB and control. Thus, a combination of variety MH-318 with 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Rhizobium + PSB helps in enhancing the physiological and phenological parameters of greengram without negative influence on plant and the environment.