Mumps Virus Strains Research Articles

流行性耳下腺炎弱毒生ワクチンに関する研究

The virulent Towata strain of mumps virus was successfully passaged in the chorio allantoic cavity of developing chick embryos, and it was noticed that Towata strain was considerably attenuated after many passages (described in the first report). Attenuated Towata strain of various passage numbers was used in 4 field trials for children in 1967 by the inhalation method. Similar degree of antibody response was obtained in each trial, without any clinical manifestations due to the vaccination. Increase in NT antibody titer was 8 to 18 fold, and 80 per cent of seroconversion was observed in sero-negative cases. The rate of sero conversion of NT antibody was higher than that of HI antibody in paired sera. It was noticed that many children who had low antibody also showed antibody response. In inhalation trials with Enders strain adapted to the chorio allantoic cavity, antibody response almost similar to that of Towata strain was obtained.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LENS CATARACTS IN MUMPS-INFECTED CHICK EMBRYOS.

AbstractCritical inocula of Enders strain of mumps virus were injected over the blastoderm at 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hours of incubation (37°C). Surviving embryos were harvested at daily intervals up to 14 days postinoculation.Gross and microscopic observations revealed the lens to be the only organ consistently exhibiting abnormal development following inoculation with mumps virus. By comparison, maldevelopment in other structures was occasionally observed up to the third day postinoculation, but rarely in embryos surviving three or more days. Characteristic lens cataracts were observed, but only in embryos which had been inoculated prior to Hamburger‐Hamilton stage 18, i.e., prior to separation of the lens vesicle from surface ectoderm.An analysis of the histopathogenesis of lens cataracts in embryos inoculated at stages 8–17 indicates that the differentiating lens fibers became progressively more extensively damaged as development proceeded. However, it is evident that the differentiation of new lens fibers proceeded peripherally as the more mature fibers continued to be destroyed centrally. It can be concluded that differentiating lens fibers are highly susceptible to damage by mumps virus, but the initiation of the characteristic defect occurred in our experiments only during the early formative phases of lens development.

Genetic recombination among influenza viruses: I. Cross reactivation of plaque-forming capacity as a method for selecting recombinants from the progeny of crosses between influenza A strains

Crosses carried out in vitro between a UV-inactivated influenza virus (strain WSN or a plaque-type recombinant thereof) and an active strain have yielded plaque-type recombinants of the following influenza A serotypes: WS, Melbourne, PR8, FM-1, S-1, Jap/305/57, and Swine. The same methods have failed to yield plaque-type recombinants with the following influenza A strains: Asian RI 5 + (filamentous strain of A 2), NWS (Stuart-Harris strain of neurotropic WS), strain “N” (nonpathogenic strain of fowl plague virus), and a strain of equine influenza. In addition the following myxoviruses gave negative results: influenza B (four strains), influenza C (strain 1233), hemadsorption virus, type 2 (strain Sendai), Newcastle disease virus (Hitchner strain), and mumps virus (strain Enders). Plaque-type recombinants were usually recombinant for a number of other characteristics, and when seven characters were examined a wide variety of combinations were found. The recombinants were stable on passage. In certain crosses the irradiated parent type was frequently rescued, and usually with no evidence of recombination in the several markers tested. The WSN strain was unique among influenza A strains in acting as a donor of plaque-forming capacity in recombination experiments, and this property, once conferred on other strains, was readily exchangeable in further experiments with diverse influenza A serotypes.

Cytopathogenicity of mumps virus in cultures of chick embryo and human amnion cells.

SummaryCytopathogenicity of 2 strains of mumps virus for primary cultures of chick embryo (CE) and human amnion (HA) cells was studied. The chick adapted Enders strain induced formation of multinucleated giant cells and extensive cellular destruction in CE cells but did not visibly affect HA cells. Multinucleated giant and spindle-like cells were observed in cultures of HA cells infected with a low passage human amnion adapted strain, which did not visibly affect CE cells. With agar overlay technic viral plaques were obtained with both strains in susceptible cell monolayers.

Studies of Fibroblastic Cells Cultivated from Bone Marrow of Leukemic and Non-Leukemic Patients.

SummaryThe use of a feeder layer of x-irradiated or non-irradiated primary human amnion monolayers in cultivation of leukemic and normal human bone marrow aspirates results in establishment of primary, human fibroblastic cell cultures. Comparison of normal and leukemic cultures failed to reveal differences in morphology, type of degeneration, rate of metabolism or viral susceptibility. A cytopathogenic agent was not recovered from leukemic aspirates and use of the fluorescent antibody technic failed to reveal a specific antigen capable of reacting with leukemic sera in leukemic bone marrow cell cultures. Cultures of cells from both leukemic and normal bone marrow supported multiplication of polio, herpes simplex and measles virus. Normal marrow cell cultures supported multiplication of Sindbis and influenza A virus, but not of an egg adapted strain of mumps virus. The reproducible cultivation of cells obtained from human bone marrow provides an accessible source of primary human fibroblastic cell culture ...

Role of inhibitors in hemagglutination behavior of mumps virus.

1) Low ability of some strains of mumps virus to agglutinate human rbc was studied. Some individual-infected amniotic and allantoic fluids and pooled virus preparations agglutinated human erythrocytes nearly as well as fowl erythrocytes. When virus fluids, failing to agglutinate human cells, were treated by various procedures capable of removing or destroying inhibitors, they became positive. 2) Failure to agglutinate human erythrocytes is not a stable intrinsic characteristic of certain strains of mumps virus but is due to inhibitors present in virus preparations.

Inclusion body formation with Newcastle disease and mumps viruses in cultures of chick embryo cells

Twelve strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were grown in roller cultures of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). In each case cytopathogenic effects including eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion body formation accompanied viral multiplication. On repeated subculture the virus continued to multiply and to produce the same cytopathogenic changes. Inclusion body formation also was demonstrated in CAM cultures for the third, thirty-ninth, and eighty-seventh egg passages of one strain of mumps virus. This virus continued to multiply and to produce inclusions on subculture. An early egg passage of one other mumps strain failed to produce inclusions. Changes demonstrated for NDV and mumps strains in chick embryo amniotic membrane cultures were similar to those in CAM. The effects of both Newcastle and mumps viruses were prevented by specific antiserum. Other representative myxoviruses failed to produce inclusions in these tissue culture systems.

Determination of Neutralizing Antibodies against Mumps Virus in HeLa Cell Cultures

Summary A neutralization test against mumps virus in tissue cultures of human carcinoma cells strain HeLa has been described. It is based on prevention of lysis and degenerative changes in HeLa cells, caused by the growth of an amniotic strain of mumps virus in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The test proved to be readily reproducible and applicable to the study of a large number of sera. The relationships of antibodies measured in this system to those determined in complement fixation and neutralization tests in chick embryos have been discussed.

Hemagglutination behavior of mumps virus strains of different origin.

Hemagglutination behavior of mumps virus strains of different origin.

Cytolytic effects of mumps virus in tissue cultures of epithelial cells.

SummaryUpon inoculation of cultures of HeLa or monkey kidney epithelial cells with large amounts of several strains of mumps virus at various stages of chick embryo-adaptation lesions resembling “giant cells” were observed, which however were shown to be caused by a cytolytic property of the agents. This effect could not be maintained on serial passage when allantoically-adapted strains were employed. Cytolysis was specifically prevented by human mumps convalescent and post-vaccination sera but not, or to a lesser extent, by sera taken during the acute stage of the disease or prior to immunization. The cytolytic activity was found to be more resistant to ultraviolet light than the infectious property. The possible relation of the cytolytic effect to the hemolytic activity of the virus is discussed.

Performance of Mumps Neutralization Tests in Suckling Mice

Summary The virulence of a mouse-adapted strain of mumps virus has been increased so that it will kill nearly 100% of suckling mice 1 day of age. This virus has been successfully used in intracerebral neutralization tests. The titers of neutralizing antibodies obtained for human and animal mumps immune sera were considerably higher than those obtained in egg neutralization tests. Differences between egg and mouse neutralizations are discussed.

Mumps infectivity studies in hamsters.

SummaryAdult hamsters inoculated in-tranasally with the egg-adapted Enders strain of mumps virus produced complement fixing antibodies against both the soluble and viral antigens. These antibodies were present in measurable amounts from the 7th day after inoculation until the 38th day when the experiment was terminated. Antibodies against specific hemagglutinins also appeared on the 7 th day, reached a maximum level and decreased in a similar manner to the complement fixing antibodies. The production of antibodies against the soluble antigen was considered to be indicative of virus multiplication in the tissues of the animals. Multiplication was then demonstrated by recovery of the virus after serial passage through hamster lungs. Mumps virus has been isolated from hamster lungs following intranasal inoculation of throat washings from 4 patients with epidemic parotitis. Serial passage in hamsters carried out with one of these strains gave results similar to those obtained using the egg-adapted Enders stra...

ムンプスウイルスの分離並びにその抗体分布に関する研究

1. Attempts were made to isolate mumps virus by means of amniotic inoculation of developing hen's eggs and a virus was isolated which was antigenically identified as same as the Enders strain of mumps virus.2. Investigations were made in a certain fairly isolated community to obtain an information of the distribution of the antibodies (hemagglutination-inhibition antibody and complement-fixation antibodies) against mumps virus. (Refer to page 1-6.)

Use of guinea pig eye in study of intraocular infections produced by mumps virus.

Conclusions(1) When a mixture of mumps virus with specific immune serum was injected into the eyes of guinea pigs, the serum completely prevented the corneal reaction and the production of complement fixing antibodies. Pooled sera collected from normal mumps susceptible children, when mixed with mumps virus and injected into the eyes of guinea pigs irregularly prevented the corneal reaction and the production of complement fixing antibodies. (2) Subsequent to the injection of mumps virus into the eye of the guinea pig, complement fixing antibodies appear in the convalescent sera between the 4th and 8th day, persist at significant levels until the 20th to 24th days, and then decline. (3) Mumps virus persists or grows in guinea pig eyes for at least 8 days after inoculation. (4) Chick embryo adapted strains of mumps virus recently recovered from parotid tissue, saliva and testicular fluid when injected into guinea pig eyes produce the corneal reaction, and complement fixing antibodies were demonstrated in t...

Stabilizing action of glycerine on hemagglutination of egg-adapted mumps, Newcastle disease and influenza viruses.

(1) Experimental observations based on the behavior of two strains of mumps virus having hemagglutinins of markedly different stability show that the addition of glycerin has a marked stabilizing action on the nonagglutinating antigen. Without glycerine, at 37°C the H strain of mumps virus in buffered saline containing 0.1% formalin, loses its hemagglutinating activity overnight and the E strain in 3 to 4 weeks. In contrast, the H strain in 50 per cent glycerine suspension, also containing 0.1 formalin, maintained useable titers for 2 to 3 weeks at 37°C, and under the same conditions the E strain showed little or no loss of activity at the end of 16 weeks. (2) Glycerine concentrations as low as 10% markedly enhanced the stability of the E strain while the stability of hemagglutinating activity of the H strain was dependent to a much greater degree upon an increased concentration of glycerine. (3) The hemagglutinating activity of antigens prepared from suspensions of Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus (PR8) was similarly stabilized by the addition of 50% glycerine.

Production of Hemagglutinin by Mumps and Influenza A Viruses in Suspended Cell Tissue Cultures.

Conclusions1. An egg-adapted strain of mumps virus has been cultivated in suspended cell tissue cultures. 2. In such media the mumps virus as well as Influenza A virus (PR8 strain) produce measurable quantities of hemagglutinin.