Multi-year Plans Research Articles

O planejamento nacional da política de saúde no Brasil: estratégias e instrumentos nos anos 2000

O artigo enfoca o planejamento nacional da política de saúde de 2003 a 2010, à luz da trajetória do planejamento estatal no Brasil e do contexto do Governo Lula. Inicialmente, é traçado um histórico dos momentos relevantes para o planejamento nacional, considerando suas interfaces com a saúde. A seguir, situa-se o contexto governamental e discutem-se as estratégias e instrumentos de planejamento em saúde recentes. A metodologia envolveu revisão bibliográfica e análise de documentos - os planos plurianuais, o Plano Nacional de Saúde, o Pacto pela Saúde e o Mais Saúde - considerando o seu propósito, conteúdo e processo de elaboração. Os resultados sugerem um adensamento do planejamento nacional em saúde, visando dar direcionalidade à política. Foram identificados dois momentos no planejamento federal em saúde: entre 2003 e 2006, predominou uma orientação participativa e gerencialista; entre 2007 e 2010, a orientação gerencialista se manteve e houve um esforço de atrelar a política de saúde ao modelo de desenvolvimento. Apesar dos avanços, o planejamento em saúde expressou limitações como a não regulamentação do financiamento setorial, que tem comprometido a execução dos planos, o escasso enfrentamento de problemas estruturais do sistema de saúde e a fragilidade da lógica territorial.

Developments in immunization planning in Cambodia - rethinking the culture and organization of national program planning

As part of its health system reconstruction following decades of civil war, Cambodia undertook a program of health sector reform in 1996 to expand coverage of essential health services to the population of 14 million, 80% of whom are resident in over 13 000 rural villages. During this reform period, one of the major national health programs, the National Immunization Program (NIP), adapted its planning system to accommodate changes in social and health sector structure. The aims of this article are to review changes made in the approach to national immunization planning and to illustrate how these adaptations can help identify future challenges and opportunities for further improving immunization coverage in Cambodia. Sources of information for the study include immunization plans and data from international and national sources, as well as data from the national health information system. Findings of review: Management and service delivery reforms undertaken by the NIP include (1) strengthening links between immunization, health sector and international health planning; (2) development of immunization program multiyear and financial sustainability plans; (3) strengthening of national program decision making structures and processes; (4) widening of decentralized stakeholder participation in health planning; and (5) implementation of service level micro-planning. These management reforms have been associated with significant improvement in public health program performance and outcomes during this period (2003-2006). There has been an increase in vaccination coverage for children under the age of one year, over a five-year period (increase of 29% for fully immunized child at one year of age), with no significant differences in vaccination rates between urban and rural areas, and a sharp decrease in the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases. The NIP is now well positioned to take on additional challenges in coming years associated with expanding international partnerships, the continued development of civil society, further health system decentralization, and the requirement to further improve coverage in support of global and regional disease elimination goals. However, as costs continue to rise, planners in the future will need to emphasize the economic and public health benefits of immunization programs in order to sustain increasing levels of national and international investment.

Refinery advanced process control planning system

The process of enhancing a refinery's performance through advanced control usually requires extensive analysis on the plant to determine factors that are constraining the plant from reaching optimum production conditions. An advanced control planning environment (APCO) was developed using mixed integer-programming methodology. It was supported by a friendly graphical user interface (GUI), to make it easy and accessible to refinery planning engineers. Advanced process control benefits programmed into advanced process control optimizer (APCO) are based on benefits already computed for a major refinery in Kuwait. In here, APCO has been customized to adapt a simplified flowsheet model for a 60 000-barrel per day refinery. A number of case studies are included to demonstrate the capabilities of APCO. The case studies reflect situations encountered by decision-makers in refineries. These include single and multiyear plans, as well as self-funded and unit capacity limiting plans. APCO facilitates developing and evaluating different economical scenarios. Results show that analysis of APC benefits and their interaction among units would uncover APC implementations that are otherwise not considered by simplified payback period analysis.

Remaking the Polish Working Class: Early Stalinist Models of Labor and Leisure

The Stalinist revolution began to accelerate in Poland, as throughout eastern Europe, in 1947, with the implementation of multi-year plans, the repression of opposition and the enforcement of unity in the bloc; by the beginning of 1950, the transformation of the bloc was more or less complete. The construction of the Stalinist system did not occur in a vacuum but was shaped in part by societies, and the regimes which emerged were thus more complex than has been generally acknowledged. That complexity stems in part from Stalinist regimes’ interest in transforming society through mobilization and integration, rather than merely subduing it. Active participation in political and economic life was required; mere acquiescence to the demands of the regime was insufficient; and class conflict was to be eliminated, replaced by an alliance between the working class and its former adversaries.

A Strategic Planning Imperative:

Strategic planning is best operationalized as part of a broader set of strategic management principles in which it is viewed as a platform for improving organizational communication and development, resource allocation, and the overall management framework. There are no singular, prescriptive approaches to strategic planning. The emphasis should be placed on strategic thinking and acting, rather than on process. The Pennslyvania State University has adopted a comprehensive planning process that is uncommon because it links the multi-year strategic plans of its various units to the annual budget cycle. The strategic plan thus provides a blueprint for the operation of the University Libraries.

Construction Grants Program: Capital Budgeting

State project priority lists pursuant to the Federal Wastewater Construction Grants Program are examined from the viewpoint of cost‐effective capital budgeting. Integer programming (IP) or, alternatively, ranking on the basis of the priority‐to‐cost ratio (PCR) is found to be more cost‐effective in project selection than the current “funding line” approach. The IP is structured to select a project set that optimizes the total priority points gained under a fixed budget. The method is applied to the actual project priority lists of four states (New York, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Ohio). The number of projects to be funded in the first year, as determined by the IP approach, is 112% more than the number found by the conventional approach, and the total sum of priority points (effectiveness) is 86.0% more. The IP approach funds 63.6% of the eligible projects in the first year, while the conventional approach funds only 30.0%. Improvements to multiyear funding plans should approximate these figures under ...

The Use of Discriminant Analysis in Measuring Cooperative Growth Factors

Vermont agricultural cooperatives were surveyed to investigate key factors contributing to cooperative success. Most of the cooperatives were formed within the last 15 years. Financial, organizational, and operational data were collected for selected years from 1974–1984.Average annual changes in gross sales were used to divide cooperatives into low-growth and high-growth groups. Selected variables were identified to classify individual cooperatives into low- or high-performance groups with discriminant analysis.Management experience and adoption of multi-year plans were the two factors found to have the most significant influence on cooperative sales growth.

Planning Arabic Towns

Planning Arabic Towns

The Road to PPB: The Stages of Budget Reform

Among the new men in the nascent PPB staffs and the fellow travellers who have joined the bandwagon, the mood is of “a revolutionary development in the history of government management.” There is excited talk about the differences between what has been and what will be; of the benefits that will accrue from an explicit and “hard” appraisal of objectives and alternatives; of the merits of multiyear budget forecasts and plans; of the great divergence between the skills and role of the analyst and the job of the examiner; of the realignments in government structure that might result from changes in the budget process.