Multi-year Dynamics Research Articles

Seasonal and Multi-Year Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Gleyic Chernozems (the Oka–Don Lowland)

Seasonal and Multi-Year Dynamics of Soil Moisture in Gleyic Chernozems (the Oka–Don Lowland)

Forecasting the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses: innovation developments

Goal. Development and implementation of new theories, methods, technologies and models that would allow more reliable forecasting of the development of pests and pathogens of agricultural crops.
 Methods. Analysis of innovative development of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of the Scientific and Methodological Center «Protection of Plants» for 2001—2020. Isolation of those relating to the problem forecasting the development of pests and pathogens of plant diseases in agrocenoses of Ukraine.
 Results. The concept of formation of the phytosanitary state of crops and plantations under the conditions of climate change has been developed. The theory of the dynamics of the number of locusts and the prediction of emergency situations in the agricultural sphere of Ukraine has been developed. The widespread use of pheromone traps for diagnosing the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses of Ukraine is recommended. The cyclicity of outbreaks of mass reproduction of the Anisoplia austriaca beetle and the European corn borer was established, depending on the amount of solar activity. The possibility of applying GIS-technologies for the analysis of long-term data was studied. Predictive computer programs (models) of harvest shortages of rapeseed, sunflower, corn, sugar beet, and winter wheat from a complex of pests have been developed. An algorithm for the application of information technology programs for the analysis of multi-year dynamics of the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses has been developed. The role of the developed computer model of the development of leaf spots of grain crops in determining the moment for the most effective application of fungicides has been established. Methods of forecasting the development of pathogens of grape diseases in the South of Ukraine have been developed. A system of forecasting the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses of Ukraine in the conditions of the year and planning the implementation of protective measures has been developed.
 Conclusions. Innovative developments of the Scientific and Methodological Center «Plant Protection» make it possible to solve the following issues at a modern level: forecasting changes in the agrosphere based on the analysis of a long-term database of hydrothermal conditions and indicators of the phytosanitary state of agrocenoses; prevention of emergency situations in the agricultural sector on the basis of a modern monitoring system using GPS-navigation and the development of regulations for carrying out protective measures; forecasting the development of dangerous pests and diseases of agricultural crops; forecasting crop failures and determining the economic feasibility of chemical plant protection; forecasting the appearance and spread of quarantine pests.

An Agent-Based Model Shows How Mixed Infections Drive Multiyear Pathotype Dynamics in a Plant-Virus System.

Mathematical models are widely used to understand the evolution and epidemiology of plant pathogens under a variety of scenarios. Here, we used this approach to analyze the effects of different traits intrinsic and extrinsic to plant-virus interactions on the dynamics of virus pathotypes in genetically heterogeneous plant-virus systems. For this, we propose an agent-based epidemiological model that includes epidemiologically significant pathogen life-history traits related to virulence, transmission, and survival in the environment and allows for integrating long- and short-distance transmission, primary and secondary infections, and within-host pathogen competition in mixed infections. The study focuses on the tobamovirus-pepper pathosystem. Model simulations allowed us to integrate pleiotropic effects of resistance-breaking mutations on different virus life-history traits into the net costs of resistance breaking, allowing for predictions on multiyear pathotype dynamics. We also explored the effects of two control measures, the use of host resistance and roguing of symptomatic plants, that modify epidemiological attributes of the pathogens to understand how their populations will respond to evolutionary pressures. One major conclusion points to the importance of pathogen competition within mixed-infected hosts as a component of the overall fitness of each pathogen that, thus, drives their multiyear dynamics.

Multiyear dynamics of the Aral sea desiccation impact on the Southern Priaralie climate

The impact of the Aral Sea desiccation on the climate of the Southern Priaralieis presented as a systemic impact of two processes: water area reduction and wind-driven salt removal from the dried seabed. For quantitative assessment of this impact, a system of numerical mathematical models has been developed, including a model of atmospheric salt transport, a model of the influence of sea area reduction on temperature and humidity fields, and models of the influence of salt aerosol on radiation regime and precipitation formation. The results of separate realisations of these models are presented to clarify the mechanism and degree of influence of water area reduction and salt removal on climatic characteristics. Multiyear spatial and temporal dynamics of the systemic influence of water area reduction and aerosol removal on annual precipitation, air temperature and humidity is presented for decades of the modelling period (1966-2015).

Analysis of multiyear seasonal spatial-temporal chlorophyll-a concentration dynamics in the coastal zone of north-western of the Sea of Japan

The coastal zone and shelf of the north-western of the Sea of Japan have high biological productivity. The vegetation of microalgae is realized due to insolation, nutrient input with river runoff and as a result of seasonal vertical mixing of water masses. Also, the productivity activity relates to the type of marine landscape. Phytoplankton assemblages are first-order food resources for zooplankton and the second for nekton (fish, mammals), and they also serve as a source of biological minerals from the decayed of their dead cell products, which as suspended particles (detritus) provide food for pelagic bacteria and bottom biocenoses. The vertical subdivision of the landscape - neritho-pelagial (coastal zone) of the studied part of the sea reflects a wide biological diversity represented by bottom communities of living organisms. The research objective of this article studied to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of chlorophyll-a concentration in phytoplankton in different landscape-bionomic areas in the north- western of the Sea of Japan for each season from 2003 to 2022’s. The article is used the landscape-bionomic and space monitoring data approaches. The known system of units of global zoning of ecoregions (sea basins) describes the natural features of the sea. The fundamental unit of regional zoning is coastal morphostructures or marine landscape which builds ecological conditions for hydrobionts. Space monitoring from the Aqua satellite, NASA, covers the upper layers of water at a wide resolution. Water surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration for 20 years (2003-2022's) are compared on the basis of satellite data. Practical significance: the paper discloses the links between landscape-bionomic areas and seasonal multiyear dynamics of temperature and phytoplankton productivity in the north- western of the Sea of Japan. The comprehensive approach will serve as a necessity for the rational use of aquatic biological resources. Moreover, satellite data can be applied to the construction of long-term forecasts of climate variability in the region.

Salinity Tolerance and Seasonal and Multiyear Dynamics of Biting Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Macrozoobenthos Communities of Saline Rivers (the Lake Elton Basin, Russia)

Salinity Tolerance and Seasonal and Multiyear Dynamics of Biting Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Macrozoobenthos Communities of Saline Rivers (the Lake Elton Basin, Russia)

Salinity Tolerance, Seasonal and Multiyear Dynamics of Biting Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Macrozoobenthos Communities of Saline Rivers (the Lake Elton Basin, Russia)

The results of long-term studies of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in macrozoobenthos communities of five saline rivers of the hyperhaline Lake Elton basin are presented. The fauna of Ceratopogonidae includes 5 halophilic and euryhaline species, among which representatives of the tribe Palpomyiinae predominate. Taxonomic composition of the family differs in rivers with different levels of salinity. Species Sphaeromias miricornis and Culicoides riethi are widely distributed in mesohaline the Khara, the Lantsug and the Bolshaya Samoroda rivers, and P. schmidti widely distributed in polyhaline the Chernavka and the Solyanka rivers. Two generations of S. miricornis and three generations of P. schmidti were recorded. Departure of the first generation of P. schmidti occurs in mid-May, S. miricornis in late May–early June. There is an increase in mean annual abundance and biomass of biting midges in polyhaline rivers compared to mesohaline rivers.

Features of modeling competitive activity in 3x3 basketball

The article examines the features of competitive activity in 3x3 basketball and the significant changes that occurred in the technology of training athletes after the inclusion of this type of basketball in the program of the Olympic Games in Tokyo (2020). Differences in the main parameters of general activity in 3x3 basketball compared to classic 5x5 basketball are presented. The necessity of modeling the main technical and tactical actions performed by high-class basketball players during competitive activities in 3x3 competitions is substantiated. Systematized and considered the main methodological provisions that must be taken into account when modeling competitive activity in 3x3 basketball: 1) multi-year dynamics of changes in key parameters of technical and tactical activity over a long period of time (presence of a significant data trend); 2) the level of the opponent in the match (the influence of the opponent on the quality of the implementation of one's own actions); 3) consideration of playing time on the court; 4) taking into account the age of the basketball player, etc. Prospective options for the application of model characteristics of competitive activity during purposeful training of teams within the framework of the game season are considered. The classification of the main indicators of competitive activity in 3x3 basketball according to the following groups is presented: 1) quantitative indicators of the competition; 2) performance indicators of the game; 3) technical and tactical actions of an auxiliary nature; 4) technical and tactical actions of a spectacular nature. The need to carry out further scientific research aimed at establishing and systematizing the key components of ensuring and implementing the structure of competitive activity in 3x3 basketball is substantiated.

Hydrochemical characteristics of the Upper reaches of the Tisza River


 
 
 The purpose of this study is to analyse the hydrochemical regime and surface water quality of the upper reaches of the Tisza River from its source to Tiachiv, which also includes the transboundary section of the river. The data of the Borys Sreznevskyi Central Geophysical Observatory of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine for the period 1984-2018, as well as the results of route surveys during 2015-2018 served as materials for the study. The hydrological parameters of the river, in particular the level and flow of water, the distribution of the flow and the change of power sources throughout the year were analysed. Based on of the collected materials, a detailed analysis of the hydrochemical indicators of the water quality of the Tisza, Black Tisza, and White Tisza rivers was carried out. During the research, the natural conditions of the territory and economic activity were studied and their influence on the values of physic-chemical indicators, main ions and mineralization of water, biogenic substances, heavy metals and specific pollutants was analysed. The ratio of seasonal, average annual, average multi-year and maximum permissible concentra-tions (MPC) of hydro-chemical indicators was considered to determine their seasonal variability and multi-year dynamics. The role of natural factors in the formation of the chemical composition of river waters is determined, and the main sources of anthropogenic influence are also indicated. Seasonal variability of the indicated groups of indicators was also analysed considering different phases of river water content. It was determined that the waters of the headwaters of the Tisza River are calcium carbonate, moderately fresh with average mineralization (192-245 mg∙dm-3) and clear seasonal variability. Cases of increased concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in the waters of the upper reaches of the Tisza River due to the intensive decomposition of organic substances from house- hold wastewater were revealed. High concentrations of iron in river waters were recorded, which is related to the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory. The seasonal variability of the content of synthetic surfactants was established. A decrease in the content of specific pollutants during the study period was observed.
 
 

The approaches to current assessment of students' performance in the fitness section

In the article we have raised the problem of students assessment in fitness section`s in high school. In particular, adapting methods to exercise such control in the training process for physical education of students in fitness section assessment in generally. As part of the solution to the problem proposed a number of exercises from our prepare research. The main problem of the assessment is to know exactly student`s success dynamic, so if you examine the dynamic, this may indicate the effectiveness or inefficiency of the section. With the aim of the work, we determine the effectiveness of previously developed approaches to the current control of the students work performance in high school fitness sections. The analysis of the data allows to observe certain differences between the seasons of the last two academic years. Methodology. In the process of this research, we used the following methods: analysis of literary sources, scientific experiment, testing, comparative analysis and other methods of mathematical statistics. Scientific novelty. In the presented text, we propose approaches to the process of current assessment that allow us to successfully answer some questions that arise in the process of current control of the success of students in fitness classes in higher educational institutions. Also, the results of the practical application of these approaches are presented here, their problematic aspects and difficulties in application are described. In the article, we formulated a number of recommendations for the application of the presented approach by specialized specialists. And also offered prospects for further research in the direction of evaluating the work of the physical education section in higher educational institutions, as well as the work of individual students in this section. Conclusions. Using the dynamics of students' assimilation of a series of exercises, it is possible to effectively monitor the success of their work in the fitness section in higher education institutions. Based on this dynamic, it is possible to adapt the system for evaluating the work of students of a higher educational institution in the fitness section to the ECTS scale. The proposed approach makes it possible to reliably determine the multi-year dynamics of student success in the fitness section. During the assessment of students, we have succeeded in applying the developed and substantiated previous studies approach to determining the success of students in such sections. At the same time, it is possible to explain objectively and objectively enough requirements to the students themselves. And also, in a convenient way, compare the results of the assessment in different groups and training seasons.

LONGTERM FORECAST OF BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYTOPHAGES ON BLACK CURRANT

The article presents the results of scientific research on the biological development of the large currant aphid, the red currant head aphid and the gooseberry shoot aphid in the currant agrocenosis. Based on the analysis of the multi-year dynamics of the development of phytophages, a phenological calendar was built, which clearly shows the period of manifestation of the greatest harmfulness of these pests, which is indicated in the third decade of April, while according to the phenological phase of development, this is the VI stage of the biological development of currants. Aphids overwinter in the egg stage at the base of the currant bud. The embryonic development of the egg ends at the beginning of the plant's sap flow. The metamorphosis of this species refers to an incomplete transformation, and therefore parthenogenesis was observed during the experiment. At the 4th stage of organogenesis, we observed the emergence of larvae of the founders, light green in color and spiky sucking mouthparts, which after 2-3 days begin active feeding, which was evidenced by damaged leaves that changed their color over time. The color of leaves damaged by redcurrant aphid has a clear transition from light yellow to red with a halo-shaped bulge. In this species, the salivary enzyme enhances the growth and development of cells, while in the gooseberry shoot aphid, on the contrary, cells die and at the same time cause cell death.
 According to our observations, it has been proven that the development of these phytophages falls on the stage of organogenesis of currant blossoms, and it is strictly forbidden to carry out any plant protection measures during this period. And therefore, we conducted a long-term study of both black currant and sucking phytophages. Such a significant plant-phytophagous combination makes it possible to carry out preventive actions early in the spring on the biological development of sucking phytophages, where in recent years their harmfulness occupies one of the main places, while parthenogenetic females cause significant damage, reducing the yield and quality of berries due to disruption of the normal flow physiological processes of photosynthesis. As a result of nutrition of a parthenogenetic individual, the shoots lag behind in growth, have clearly expressed curvatures of various shapes. It is possible to reduce the colonization of black currant by sucking phytophages by implementing phenological forecasting.

Multi-year dynamics of the Aedes albopictus occurrence in two neighbouring cities in the Alps

The invasive tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a serious nuisance for people due to its biting and potential for disease transmission, even in Italian mountain regions. In this work, we examined its occurrence dynamic from the first invasion in two Alpine cities, Rovereto and Trento, only 25 km apart. Mosquito’s distribution was assessed using ovitraps, from mid-May to end-October, from its first reported occurrence, i.e. 2001 in Rovereto and 2010 in Trento. In both cities, ovitraps were located in seven habitat types: gathering places, residential areas, urban parks, car parks, near watercourses, industrial areas and croplands. The annual average temperature and precipitation were similar in the two cities from 2001 to 2020. We had hypothesized that the seasonal and annual differences in egg number between both cities would be limited. Significant linear and positive relationship was found between the average number of eggs and air temperature in both the cities, but with a steeper slope in Trento. In addition, the average number of eggs per ovitrap was higher in Trento than in Rovereto (average 50.3 vs 14.2). None of the considered risk factors (climate, habitat type) explained such difference in abundance between cities. Indeed, based on the temperature, the expectation was to find fewer eggs in Trento being cooler than Rovereto during 2010–2020 (the average in the period of activated traps was, respectively, 19.2 vs 19.7°C). Thus, we argue that other anthropogenic factors, such as different control activities (adulticide treatments were carried out solely in Rovereto), might explain the difference in egg abundance found between cities. A specific experimental design to evaluate treatment effect might validate our hypothesis (e.g. apply adulticides during the surveillance period, with treatments applied at regular distances from the ovitraps and with a specific periodicity to compare adult and egg abundance).

State of harmful entomocomplex in winter wheat crops in Ukraine under the conditions of climate change

Goal. To establish the multi-year dynamics of the number of the main pests of winter wheat and the indicator of entomological diversity of agricultural landscapes in the conditions of climate change in Ukraine.
 Methods. Laboratory, statistical and analytical. The state of populations during 2005—2017 was studied using the example of an indicator group of species — the entomological complex of the main pests of winter wheat crops. As initial data, a long-term database of the number of populations of the entomocomplex in different natural and climatic zones, which is monitored by specialists of the phytosanitary safety department of the State Production and Consumer Service of Ukraine, was used for many years.
 Results. According to the analysed data on the state of indicator populations during 2009—2017, the indicators of the population size and weighted LPI were constantly decreasing. The correlation between the size of an insect’s population and the course of natural warming does not make it possible to unambiguously explain the state of populations by the effect of an increased amount of heat.
 Conclusions. 1. The analysis of the long-term state of populations of a harmful entomocomplex of winter wheat as an indicator group shows that pests react differently to warming depending on the biology of the species and allows us to come to a conclusion about the gradual decrease in the number of insects in agricultural landscapes under conditions of climate warming in Ukraine. This finding is in good agreement with the literature on global depletion of invertebrate populations. 2. Under the conditions when most species of the harmful entomocomplex of winter wheat in different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine show depression against the background of global warming, planned chemical treatments against pests should be carried out only after careful phytosanitary monitoring of agrocenoses in order to clarify the degree of threat to the crop, which will help reduce pesticide load on the natural environment.

Evaluation method of ecological water demand threshold of natural vegetation in arid-region inland river basin based on satellite data

The ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation is a key issue in regional water resource allocation and ecosystem management. Although the evaluation of the EWD of vegetation has been emphasized in numerous studies, research on the threshold EWD of vegetation, including the minimum and optimum EWD, as well as an effective quantitative analysis framework, are still lacking. Therefore, in this study, the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation in the plain area of the Tarim River Basin over the last22 years was estimated based on remote sensing image data. Additionally, the multi-year dynamics of the EWD of natural vegetation were analyzed. In this study, the concept of “latitude” was adopted from studies of ecosystem resilience, to propose a novel analytical framework to measure the minimum and optimal EWD of natural vegetation in inland arid areas. The results show that the average minimum and optimum EWD of natural vegetation is105.45 and 135.53 mm, respectively. The average minimum EWD of woodland and high- and low-coverage grassland is 129.13, 284.38, and 111.40 mm, respectively, and the mean value of the optimum EWD is 152.96, 382.05, and 141.16 mm, respectively. The novel approach of this study is simple and easy to use, and provides an effective method for quantitative evaluation of the EWD threshold of natural vegetation.

A 17-year time-series of diatom populations‘ flux and composition in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling

Understanding seasonal and multiyear variability of primary producers’ populations in the Mauritanian coastal upwelling system along the northwestern African margin may help to predict future impact of climate change (e.g., nutrient availability, productivity, and phyto- and zooplankton dynamics). For this, continuous, long time-series are required. A major challenge in obtaining these time-series is the logistics associated with the uninterrupted, in-situ sampling over several years. Sediment traps represent a reliable alternative. In this study, we assess the variations of the diatom community in samples almost continuously collected between June 2003 and March 2020 with 17 sediment traps deployed at site CBeu (=Cape Blanc eutrophic), located at c. 20°N-18°45’W, offshore Mauritania in the Canary Current Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems (CC-EBUE). In addition to describing the multiyear dynamics of the total diatom flux and major shifts in the species-specific composition of the populations, our study addresses questions such as (i) how constant is the intrannual pattern of populations’ occurrence, (ii) what the amplitude of annual changes is, and (iii) how populations’ shifts relate to physical setting dynamics. Matching the occurrence of most intense seasonal upwelling, highest diatom flux maxima mainly occur in spring and summer between 2003 and 2020. The diverse diatom community (e.g., benthic, coastal upwelling, coastal planktonic, and open-ocean diatoms) closely follows the annual cycle of atmospheric and hydrologic conditions. Benthic diatoms dominate during spring and summer (e.g., upwelling season), while open-ocean diatoms contribute the most in fall and winter when the upper water column stratifies. As no persistent –either decreasing or increasing trend of diatom productivity over the 17 sampled years, our results are at odds with Bakun’s hypothesis of upwelling intensification. Anchoring temporal changes of diatoms in a wider environmental frame allows for insights into the complex dynamics of the Mauritanian upwelling ecosystem and the populations’ response to climate forcing. This helps in establishing the scientific basis for modeling future states of the CC-EBUE and/or comparable environments.

On constraining a lumped hydrological model with both piezometry and streamflow: results of a large sample evaluation

Abstract. The role of aquifers in the seasonal and multiyear dynamics of streamflow is undisputed: in many temperate catchments, aquifers store water during the wet periods and release it all year long, making a major contribution to low flows. The complexity of groundwater modelling has long prevented surface hydrological modellers from including groundwater level data, especially in lumped conceptual rainfall–runoff models. In this article, we investigate whether using groundwater level data in the daily GR6J model, through a composite calibration framework, can improve the performance of streamflow simulation. We tested the new calibration process on 107 French catchments. Our results show that these additional data are superfluous if we look only at model performance for streamflow simulation. However, parameter stability is improved, and the model shows a surprising ability to simulate groundwater levels with a satisfying level of performance in a wide variety of hydrogeological and hydroclimatic contexts. Finally, we make several recommendations regarding the model calibration process to be used according to the hydrogeological context of the modelled catchment.

Сучасна динаміка сніголавинних процесів на території гірського масиву Полонина Боржава

The article analyzes the current dynamics of avalanche processes in the territory of the Polonyna Borzhava mountain massif, as one of the most avalanche-prone zones of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The studied area is visited by thousands of tourists every year, especially in winter, as ski tourism is quite well developed here. Accordingly, hundreds of tourists face a direct threat to life and health - avalanches. Therefore, first of all, it is worth showing the current dynamics of avalanche processes on Polonyna Borzhava from the point of view of rational management of recreation and tourism. Almost every year, people, both professionals and beginners, are killed or injured in avalanches on Polonyna Borzhava. Knowledge the basics of handling during avalanche danger, obtaining information about the onset of such periods and evaluating changes in the multi-year dynamics of avalanches can minimize risky situations in the mountains. An analysis of avalanche seasons in Polonyna Borzhava during 2011-2020, based on the materials of the Plai avalanche station, the Transcarpathian Regional Center for Hydrometeorology and the Main Department of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in the Transcarpathian Region, showed that the most avalanche-dangerous month is February, when 40,7% of all avalanches occurred. During the studied period, the most avalanches with a volume of 1001-5000 m3 occurred, which do not cause significant damage to the environment, but can lead to the death or injury of people and animals. The number of avalanches varies greatly from year to year, because in the short term it directly depends on weather conditions (amount of solid precipitation, air temperature of the cold half of the year, wind activity, etc.), and in the long term it depends on climatic changes. During 2011-2020, the most avalanches occurred in 2012 (25), and in 2014 and 2020 they were not recorded at all. Clarification of the average multi-year dates for the formation of stable snow cover showed that it falls on November 21. Taking into account the trends of global warming, shifting of seasons, greater transition of precipitation to the liquid phase, etc., avalanches in Polonyna Borzhava will become a rarer phenomenon with very large annual variability in number and volume. The work uses descriptive and literary research methods, as well as elementary means of mathematical statistics.

Seasonal sedimentation in saline Lake Shira (Siberia, Russia) and meromixis: implications for regional paleoclimate reconstructions

Abstract. Detailed studies of processes of sediment record formation are necessary for accurate sediment-derived paleo-environmental reconstructions. We conducted the multi-year seasonal sediment evolution of sediment fluxes of chemical elements, organic and inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, and photosynthetic pigments for a period from 2012 to 2017. In 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018, we estimated the contents of photosynthetic pigments in the uppermost sediment layers frozen in situ with a freeze-corer. In 2015 and 2016, a rare event of transition from meromixis (i.e. long-term hypolimnetic anoxia) to holomixis was observed, which was accompanied by the temporary disappearance of hydrogen sulfide from the water column in spring and a decrease in hydrogen sulfide in other seasons compared to the meromictic state. We have demonstrated that okenone and Mo in the Lake Shira sediments reflect the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the water column. However, the okenone showed smoothened multi-year dynamics without a pronounced seasonal one. Therefore, the okenone can be a proxy of sulphidic conditions in photic zone and weakly depend on seasons whereas Mo can be used as an indicator of winter periods when analyzed in cores with annual resolution. Sedimentation fluxes of other substances showed typical seasonal dynamics with a minimum in winter and a maximum in late summer and autumn. All chemical elements in the sedimentation flow can be roughly divided into those associated with organic matter and terrigenous-chemogenous. The components of the second group showed a pronounced peak of sedimentation in autumn 2012 and summer 2017 presumably due to the increased amount of precipitation at that time. This demonstrates the relationship between the terrigenous components and the climate humidity for this lake. Besides, it reflects the irregularity of annual varves composition.

Динаміка вмісту 137Сs у тканинах і органах сосни звичайної (Pinus Sylvestris L.) у вологих суборах Полісся України після аварії на ЧАЕС

Based on multiyear monitoring observations, dynamics of 137Сs intake into the main tissues and organs of aboveground phytomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) during 30 years from the Chornobyl accident was determined as well peculiarities of their radioactive contamination. Empirical (observations), radioecological and statistical methods were used. It was found that for the wood increase of values of transfer factor was observed between 1991 and 2002 yrs with the further monotonous decrease of this value up to 2020; in internal bark, 1-year shoots, 2-year shoots, 1-year needles, 2-year needles, twigs thick and twigs thin multiyear dynamics was similar – an increase of values of transfer factor in the period of 1991 - 2002 yrs with further decrease of it up to 2020. At external bark, monotonous decrease of values of transfer factor was found during the whole observation period 1991 - 2020.

Optimal sizing of residential battery systems with multi-year dynamics and a novel rainflow-based model of storage degradation: An extensive Italian case study

Residential battery storage to perform load shifting and demand side management has become of utmost importance to improve hosting capacity, increase renewable energy penetration and meet environmental targets, especially with energy community policies. As the lifetime of electrochemical batteries depends upon their scheduling and environmental conditions, the multi-year effects of operational strategies can affect the economics of the investment. However, rarely complete long-term simulations of the operation of storage systems are performed to assess the battery profitability including the operational effects of aging, and limited studies account for a large statistics of consumers. In this study, we propose a multi-year sizing methodology for residential applications, where the complete lifetime of batteries is simulated at 15-min time resolution till complete degradation using an improved non-linear non-convex degradation model; the photovoltaic plant aging is also considered. An extensive analysis on the economics and commercial size best suited for 399 real load profiles in Italy is proposed. Results suggest that the break-even price of the storage is about 400 €/kWh, which is lower than the average commercial price, and that, as reviewed, current market components may be unfit for consumers with low energy demand. Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted PayBack Time (DPBT) can reach 500-1500 € and 8-11 years.