Multivitamin Dietary Supplements Research Articles

Method Development for the Quantitative Analysis of Multivitamin Supplements by Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

We present the development and optimization of an analytical method based on Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the analysis of multivitamin dietary supplements. Samples were ground and mixed with a cellulose powder containing internal standard elements; the resulting powder was pressed into pellets. Two calibration strategies were compared: (1) using increasing mass fractions of cellulose powder fortified with multiple elements of interest and (2) matrix matching using a multivitamin reference material in addition to the multi-element cellulose powder. Laser and ICP-MS parameters were closely monitored to achieve optimal conditions for monitoring multiple elements in cellulose and multivitamins while reducing the variability between replicate measurements. An energy output of 0.5 J/cm2, a repetition rate of 30 Hz, and a He carrier gas flow rate of 800 mL/min provided the best compromise between sensitivity and reproducibility. These parameters produced the most similar ablation behavior between cellulose and a matrix-matched calibration strategy. The dissimilarities in ablation yield due to differences in focus on the surface of the samples were successfully corrected after normalizing to an internal standard, resulting in relative differences of less than 10%. The results from the two different calibration approaches were compared to those obtained from solution-based ICP-MS and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analyses. For most multivitamins, both calibration methods (i.e., cellulose and matrix-matched calibrations) performed adequately for As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni, Na, Pb, and Zn. Matrix-matched calibration additionally resulted in better recoveries for S and Fe. Overall, matrix-matched calibration resulted in better recoveries for more multivitamins in comparison with cellulose calibration.

Electrochemical sensor based on Ni-exchanged natural zeolite/carbon black hybrid nanocomposite for determination of vitamin B6

The utilization of environmentally friendly nanoporous natural zeolite exchanged with Ni2+ ions (NiZ) and conductive carbon black (CB) in the fabrication of a novel and selective voltammetric sensor of vitamin B6 (VB6) is presented. The used clinoptilolite-rich zeolite material and CB were characterized in terms of morphology and textural properties. The superior properties of Ni-zeolite/carbon black modified glassy carbon electrode (NiZCB-GCE), arising from the synergistic effect of combining the unique features of zeolite and conductive carbon black, were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. In the determination of VB6 with the use of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the optimization of the pH value of supporting electrolyte and instrumental parameters, as well as the interference study were performed. Under optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current at the potential +0.72 V vs. Ag | AgCl | 3 M KCl reference electrode was linear to the VB6 concentration in the range 0.050 to 1.0 mg L−1 (0.30–5.9 μmol L−1) (R = 0.9993). The calculated limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3), equal to 15 μg L−1 (0.09 μmol L−1), was much better compared to chemically modified electrodes with other carbon-based materials. The RSD for 0.5 mg L−1 was in the range 2.5–5.4% (n = 4). The developed NiZCB-GCE was successfully applied to the determination of VB6 in commercially available multivitamin dietary supplements, food, and water samples. The obtained recoveries ranged from 95 to 106%.Graphical abstract

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Iodine in Food Using Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Extraction-Results from a U.S. Food and Drug Administration Level 3 Interlaboratory Study.

Background: The performance of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Elemental Analysis Manual (EAM) 4.13 method (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Iodine in Food Using Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide Extraction) was tested in an interlaboratory study. Objective: The aim of the study is to demonstrate that the FDA EAM method 4.13 is applicable for the analysis of food and multivitamins. Methods: Six collaborators participated in the study using four different models of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry instruments. The method evaluation included determination of the limits of detection and quantification, analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials (SRMs), unknown samples, blinded SRMs, and fortified analytical portions by all six collaborators. The samples were chosen to represent all sectors of the AOAC food triangle and additionally included pet food and multivitamin tablets. Results: The repeatability and reproducibility ranges were 1.8-11.4% and 3.6-13.7%, respectively; the calculated HorRat values were in the 0.17-1.18 range; and 174 of 175 SRM analyses had z-scores <2 and fortified analytical portion samples with recoveries of 102-105%, indicating acceptable method performance. Conclusions: The study supports a Level Three Multilaboratory Validation according to FDA Food and Veterinary Program Guidelines performed by six collaborators using six certified reference materials and nine unknown samples. Highlights: The method is applicable for quantification of the total extractable iodine in food and multivitamin dietary supplements.

Degradation of Properties and Loss of Nutrients in Gelatin Soft Capsules the Manufacturing Process

Gelatin soft capsules, manufactured by the press through package(PTP) process, are widely used in the production of multivitamin dietary supplements and other health functional foods. Gelatin capsules can prevent light and air from having a direct contact with the contents in the capsule, and the nutrients inside the capsules are preserved without any loss. In the present study, on the basis of the results on the safety of gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated included degradation of the capsules before their shelf life, capsule deformation, and changes in specific nutrients. Moisture and heat in the production and storage environments of the capsules caused the gelatin to swell and attach some of the inorganic salts in the vitamin contents. Nutritional component analysis showed that B1, B5, B9, and B12 contents were decreased, while mineral elemental analysis shown calcium, chloride, and zinc compound were found to be infused into the gelatin of the capsule shell.

A Systematic Approach for the Determination of B-Group Vitamins in Multivitamin Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection and Mass Spectrometry.

This paper describes a practical approach using an LC diode-array detector (DAD) and MS for the quantitation of B-group vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin) in multivitamin supplements. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction and chromatographic conditions without application of internal standards to determine B-group vitamins in multivitamins. Chromatographic separation on a C18 column was optimized on the basis of chromatographic behavior depending on pH variation of the mobile phase. The optimized methods showed good r values, with RSD values lower than 2.44 and 3.09% for most of the B-group vitamins (except cyanocobalamin) using LC-DAD and LC-MS, respectively. The methods were also proved to be reproducible, with RSD values of 0.96 and 2.48% being obtained with LC-DAD and LC-MS, respectively. In addition, the developed analytical methods for B-group vitamins were validated using certified reference materials and were applied to commercially available multivitamin tablets.

Degradation of Properties and Loss of Nutrients in Gelatin Soft Capsules the Manufacturing Process

Gelatin soft capsules, manufactured by the press through package(PTP) process, are widely used in the production of multivitamin dietary supplements and other health functional foods. Gelatin capsules can prevent light and air from having a direct contact with the contents in the capsule, and the nutrients inside the capsules are preserved without any loss. In the present study, on the basis of the results on the safety of gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated included degradation of the capsules before their shelf life, capsule deformation, and changes in specific nutrients. Moisture and heat in the production and storage environments of the capsules caused the gelatin to swell and attach some of the inorganic salts in the vitamin contents. Nutritional component analysis showed that B1, B5, B9, and B12 contents were decreased, while mineral elemental analysis shown calcium, chloride, and zinc compound were found to be infused into the gelatin of the capsule shell.

Fármacos y suplementos nutricionales para llevar en el botiquín del alpinista

espanolCada vez son mas los individuos que acuden a montanas de gran altitud, con el riesgo que esta practica entrana. Por tanto, es de gran importancia conocer los peligros y deficits que esta practica puede conllevar, con el fin de evitarlos o poderlos tratar. Es por ello que la preparacion del botiquin, tanto con fines preventivos como paliativos o curativos tiene una gran transcendencia. Entre los suplementos nutricionales mas importantes que debemos llevar estan los multivitaminicos minerales, y entre los farmacos destacan aque EnglishThere are a growing number of people who are climbing high mountains, with the risk that this sport involves. Therefore it is very important to be aware of the dangers and shortfalls that this practice can entail in order to prevent them and be able to treat them. Preparing one’s first aid kit for preventative, palliative and therapeutic purposes is essential. We need to include multivitamin and mineral dietary supplements and drugs to treat and prevent acute mountain sickness, in particular Acetazolamide.

Determination of macro and trace elements in multivitamin dietary supplements by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with slurry sampling

In this research, three different commercially available multivitamin dietary supplements were analyzed by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFAAS) with slurry sampling. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Se were determined and compared to the amounts stated by producers. The safety of multivitamin dietary supplements depends on various factors including the manufacturing process and the purity and origins of the raw ingredients. For this reason, this research determined concentrations of several toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb). Microwave-assisted high pressure Teflon bomb digestion was used to determine total amounts of elements in samples. Samples were prepared as slurries at a concentration of 0.1% (m/v) for macro elements (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Se) and at a concentration of % (m/v) for trace elements (As, Cd, and Pb) in acidic media (3M HNO3). The influence of acid concentration, Triton X-100 addition, sonication time, and sonication power on absorbance was investigated. The accuracy of this method was validated by analyses of NRCC LUTS-1 (Lobster hepatopancreas), NRCC DORM-1 (Dogfish Muscle), NRCC DOLT-2 (Dogfish Liver), NBS SRM 1570 (Spinach Leaves) and NBS SRM 1573 (Tomato Leaves) certified reference materials. The measured elements contents in these reference materials (except NRCC DOLT-2) were in satisfactory agreement with the certified values according to the t-test for a 95% confidence level.

Determination of water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin dietary supplements and in artichokes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Several procedures of extraction with solvents for the simultaneous determination of vitamin C and some vitamins belonging to the B group (thiamine, riboflavine, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) in multivitamin preparations and in artichokes (Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus [L.] Hegi) were developed. Different experimental conditions were used, in terms of heat treatment, composition and pH of the extraction mixture, with particular attention to high-temperature steps; purification of the extracts with solid phase extraction and stabilisation through lyophilisation were discussed. Analyses of the extracts were conducted by capillary electrophoresis in micellar electrokinetic chromatography modality. Borate buffer at pH 8.2 was used, and sodium dodecyl sulphate was added to the background electrolyte as surfactant. A range of linearity was determined and calibration curves were plotted for all the analytes.

Chemical analysis of omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acid supplements for the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID)

A study of a national sample of n‐3 fatty acid dietary supplement products included multiple lots of 83 fish oil, flax oil and fish/plant oil blends purchased from retail and direct channels. Products were analyzed for six n‐3 fatty acids using validated methods and certified reference materials, and data were compared to label information. Preliminary results show mean % differences from label within 10% of label claims for the major n‐3 fatty acids: alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The minor n‐3 fatty acids, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and stearodonic acid (SDA) each add about 7–8% to the EPA+DHA totals for fish oil products. Some lab methods have additional fatty acids included in the total. Product labels listed a total n‐3 fatty acid amount 65% (n=54) of the time, with a variety of calculations indicated. The optimum number of n‐3 fatty acids to include in the DSID totals for comparison to labels is being investigated. National estimates for n‐3 fatty acids will be included in the next release of the DSID, which currently reports estimates of ingredients in multivitamin dietary supplements (http://dsid.usda.nih.gov). Funding: ARS/USDA &amp; ODS/NIH Y1CN501006

A LC/UV/Vis method for determination of cyanocobalamin (VB12) in multivitamin dietary supplements with on-line sample clean-up

A HPLC-UV/Vis method using a two-column strategy with a switching valve for on-line sample clean-up was developed for the determination of cyanocobalamin (CN–Cbl/Vitamin B12) in multivitamin dietary supplement tablets. The method uses two columns: an Agilent Zorbax C8 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) reversed-phase column and a Waters Symmetry C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) reversed-phase column. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a programmed gradient mobile phase consisting of (A) 0.1% formic acid in water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Because of the low levels of Vitamin B12 in the samples, large injection volumes, and thus much interfering material, must be used to exceed the limit of quantitation (LOQ) by UV detection. A switching valve was used to divert most of these early eluting interfering materials to waste, effecting on-line sample clean-up without excessive sample preparation steps. The recovery of CN–Cbl in the method was 99.5% and the LOQ was 10 ng per injection. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the NIST SRM 3280 multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplement tablet. The method is specific, precise, and accurate for the intended use. Compared to off-line sample clean-up procedures, it offers the advantage of being easier, more economical, and less time-consuming.

LC/UV/MS-MRM for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in multi-vitamin dietary supplements

The purpose of this study was to optimize chromatographic and detection conditions for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in multi-vitamin dietary supplements using a single chromatographic run. An approach using liquid chromatography with diode array and/or mass spectrometry for quantitation of seven B-complex vitamins [thiamine (B(1)), riboflavin (B(2)), nicotinamide (B(3)), pyridoxine (B(6)) pyridoxine, biotin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid] in multi-vitamin/multi-mineral daily supplements is described. This approach utilizes a reversed phase C18 column (4 mum; i.d.: 250x2.0 mm) with a gradient mobile elution profile, performed at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. After a 5-min isocratic elution at 100% A (0.1% formic acid in water), a linear gradient to 50% A and 50% B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) at 15 min and then to 5% A and 95% B at 17 min was employed. Detection was performed with a photodiode array detector (DAD) in sequence with a triple-quad mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction mode (MS-MRM). Although good chromatographic separation of ascorbic acid was also obtained in extracts from multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplements, the ascorbic acid could not be quantified properly due to rapid oxidation catalyzed by the minerals. This method was initially applied to determine water-soluble vitamins in representative multi-vitamin/multi-mineral tablets following the extraction of ground samples with a phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2.5). For multi-vitamin supplement tablets, this approach does not require any sample clean-up/pre-concentration steps except for centrifugation and filtration of the extract.

Simultaneous determination of the vitamins A, E, their esters and coenzyme Q10 in multivitamin dietary supplements using an RP-C30 phase

A sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of the fat-soluble vitamins A, A-acetate, A-palmitate, E, E-acetate and coenzyme Q10 in multivitamin dietary supplements using a C30 phase. Because of the dual-wavelength detection applied, it was possible to monitor vitamins and additionally carotenoids in one run. For identification of vitamins, mass spectra were recorded using LC-(APcI)MS. The vitamins were extracted from 10 commercial dietary supplements (seven soft gel capsules, three tablets) and quantified on the basis of extern calibration graphs. Method performance was studied by addition of vitamin-A- and -E-acetate to a blank matrix: recoveries ranged from 95.7 to 97.8%. On the basis of the amounts labeled, only two products contained substantially lower concentrations of vitamin A-acetate (34% and 46%, respectively). All other concentrations varied between 98% and 245% with respect to vitamin labeling. One product contained vitamin E as alcohol, all other formulations esterified forms of vitamins A and/or E. The presented method may be used by quality assurance laboratories for routine control of nutritional labels.