Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling Research Articles

Black and Latinx adolescents' developing beliefs about poverty and associations with their awareness of racism.

Interpersonal and structural forms of racism contribute to a system of economic stratification in the United States in which children of color are disproportionately likely to be born into poverty and to remain poor as adults. However, only a small body of research has focused on Black and Latinx adolescents' developing beliefs about the causes of poverty or the relationship between such beliefs and their awareness of racism. The present study sought to contribute to this scholarship with a longitudinal investigation involving Black and Latinx adolescents (n = 457) attending urban secondary schools in 5 northeastern cities. Specifically, we investigated (a) these adolescents' change over time in their beliefs about the causes of poverty; (b) the relationship between their developing beliefs about the causes of poverty and changes in their awareness of racism; and (c) the role of a progressive schooling experience in influencing the adolescents' beliefs about the causes of poverty. Multivariate latent growth modeling revealed that participants demonstrated significant positive change over time in their conception of poverty as caused by structural factors as well as a significant relationship at each time point between adolescents' beliefs about the causes of poverty and awareness of interpersonal racism. However, we found that attending a secondary school featuring a progressive schooling model did not significantly predict adolescents' change in beliefs about the structural causes of poverty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A Latent Growth Modeling Analysis of the Effects of Perceived Supports, Perceived Barriers, and Coping Efficacy on Latina/o Engineering Students’ Life Satisfaction

Using latent growth modeling (LGM) procedures, this study tested a model of Latina/o engineering students’ life satisfaction based on Lent and Brown’s social cognitive well-being model with a sample of 342 Latina/o engineering students attending a Hispanic-serving institution. Participants completed measures of perceived supports, perceived barriers, and coping efficacy at 3 points, each approximately 1 year apart, and life satisfaction at Time 3. The results indicated that perceived supports, perceived barriers, and coping efficacy changed across time. Specifically, perceived supports and coping efficacy decreased and perceived barriers increased over time. Individual differences were found in the growth patterns of these constructs, with participants with low perceived supports and coping efficacy at Time 1 demonstrating more decrease and those with low perceived barriers at Time 1 demonstrating more increase in these variables over time. In the multivariate LGM analysis, the proposed model fit the data, but only partial support was found for the relations among the variables. Specifically, high perceived barriers were negatively related to low coping efficacy, high perceived supports were positively related to high coping efficacy, and high coping efficacy was positively related to high life satisfaction. However, coping efficacy did not mediate the relations between supports and barriers to life satisfaction. Finally, growth in perceived barriers was negatively related to the decline of coping efficacy. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Longitudinal influences of depressive moods on problematic mobile phone use and negative school outcomes among Korean adolescents

The study aimed to examine the longitudinal causal relationships of depressive moods, problematic mobile phone use, and negative school outcomes based on the cognitive-behavioral model among Korean adolescents. The changes within each construct over time were also explored. A total of 1,610 valid responses from three-year longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were analysed and multivariate latent growth modeling was used. Depressive moods, problematic mobile phone use, and negative school outcomes at earlier ages each increased in severity across the three years. Initial levels of depressive moods increased initial levels of problematic mobile phone use and negative school outcomes, including changed rates of negative school outcomes. Additionally, changed rates of depressive moods positively predicted changed rates of problematic mobile phone use and negative school outcomes. Lastly, initial levels and changed rates of problematic mobile phone use predicted initial levels and changed rates of negative school outcomes respectively. Implications of the findings in the context of adolescents' psychological problems and problematic mobile phone use are discussed.

The relationship between smartphone use for communication, social capital, and subjective well-being in Korean adolescents: Verification using multiple latent growth modeling

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between smartphone use for communication, social capital, and subjective well-being using a multivariate latent growth modeling. The study used data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Participants were 2110 teenagers in the 5th year of elementary school (1086 males, 1024 females; Mean age = 10.98 years [SD = 0.18 years]) who were followed over three years. Results of this study indicated that smartphone use for communication had a positive impact on subjective well-being in the first wave; however, smartphone use for communication did not affect subjective well-being over time. More smartphone use for communication was related to greater social capital over time, and greater social capital was associated with greater subjective well-being over time. Especially, smartphone use for communication affected subjective well-being fully mediating social capital. The contribution of this research was to verify the mechanisms of how smartphone usage enhances subjective well-being in early adolescence through a longitudinal design.

유아의 내재화 문제행동과 유아의 성 및 부모 양육관련 변인의 관계에 대한 종단적 분석

The study aimed to examine the change pattern of child internalizing problem behaviors and to identify longitudinal associations with child sex and parent nurturing variables (nurturing stress and nurturing behavior). The data were 1,280 samples from the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) and were analyzed through the multi-variate latent growth model. The results were as follows. First, the internalizing problem behaviors were decreased with time, while the higher the initial value of internalization problem behaviors, the lesser the change rate with time. Second, mother’s nurturing variables (nurturing stress and controlled/warm-hearted nurturing behavior) had impacts on the initial child internalizing problem behaviors, while they had little effects on the change of internalizing problem behaviors as children get older.

The Structural Relationship among Trajectories of Child's Emotional Temperament, Mother's Traits and Child's Behavior Problems: Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling

The Structural Relationship among Trajectories of Child's Emotional Temperament, Mother's Traits and Child's Behavior Problems: Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling

Effects of Parenting Stress and Controlling Parenting Attitudes on Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children: Latent Growth Model Analysis

This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model. Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5(th)~7(th) survey panels). An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents' intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: β=.21, p<.001; mother: β=.55, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers' parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers' parental control attitudes (β=.77, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors. This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children.

Gross Motor Function and Activities of Daily Living in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: a Longitudinal Study

We aimed to examine the time evolution of gross motor function and activities of daily living (ADL) performance in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Data on 222 children and adolescents with CP were collected over a 3-year period. Gross motor function and ADL performance were assessed using the gross motor function measure and the functional skill section of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, respectively. Latent growth curve models of zero-change, linear, 2nd-year, and 3rd-year variation in gross motor function and ADL performance were constructed. The relation between these two indicators of movement disability was evaluated via multivariate latent growth modeling. The 2nd- and 3rd-year variation models reflected the time evolution of gross motor function and ADL performance, respectively. The initial level of gross motor function affected the initial level and growth rate of ADL performance. Additionally, the rate of change in gross motor function affected the rate of the change in ADL performance. Children and adolescents with CP should undergo continuous rehabilitation focused on gross motor function.

Using the factor of curves model to evaluate associations among multiple family constructs over time.

Research in family psychology often focuses on understanding how multiple familial constructs develop over time. To examine these developmental processes, researchers frequently use a multivariate latent growth model (LGM) in which univariate LGMs are specified for each individual construct and then correlations are examined between the slopes and intercepts of different pairs of constructs. However, if the developmental associations among the constructs are hypothesized to derive from a higher-order common "cause" or factor, then a more appropriate model is the factor of curves (FOCUS) model. In this paper, we describe the FOCUS model for assessing the covariation among multiple developmental measures over time. We use empirical data to illustrate the benefits of the FOCUS model for testing whether a common factor, family academic orientation, is responsible for the interrelations among parental school perception, parental educational involvement, and children's academic competence from elementary school to high school. Results support that a higher-order family academic orientation construct can be used to characterize the developmental associations among parental school perception, parental educational involvement, and children's academic competence over time. We emphasize the importance of selecting a statistical model that matches one's theory of developmental change. (PsycINFO Database Record

Developmental trajectories and longitudinal mediation effects of self-esteem, peer attachment, child maltreatment and depression on early adolescents

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to identify the developmental trajectories of peer attachment, self-esteem, depression, and child maltreatment, and to understand the longitudinal mediation effects that peer attachment and self-esteem have on the influence of perceived abuse on early adolescent depression. MethodsThis study uses Year 1 to Year 5 data of the 4th grader panel of the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) and utilizes a multivariate latent growth model to analyze the main variables in the applicable data between 5th (i.e., Year 2) and 8th (i.e., Year 5) grades. ResultsThe results indicate that from the 5th to the 8th grade, the degree of abuse and depression increases while self-esteem gradually decreases with slowly lowering peer attachment. A significant distribution of the initial values and the rate of change were present for all main variables of the study, confirming individual differences in time wise changes. Further, more exposure to abuse correlated with a decrease in self-esteem, while an increase in self-esteem greatly reduced depression. The initial value of self-esteem showed a partial mediation effect, whereas the rate of change indicated a full mediation effect with a significant longitudinal mediation effect. More experience of abuse during early adolescence indicated a lower degree of peer attachment, and a higher peer attachment was related to decreased depression. A significant partial mediation effect was present for both the initial value and the rate of change of peer attachment, and a longitudinal mediation effect was present. Practice implicationsThis study confirmed that self-esteem in early adolescents is an important protective factor that can greatly reduce the degree of depression, and suggests continuous interventions conducted to increase self-esteem in adolescence. Furthermore, by determining that peer attachment decreases the degree of depression in children at risk, the study emphasizes the healing aspect of adolescent peer attachment.

The Longitudinal Relationship of Adolescents’Self-Directed Learning Ability and Career Maturity Using the Multivariate Latent Growth Model

The Longitudinal Relationship of Adolescents’Self-Directed Learning Ability and Career Maturity Using the Multivariate Latent Growth Model

An analysis of career maturity among Korean youths using latent growth modeling

This study examined the developmental trajectories of career maturity among Korean youths between late adolescence and mid-20s, and explored how career-counseling experiences, academic achievement, household income, parental involvement, and gender affected their career maturity. We used the 2,362 Youth Panel data collected between 2008–2014 by the Korea Employment Information Service. Career maturity increased linearly over time and decreased gradually after the fourth wave. Multivariate latent growth modeling revealed that a higher intercept of household income, academic achievement, and parental involvement were associated with a higher intercept of career maturity, whereas the effect of these variables on career maturity decreased over time. A higher intercept of career-counseling experiences was related to a higher intercept of career maturity. As the frequency of career-counseling experiences increased rapidly over time, so did career maturity. Career-counseling experiences and household income indirectly affected career maturity through the mediation of academic achievement. The female students’ level of career maturity was higher than that of the male students. However, this tendency decreased over time. This study’s results of the impact of career counseling on career maturity implies that schools should expand their career education and counseling programs.

Does the development of executive functioning in infants born preterm benefit from maternal directiveness?

ObjectiveProblems in early development of executive functioning may underlie the vulnerability and individual variability of infants born preterm for behavioral and learning problems. Parenting behaviors may aggravate or temper this increased risk for dysfunction. This study assessed how maternal parenting behaviors predict individual differences in early development of executive functioning in infants born preterm, and whether this varies with infant temperament, i.e., self-regulation. MethodsParticipants were 76 infants born preterm (≤36weeks' gestation and <2500g birth weight) and their mothers. Maternal sensitive responsiveness and directiveness were observed during a mother-infant interaction situation at 7, 10 and 14months corrected age. At the same ages, executive functioning was measured using the A-not-B task. An infant self-regulation questionnaire (IBQ-R) was completed by mothers at 7months. ResultsAfter controlling for perinatal risk factors, Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling showed that consistently higher levels of maternal directiveness predicted a stronger increase in A-not-B performance, which did not vary with infant self-regulation. No relationship between maternal sensitive responsiveness and development in A-not-B performance in infants born preterm was found. ConclusionsThese results suggest that preterm infants' early executive functioning development in the first year of life may benefit from a more and consistent directive approach by their mothers. These findings have important implications for early intervention programs aimed at facilitating preterm infants' development.

서비스기업의 고객만족투자, 고객관계관리, 경영성과 간 동태적 영향관계 연구

This study investigated the expenditure strategy for customer satisfaction and financial performance. It also examined the dynamic effect of marketing costs spent to promote customer satisfaction and CRM on business performance in a service company using a multivariate latent growth model(LGM). The major findings are summarized as follows. First, the degree all variable’s change that stay out longer as time passes is significant. Second, the slope factor of LGM identified a positive influence on each of the following relationships: between the investment strategy and K-BPI, between the investment strategy and ROA, and between the investment strategy and K-BPI. Third, CRM was not a significant mediating variable between investment strategy for customer satisfaction and business performance of service companies. Furthermore, first and second period’s investment have a positive effect on the t period’s customer satisfaction index. This study showed the dynamic effects of Customer Satisfaction Investment and Customer Relationship Management on Business Performance in a Service Company. From a managerial perspective, this study revealed that service companies needed to investigate the improvement of business performance on CRM.

The relationships between perceived parenting style, learning motivation, friendship satisfaction, and the addictive use of smartphones with elementary school students of South Korea: Using multivariate latent growth modeling

We examined how perceived parenting style, friendship satisfaction, and academic motivation influence the addictive use of smartphones longitudinally. We utilized the panel data (from 2010–2012) of Korean children and youth panel survey of the National Youth Policy Institute. Data were collected from 2,376 individuals in the first year (boys: 1,241, girls: 1,135), 2264 individuals in the second year (boys: 1,180, girls: 1,084), and 2,218 individuals in the third year (boys: 1,167, girls: 1,051). Results of the multivariate latent growth modeling indicated that higher democratic parenting (warmth, supervisory, and rational explanation) was related to lower addictive use of smartphones. And, the more perceived democratic parenting was high, the more academic motivation and friendship satisfaction were high. Also, friendship satisfaction and academic motivation negatively influenced the addictive use of smartphones; the more friendship satisfaction and academic motivation increased rapidly over time, the more the addictive use of smartphones decreased over time. These results imply that affective and supervisory parenting can positively impact peer relationship and learning motivation, and the satisfaction of peer relationship and academic motivation can be protective factors for the addictive use of smartphones.

유아의 창의성 증진을 위한 예비유아교사교육 프로그램의 단기종단효과

본 연구는 실험연구로서 유아의 창의성 증진을 위한 예비유아교사교육 프로그램의 단기종단적 효과를 검증해보기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구에는 실험집단 36명과 통제집단 31명, 총 67명의 예비유아교사와 실험집단의 유아 65명, 통제집단의 유아 61명의 자료가 최종 분석에 포함되었다. 예비유아교사 및 유아의 창의성을 측정하기 위해 TTCT를 사용하였다. 본 프로그램이 예비유아교사의 창의성 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 평균, 표준편차, 잠재성장모형을 적용하였고, 본 프로그램 참여 여부와 교사의 창의성이 유아의 창의성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 첫째, 예비유아교사의 창의성 변화를 알아보기 위해 잠재성장모형을 확인한 결과, 프로그램 참여가 예비유아교사의 창의성 변화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 본 프로그램 참여여부 및 교사의 창의성은 유아의 창의성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal effect of Pre-service Teacher Education Program for Children's Creativity. The participants of this study were 67 pre-service teachers in Seoul, Kyungggi-do, and Chungcheong-do, Korea. Thirty-six pre-service teachers were assigned to the control group and pre-service teachers were assigned to the experimental group. Pre-service teacher's creativity was measured in three times. TTCT was applied to measure pre-service teacher's creativity and their children's creativity. Multivariate Latent Growth Model was applied to verify the effect of the program on pre-service teacher's creativity. Also, Multiple Regression was used to examine the effect of the program on their children's creativity. As a result, the participation of the program was longitudinally effective on not only pre-service teacher's creativity development but also their children's creativity. The results of current study suggested that it is necessary to help the pre-service teachers foster their creativity in early childhood teacher preparation program.

Health Trajectories of Women in China: The Role of Parental Caregiving

Studies show that caregiving can have negative consequences on the psychological and physical health of its providers. However, few studies have examined the immediate and long-term impact of caregiving on health and none have considered these longitudinal associations among women in a predominately family-care society such as China. Six waves of data from the Ever-Married Women Survey component of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 6,178) are used for analysis. Multivariate latent growth models are used to examine trajectories of self-rated health associated with providing care to parents (parental caregiving) among young-adult and middle-aged women in China. Results show that women who are caregivers to their parents have consistently worse self-reported health than women who do not have caregiving responsibilities. We find that caregivers--especially those who provide high-intensity care--exhibit initially low levels of health, followed by a period of health improvement that is comparable to noncaregivers. However, this pattern of role adaptation in women is followed by a precipitous decline in self-rated health in later years. The findings demonstrate the subjective health consequences of caregiving for women in China and provide new evidence to support the life course processes of wear-and-tear and role adaptation.

The Relationship between Private Tutoring and Academic Achievement - An Application of a Multivariate Latent Growth Model -

The study examined how changes in time invested in private tutoring and academic achievement influenced each other through a multivariate latent growth model by using the data from the first to the third year presented in the KYPS. This study identifies not only how changes in the private tutoring experience exerted a direct influence on changes in academic achievement, but also measures what kind of changes in private tutoring and academic achievement had emerged over time. The detailed study results are as follows. First, the analysis of time invested in private tutoring showed that the higher the grades, the greater were the amount of time invested in private tutoring in the case of Korean language study. On the other hand, the results showed that in the case of English and mathematics, the higher the grades, the lesser was the amount of time invested in private tutoring. Second, private tutoring and academic achievement were all in a linear relationship. Third, it was shown that the time invested in private tutoring and academic achievement exerted a negative influence on each other according to the passage of time.

The longitudinal effects of parental monitoring and self-control on depression in Korean adolescents: A multivariate latent growth approach

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of parental monitoring and self-control on depression. To address this purpose, this study investigated the interrelationships among depression, perceived parental monitoring, and self-control—as well as their developmental changes from the eighth to the twelfth grades—by repeated assessment of 3449 Korean adolescents. The data from Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) of the eighth graders who were followed for five years were analyzed using latent growth modeling. The univariate latent growth models showed that adolescents experience an increase in both parental monitoring and self-control but a decline in depression over the five years. In addition, the multivariate latent growth model suggested that the initial level of parental monitoring had significant effects, both directly and indirectly through self-control, on the initial level of depression. The linear changes in parental monitoring were associated with the linear changes in self-control; likewise, the linear changes in self-control were related to those in depression. These results imply that parental monitoring and self-control need to be emphasized as a strategy in order to prevent or alleviate adolescents' depression.

Changes in situational and dispositional factors as predictors of job satisfaction

Arguably, job satisfaction is one of the most important variables with regard to work. When explaining job satisfaction, research usually focuses on predictor variables in terms of levels but neglects growth rates. Therefore it remains unclear how potential predictors evolve over time and how their development affects job satisfaction. Using multivariate latent growth modeling in a study with 1145 young workers over five years, we analyzed how well job satisfaction is predicted a) by levels of situational (i.e., job control) and dispositional (i.e., Core Self-Evaluations (CSE)) factors and b) by growth per year of these predictors. Results showed both intercepts and slopes to be related to each other, suggesting a joint growth of job control and CSE during early careers. Job satisfaction after five years was best predicted by the slopes of job control (β=.31, p<.001) and CSE (β=.34, p<.01). These findings provide further longitudinal evidence for the role of situational as well as dispositional factors for predicting job satisfaction. In addition, growth rates per year were better predictors than initial levels. Furthermore, a lack of change in job control or CSE went along with a drop in job satisfaction, implying that young workers need to perceive things to be improving in order to increase, or at least maintain, their level of job satisfaction. In terms of theory, the relative importance of levels versus changes deserves more attention. In terms of practical implications, our results suggest a double emphasis on job design (i.e., granting sufficient, and increasing, control) and on personal development (e.g., through training) so that people experience a match between both. Finally, negative associations between initial levels and growth rates suggest that people are quite successful in achieving a reasonable fit between their job characteristics and their needs and goals.