Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling Research Articles

The Longitudinal Mediating Role of Peer Attachment in the Relationship between Affective School Environment and Children's Sense of Community

The purpose of this study was to identify the longitudinal mediating effects of peer attachment on the relationship between psychological school environment and children's sense of community. Data on 1,088 children were obtained from the 10<sup>th</sup>, 11<sup>th</sup>, and 13<sup>th</sup> Panel Study on Korean Children in the 3rd 4th, and 6th grades. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, Pearson's correlation, a latent growth model, and a multivariate latent growth model. All analyses were conducted in SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0. The principal results were as follows. First, children's peer attachment gradually decreased over time. Moreover, individual differences existed in the initial values and rates of change. Second, the psychological school environment in the 3rd grade positively influenced children's initial peer attachment, which then exerted a positive impact on children's sense of community in the 6th grade. Second, the psychological school environment in the 3rd grade negatively influenced children's rates of change, which also exerted a positive impact on children's sense of community in the 6th grade. Finally, the initial value and rates of change of peer attachment were significant mediating effects of the relationship between the psychological school environment in the 3rd grade and children's sense of community in the 6th grade. The findings highlight the necessity of creating a psychological school environment that develops peer attachment and a sense of community among children.

청소년의 그릿, 학업열의 및 학업성취도의 종단적 변화

This study examined the changes of grit, academic engagement, and
 academic achievement of adolescents in the 1st(year 2018) to 3rd(year 2020)
 data of KCYPS 2018. We also investigated how growth factors of grit and
 academic engagement would predict academic achievement directly and
 indirectly. Multivariate latent growth modeling was used to analyze data.
 Results demonstrates that growth rates of grit and academic engagement
 were not statistically significant, meaning that they were stable from first to
 third years. However, the growth rates of academic achievement was
 statistically significant. Happiness predicted 1st year’s grit, which in turn,
 positively affected academic engagement. Students who had higher initial
 status of academic engagement had higher academic achievement. Lastly, the
 mediating effect of academic engagement between grit and academic
 achievement was statistically significant.

Longitudinal associations between preschool children’s theory of mind, emotion understanding, and positive peer relationships

The positive links between children’s theory of mind (ToM), emotion understanding, and positive peer relationships are well established. However, the existing literature lacks comprehensive studies investigating the longitudinal interplay between these components in preschool-aged children. This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the concurrent and longitudinal associations between young children’s social cognition and their positive peer relationships at three different time points over the course of 7 months. A sample of 211 preschool children (age in months: MT1 = 43.2, SDT1 = 6.6) underwent standardized assessments evaluating their ToM and emotion understanding, while playgroup educators reported on children’s positive peer relationships. Using multivariate latent growth modeling, we expected to find that higher levels of ToM and emotion understanding would be associated with a greater rate of change in positive peer relationships and that higher levels of positive peer relationships would be associated with a higher rate of change in ToM and emotion understanding. Contrary to our expectations, the results did not support the anticipated longitudinal associations. Nevertheless, a noteworthy correlation emerged between children’s emotion understanding and positive peer relationships at T1, in line with previous research and social-constructivist theories.

Dynamics, association, and temporal sequence of cognitive function and frailty: a longitudinal study among Chinese community-dwelling older adults

BackgroundLittle is known about the association of longitudinal dynamics between cognitive function and frailty in Chinese older adults. The temporal sequences between cognitive function and frailty remains unclear. Our study investigates this directionality association using longitudinal data.MethodsLatent growth and multivariate latent growth models were employed to examine dynamics of cognition and frailty and their association among 2824 older adults in China. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to assess the temporal sequences between frailty and cognition. The relation between cognitive domains and frailty was also examined using aforementioned methods.ResultsCognitive function was negatively associated with frailty status. Higher initial level of cognition indicated lower baseline level (β=-0.175, P < 0.001) and change rate (β=-0.041, P = 0.002) of frailty. We observed a reciprocal association between frailty and cognitive function rather than a unidirectional causal relationship. The initial cognitive performance for all components were negatively associated with baseline (β ranged between − 0.098 to -0.023) and change rate (β ranged between − 0.007 to -0.024) of frail status. No consistent associations between change rate of cognitive components and either initial level or change rate of frailty were detected.ConclusionsOur study detected a reciprocal association between cognition and frailty rather than a unidirectional causal relationship. Our results also revealed different connections between cognitive performance and frailty across diverse cognitive domains.

잠재성장모형을 활용한 다문화가정 청소년의 차별인식이 사회적 위축에 미치는 영향 연구

This study pays attention to the dynamic relationship of affect discrimination perception on social withdrawal by mediating multicultural acceptability attitudes. To estimate the relationship, we used a Multivariate Latent Growth Model. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, discrimination perception had a positive effect on the social withdrawal in the early stage. However, discrimination perception and social withdrawal they received as they grew up did not show a significant relationship between the two. Second, overall high level of perception of discrimination showed a low multicultural acceptability attitudes (both foreign culture and Korean culture). Third, multicultural acceptability attitudes in the early stage had a negative effect on high level of social withdrawal, and the acceptability attitude they took while growing up also had a negative effect on the social withdrawal. Fourth, multicultural acceptability attitudes showed indirect effects between discrimination perception and social withdrawal. This study suggests that the government needs public education and policy PR for enhancing multicultural consciousness. This study proposes that it is necessary to prepare systems and measures to support underprivileged multiethnic adolescents.

A Study on the Longitudinal Changes and Influencing Factors of Satisfaction with Marital Relationship of Middle-aged Couples: Focusing on Sex Differences

본 연구는 중년기 부부관계만족도와 우울감, 자녀와의 관계만족도의 종단적 변화 궤적을 파악하고, 부부관계만족도 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 남녀 차이를 살펴보는 데에 목적이 있다. 한국복지패널 자료를 활용하여 잠재성장모형과 다중집단분석을 통해 분석한 결과, 중년기 부부관계만족도와 우울감, 자녀와의 관계만족도는 시간의 흐름에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 우울감의 상승은 부부관계만족도 감소에 영향을 미치며, 자녀와의 관계만족도의 증가는 부부관계만족도 증가에 미치는 영향력이 유의하였다. 남녀 차이에 있어서 중년기 우울감의 변화가 부부관계만족도의 변화에 미치는 영향은 여성의 경우만 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 자녀와의 관계만족도 변화가 부부관계만족도 변화에 미치는 영향력은 남성과 여성 모두 유의하게 나타났으나 남성이 여성보다 더 큰 영향력을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 중년기 부부관계 강화를 위하여 다양한 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.Objectives: This study aimed to identify the longitudinal trajectory in middle-aged marital relationship satisfaction and depression, and relationship satisfaction with children; and to research the differences between men and women in factors affecting changes in marital relationship satisfaction. Methods: Analysis was performed applying multivariate latent growth modeling and multiple group analysis from the Korean Welfare Panel was performed. Results: This study found that middle-aged marital satisfaction, depression, and relationship satisfaction with children decreased over time. Moreover, changes in depression had a negative effect on changes in marital satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction with children had a significant influence on changes in marital satisfaction. For the gender gap, the effect of changes in the depression on changes in marital satisfaction was only found for women, while the influence of the rate of change in relationship satisfaction with children on the rate of change in marital satisfaction was related to both men and women, although the effect size of the rate of change was greater for men than for women. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm that various approaches are required to strengthen middle-aged marital relationships.

일반계 고등학생의 학습자중심수업과 학업성취도의 관계

In order to analyze the longitudinal effect of learner-centered classes of general high school students on academic achievement through school happiness, this study conducted a univariate and multivariate latent growth model analysis using data of 1,833 general high school students in the 4th and 6th years of the BELS. First, looking at the development trajectory of each research variable, it was confirmed that the average and rate of change of all variables were statistically significant, and there was a difference between individuals in changes according to grades, and students with high initial values were likely to have a relatively high rate of change. However, as the grade went up, learner-centered classes and school happiness decreased, but there was a difference in academic achievement. Next, as a result of verifying the influence of each path of the multivariate latent growth model, statistically significant influence of all paths was confirmed, but there was a difference in static and negative influence. Finally, as a result of analyzing the longitudinal mediating effect of school happiness in the relationship between learner-centered class and academic achievement, statistically significant partial mediating effect was verified in each path of initial value and rate of change. In particular, the initial value of learner-centered classes was found to have a statistically significant negative effect on the initial value of academic achievement, but statistically significant static mediating paths were analyzed when school happiness was used as a parameter.

The Relationship Between Parental Neglect, School Adjustment, and Smartphone Dependence in Korean Adolescents: Verification Using Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling.

The Social bonding theory assumes that social ties are closely associated with maladaptive behavior, and this theory may be applied to explain the smartphone dependence in adolescence. The purpose of this study was to verify how school adjustment mediated the relationship between the parental neglect and smartphone dependence. The data from Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were utilized in this study. Participants were 2280 students in the 2nd year of middle school [male 1152, female 1128; 13.89 years (SD = 0.34)] who were followed up for four years. We conducted a Multivariate Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) to verify the relationships between variables. In addition, mediating effect was analyzed using the Bootstrapping Test. Findings indicated that parental neglect was negatively associated with school adjustment in the first wave, and school adjustment showed a greater decrease as parental neglect indicated a greater increase. In addition, school adjustment was negatively associated with smartphone dependence in the first wave, and smartphone dependence showed a greater decrease as school adjustment indicated a greater increase. Mediating effect indicated that parental neglect indirectly influences smartphone dependence fully mediating school adjustment. In conclusion, parental neglect indirectly influences smartphone dependence by interfering with school adjustment. In addition, reducing the negative effects of parental neglect on school adaptation may be an effective strategy to prevent smartphone dependence in adolescence.

The Relationship between the Frequency of Breakfast Consumption, Conversation with Parents, and Somatic Symptoms in Children: A Three-Wave Latent Growth Model.

Breakfast consumption is essential for children to generate energy for the day. Parents play an important role in children’s breakfast habits and spending time with parents during breakfast greatly influences children’s emotional development. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the frequency of children’s breakfast consumption, time spent in conversation with parents, and children’s somatic symptoms. Data were obtained from the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 and were initially collected from fourth-grade elementary school students and followed up for three years. SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 software were used for data analysis. Multivariate latent growth modeling was applied to analyze the effect of the breakfast consumption frequency on children’s somatic symptoms and the mediating effect of parent–child conversation time on this relationship. Consequently, as children’s frequency of breakfast consumption increased, their somatic symptoms decreased. Furthermore, parent–child conversation time mediated the relationship between these two variables. Therefore, students, parents, and teachers should be educated about the importance of having breakfast and communicating with parents for students’ emotional health.

잠재성장모형을 활용한 교사애착관계, 그릿, 스스로 학습시간의 종단 관계 분석

Objectives The purposes of this study were to understand the changes in teacher attachment relationship, grit, and self-learning time that appeared over the period from the 7th grade to the 9th grade and to examine the structural relationship among them.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, the results of the longitudinal relationship and change over time using multivariate latent growth model were verified using the longitudinal panel data of middle school students over 3 years of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 (KYCPS 2018).&#x0D; Results As a result of examining the change over time, the level of teacher attachment relationship and grit decreased gradually, and self-learning time increased gradually. As a result of analyzing the initial values in the structural relationship of the three variables, it was found that teacher attachment relationship affects grit and self-learning time, and grit affects self-learning time. As a result of analyzing the longitudinal influence according to the rate of change of the variables, it was found that the rate of change in the teacher attachment relationship had a significant positive effect on the rate of change in grit. In addition, grit was found to have a significant longitudinal mediating effect between teacher attachment relationship and self-learning time.&#x0D; Conclusions Through the verification of significant positive relationship between teacher attachment relationship and grit on self-learning time of middle school students, which expanded understanding of the self-learning time was brought. In addition, it is necessary to solidify teacher attachment relationship to promote students’ grit by discovering the longitudinal influence of teacher attachment relationship on students’ grit. And it can be understood that students can smoothly form their self-learning time through grit promoted by attachment relationship with the teacher.&#x0D; &#x0D;

잠재성장모형을 활용한 교사애착관계, 그릿, 스스로 학습시간의 종단 관계 분석

Objectives The purposes of this study were to understand the changes in teacher attachment relationship, grit, and self-learning time that appeared over the period from the 7th grade to the 9th grade and to examine the structural relationship among them.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, the results of the longitudinal relationship and change over time using multivariate latent growth model were verified using the longitudinal panel data of middle school students over 3 years of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 (KYCPS 2018).&#x0D; Results As a result of examining the change over time, the level of teacher attachment relationship and grit decreased gradually, and self-learning time increased gradually. As a result of analyzing the initial values in the structural relationship of the three variables, it was found that teacher attachment relationship affects grit and self-learning time, and grit affects self-learning time. As a result of analyzing the longitudinal influence according to the rate of change of the variables, it was found that the rate of change in the teacher attachment relationship had a significant positive effect on the rate of change in grit. In addition, grit was found to have a significant longitudinal mediating effect between teacher attachment relationship and self-learning time.&#x0D; Conclusions Through the verification of significant positive relationship between teacher attachment relationship and grit on self-learning time of middle school students, which expanded understanding of the self-learning time was brought. In addition, it is necessary to solidify teacher attachment relationship to promote students’ grit by discovering the longitudinal influence of teacher attachment relationship on students’ grit. And it can be understood that students can smoothly form their self-learning time through grit promoted by attachment relationship with the teacher.&#x0D; &#x0D;

The codevelopment of reading and attention from middle childhood to early adolescence: A multivariate latent growth curve study.

Attention skills are strong cross-sectional predictors of reading comprehension from childhood through to adolescence. However, less is known about the developmental relations between these two domains across this period. This study examined the codevelopment of reading and attention in a community sample of 614 Australian school students (50% female). Reading and attention were assessed at ages 8, 10, 12, and 14. Results of univariate latent growth models demonstrated, on average, curvilinear trajectories for reading in which rapid growth across younger age spans decelerates as children reach adolescence. By contrast, attention skills remained relatively stable on average. Significant negative correlations were observed between the intercept and slope factors in separate reading (r = -.62) and attention models (r = -.39) suggesting compensatory growth patterns in which poorer performing students in both domains at age 8 have steeper trajectories than their higher performing peers. A comparison of a multivariate latent growth model and an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) examined the interrelatedness of development in reading and attention. Both between-individual and within-individual cross-domain parameters showed reading and attention to be positively related at Grade 3, indicating an association between better attention and higher reading achievement at age 8. However, there was little evidence for interrelated growth across domains in this sample. The results contribute to theories which explain whether and how multiple cognitive domains codevelop over a substantial period of childhood and early adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal Associations Between Cybervictimization and Adolescent Sleep Problems: The Role of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms.

Adolescents who have experienced cybervictimization are at risk for sleep problems. However, there is a gap in knowledge about the mechanism that would explain this link. The study used a longitudinal design to test if cybervictimization predicted adolescents' sleep problems 6 and 12 months later, and whether these patterns could be explained in part by emotional distress in response to the victimization. Participants were 1987 Chinese adolescents (56.1% males) ages 10 to 14 (M = 12.32, SD = 0.53) at baseline. Data were collected over the course of 1year, in three waves 6months apart. The adolescents completed questionnaires regarding cybervictimization, sleep problems, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms at all three time points. Autoregressive cross-lagged models showed that cybervictimization predicted later sleep problems after controlling for traditional peer victimization, and anxiety and depressive symptoms mediated this link. Multivariate latent growth models showed that the developmental trajectories of cybervictimization, sleep problems, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were related in complex ways over time. Measures of study variables were self-reported, and generalizability may be limited by a sample of adolescents from school in China. These results are important because of their implications for prevention and treatment of adolescents' sleep problems evoked by cybervictimization.

Is English the Culprit? Longitudinal Associations Between Students’ Value Beliefs in English, German, and French in Multilingual Switzerland

AbstractMotivational interactions during multiple language learning have been largely neglected in language motivation research. To fill this gap, we investigate longitudinal relations between Swiss German students’ value beliefs in English, French, and German in upper secondary schools and whether there are differences in motivational development between multilingual and monolingual students. Multivariate latent growth modeling was used to analyze data from 850 students (Mage = 15.61 years, SD = .62; 54% female) gathered yearly from Grades 9 to 11. Results suggest an interference between students’ value beliefs in English and the other 2 languages. Students who reported higher value beliefs in English in Grade 9 showed steeper decreases in their value beliefs for French and German from Grades 9 to 11. However, stronger increases in English value beliefs over time were associated with stronger increases in French and German value beliefs. Moreover, while multilingual students reported higher initial value beliefs in French and English, they also showed steeper decreases in French and English value beliefs over time compared to their monolingual peers. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for teaching practice and future research directions.

The Concurrent Trajectories of Utility Value, Metacognitive Strategy Use, and Achievement

Studies on utility value, metacognitive strategies, and achievement have usually examined these variables in a static manner. However, each of these variables changes across time and the relationships among them are dynamic. Hence, studies that examine changes in individual trajectories (change in each variable over time) and concurrent trajectories (how relationships among the variables change over time) are needed. The current study examined both the individual and concurrent trajectories of utility value, metacognitive strategies, and achievement using a three-wave longitudinal sample of 6,776 Hong Kong secondary students (Mean age at Time 1 = 13.23, SD = 1.06). Results of the latent growth models indicated that intrinsic utility value declined while achievement increased across three years. Multivariate latent growth modeling showed that students who started with higher levels of metacognitive strategy use experienced a slower decline in intrinsic utility value. Moreover, the faster metacognitive strategy use increased over the years, the slower intrinsic utility value declined and the faster achievement increased. This study suggests the importance of examining the dynamic relationships among motivation, strategy use, and achievement.

Prenatal maternal phthalate exposures and trajectories of childhood adiposity from four to twelve years.

Adiposity trajectories reflect dynamic process of growth and may predict later life health better than individual measures. Prenatal phthalate exposures may program later childhood adiposity, but findings from studies examining these associations are conflicting. We investigated associations between phthalate biomarker concentrations during pregnancy with child adiposity trajectories. We followed 514 mother-child pairs from the Mexico City PROGRESS cohort from pregnancy through twelve years. We measured concentrations of nine phthalate biomarkers in 2nd and 3rd trimester maternal urine samples to create a pregnancy average using the geometric mean. We measured child BMI z-score, fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) at three study visits between four and 12 years of age. We identified adiposity trajectories using multivariate latent class growth modeling, considering BMI z-score, FMI, and WHtR as joint indicators of latent adiposity. We estimated associations of phthalates biomarkers with class membership using multinomial logistic regression. We used quantile g-computation to estimate the potential effect of the total phthalate mixture and assessed effect modification by sex. We identified three trajectories of child adiposity, a "low-stable", a "low-high", and a "high-high" group. A doubling of the sum of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP), was associated with 1.53 (1.08, 2.19) greater odds of being in the "high-high" trajectory in comparison to the "low-stable" group, whereas a doubling in di-isononyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDiNP) was associated with 1.43 (1.02, 2.02) greater odds of being in the "low-high" trajectory and mono (carboxy-isononyl) phthalate (MCNP) was associated with 0.66 (0.45, 97) lower odds of being in the "low-high" trajectory. No sex-specific associations or mixture associations were observed. Prenatal concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, DiNP metabolites, and MCNP, a di-isodecyl phthalate metabolite, were associated with trajectories of child adiposity. The total phthalate mixture was not associated with early life child adiposity.

Repeated IT Interruption: Habituation and Sensitization of User Responses

ABSTRACT Information technology (IT) interruptions are IT-based events that capture users’ attention and interfere with other activities. This study focuses on repeated IT interruption and task performance. We draw on dual-process theory and suggest that users may get used to repeated IT interruption, known as habituation, or may become hypersensitive, known as sensitization. We validate the research model based on data from a laboratory experiment with 100 subjects by using a multivariate latent growth model (LGM). With subjective and objective measurement techniques, we show how users respond to repeated IT interruption with physiological arousal, psychological exhaustion, and behavioral task performance. Our results indicate that user responses follow different patterns over time, revealing time-dependent effects of arousal and exhaustion on task performance. We contribute to literature by providing evidence that repeated IT interruption results in unique habituation and sensitization user response patterns compared to a single IT interruption.

Association between Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Longitudinal Study.

This study examines the association between rates of change in daily fruit and vegetable intake and in weekly levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) over a 15-month period in women following primary treatment completion for breast cancer. Breast cancer survivors (N = 199) self-reported fruit and vegetable intake and wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to measure levels of MVPA on five occasions every 3 months. Multivariate latent growth modeling revealed that the rate of change in fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with the rate of change in levels of MVPA. Baseline (Mean = 3.46 months post-treatment) levels of MVPA were not associated with the rate of change of daily fruit and vegetable intake; likewise, baseline fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with the rate of change in levels of MVPA. Behavioral interventions promoting fruit and vegetable intake should not be assumed to yield concomitant effects in promoting MVPA or vice versa.

An Exploratory Study of COVID-19’s Impact on Psychological Distress and Antisocial Behavior Among Justice-Involved Youth

Little is known about how justice-involved youth are coping with stress related to COVID-19. This study examined changes in psychological distress and antisocial behavior indicators among 557 youths on probation who completed two assessments during pre-COVID-19 conditions and two assessments during post-COVID-19 conditions. Drawing from Agnew’s General Strain Theory, the study used multivariate latent growth models to examine: (a) changes in psychological distress and antisocial behavior over time, (b) the associations of the changes, and (c) differences across sex, race, and ethnicity regarding changes in psychological distress. In support of General Strain Theory, results highlight that indicators of psychological distress and antisocial behavior increased during post-COVID-19 conditions when compared to pre-COVID-19 conditions for the full sample and for subsamples of youth categorized by sex, race, and ethnicity.

Prenatal Maternal Phthalate Exposures and Trajectories of Childhood Adiposity from Four to Twelve Years

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Trajectories of child adiposity have lifelong consequences for future cardiometabolic risk. Prenatal phthalate exposures may affect processes that pre-program later childhood adiposity, but findings from studies examining these associations are conflicting. We examined associations between individual phthalate exposure biomarkers and total phthalate mixture during pregnancy with child adiposity trajectories. METHODS: Data were from 514 mother-child pairs in the PROGRESS cohort of Mexico City. We quantified 15 phthalate metabolites in 2nd and 3rd trimester maternal urine samples and created an average pregnancy measure using the geometric mean. We evaluated the 15 metabolites as nine biomarkers, including four metabolite molar sums. We measured child BMI z-score, bioimpedance-based fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) at three visits between four and twelve years of age. We identified trajectories using multivariate latent class growth modeling, considering BMI z-score, FMI, and WHtR as joint indicators of latent adiposity. We then estimated associations of phthalate biomarkers with class membership using multinomial logistic regression. We used quantile g-computation to estimate the effect of the total phthalates mixture and assessed effect modification by sex. RESULTS:We detected three trajectories of child adiposity, “low-stable” remained stable at low adiposity (n=260), “low-high” started low then increased to high (n=147), and “high-high” started high and remained high (n=107). A doubling of the sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP), was associated with greater odds of being in the “high-high” trajectory (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.53 [1.08, 2.19]; p = 0.02) in comparison to the “low-stable” group, whereas a doubling in mono(carboxy-isononyl) phthalate (MCNP) was associated with lower odds of being in the “low-high” trajectory (adjusted OR = 0.66 [0.45, 97]; p = 0.03). No sex-specific or total mixtures associations were detected. CONCLUSIONS:Pregnancy urinary concentrations of ΣDEHP metabolites and MCNP were associated with trajectories of child adiposity in opposing directions. KEYWORDS: Phthalates, Children's environmental health, Environmental epidemiology, Mixtures analysis