Multivariate Analysis Of Variance Test Research Articles

Perbedaan Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Biologi Melalui Model Discovery Learning dengan Teknik Probing Prompting Peserta Didik Kelas XII SMAN 8 Luwu Utara

This study is a quasi-experimental research (quasi-experimental design) which aims to examine the differences in motivation and learning outcomes of biology through the Discovery Learning model with Probing Prompting technique of grade XII students at SMAN 8 in North Luwu. The aims of the study are to analyze the difference in motivation and biology learning outcomes through the Discovery Learning model with Probing Prompting technique of grade XII students at SMAN 8 in North Luwu. The population in this study were students of grade XII MIPA at SMAN 8 in North Luwu in academic year of 2021/2022. Samples were taken by employing Random Sample technique. Learning motivation data were collected using a learning motivation questionnaire and learning outcomes were collected using multiple choice tests. Data were analyzed by employing descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire technique and a test technique. The results of hypothesis testing using the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) test of the significance value learning motivation sig (2-tailed) < 𝛼 = 0.05 or 0.023 < 𝛼 0.05 means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted and learning outcomes with sig (2-tailed) < 𝛼 = 0.05 or 0.003 < 𝛼 0.05 means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Based on the test criteria, it can be concluded that there are differences in motivation and learning outcomes of biology through the Discovery Learning model with Probing Prompting technique of grade XII students at SMAN 8 in North Luwu.

Using Complementary and Integrative Medicine to Treat High Blood Pressure in African Americans in the United States: Impact of Knowledge, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors

Background: African Americans have the highest prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) in the United States, but the lowest blood pressure control rates among all major racial/ethnic groups. This study examined the extent to which African Americans use home remedies to treat HBP and assessed their knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors regarding such use. Materials and Methods: This study utilized a descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional, and correlational research design. We determined the association between knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors and use of home remedies among participants using a principal investigator-developed online questionnaire entitled the Beliefs about Hypertension Survey (BHS). Results: Reliability for the BHS representing all four dependent variables was good (Cronbach's α = 0.848). The study sample was 254 African Americans with and without HBP (79.9% females; 83% aged 30–59). Participants were more willing to use home remedies to treat rather than to prevent HBP, with 58% of participants with HBP reporting current use of home remedies as treatment. Results of the Multivariate Analysis of Variance test indicated statistical significance (P = 0.000) only for the behavior variable (α = 0.05), with no significant differences found between participants with and without HBP with respect to knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. Conclusion: The results suggest that diagnosis of HBP increases African Americans' willingness to use home remedies, but this group needs more education about the effects and risk factors of HBP. Further evidence-based studies will help to increase knowledge and acceptance of home remedies as a viable treatment option for HBP.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Terhadap Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep dan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 10 Kota Bengkulu

This research is motivated by the ability of students' understanding of mathematical concepts and in solving mathematical problems is still relatively low. The type of research used is a quasi experiment (quasi experiment). This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 10 Bengkulu City with a population of class VIII students totaling 201 students. The research sample was students in class VIII.C as the control class which consisted of 28 students and class VIII.B as the experimental class which consisted of 28 students who were taken based on simple random sampling technique. The data processing used is the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) test. The results of the study can be concluded that: 1) There is a significant influence by using the Problem Based Learning learning model on students' conceptual understanding abilities of 58%. 2) There is a significant effect by using the Problem Based Learning learning model on students' mathematical problem solving abilities of 57.7%. 3) There is a significant effect using the Problem Based Learning learning model on students' conceptual comprehension skills and students' mathematical problem solving abilities of 13.3%, 4) Students' problem solving abilities are higher after applying the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Learning Model with an average the average ability to understand the concept of the experimental class: 89.43 and the control class: 72.43, 5) The ability to solve problems taught with the Problem Based Learning model is higher than that taught conventionally. The average problem solving ability of the experimental class was 81.36 and that of the control class was 71.54

Personality Traits and Aggressive Behavior in Vietnamese Adolescents.

This study aims to reveal the relationship between personality characteristics and verbal or physical aggression in Vietnamese adolescents. We recruited 3003 participants [1498 boys (49.9%) and 1505 girls (50.1%); mean age ± SD = 13.50 ± 0.936] who we tested with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Brief version (EPQ-BV), and Vietnamese Aggression Scale (VAS). A multivariate analysis of variance test, Pearson Correlation, and analyzing mediating variable interaction is used to analyze data. The findings suggested a significant interaction between personality traits, specifically extraversion and neuroticism, and physical aggression, verbal aggression, and anger. Students with higher levels of personality had higher levels of verbal aggression, and students with higher levels of physical aggression and anger had stronger personality traits than others and lower levels of physical aggression and anger. Personality traits, specifically extraversion, and neuroticism, differed significantly by gender and school years in adolescence. Mediation analysis revealed a positive and statistically significant indirect correlation between personality traits and physically aggressive behavior, with anger as a mediator. Similarly, a positive and statistically significant indirect correlation between personality traits and verbally aggressive behavior through anger was found. The relationship between personality traits and physical aggression was also significant via verbal aggression and anger. This study improved our understanding of personality traits and verbal or physical aggression. Most crucially, physical and verbal aggression mediate personality traits and aggressive conduct. In secondary school, gender and school year affected extraversion and neuroticism. This discovery illuminates personality-based aggressiveness intervention.

Comparative Effect of Moonlighting on Job Commitment, Retention and Satisfaction Between Academic Staff and Medical Doctors in Nigeria

This study deals with the effect of moonlighting on job commitment, retention and satisfaction between academic staff and medical doctors of public institutions in Southwest Nigeria. Data were analysed through t-test, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Evidence from MANOVA test indicates that moonlighting has a significant effect on the dependent variables of job commitment, retention and satisfaction respectively with comparative effect of 11% for academic staffs, 4% for medical doctors and 7% for the combined effect on academic staff and medical doctors respectively. Conclusions are drawn from the findings that moonlighting has a significant effect on job commitment, retention and satisfaction between academic staff and medical doctors of public institutions in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. The study recommends that Management of public institutions should develop HRM practices that can satisfying their employees with the aim of getting them more committed to their primary duties and assignments assigned to them.

Development of an Online Mind–Body Physical Activity Intervention for Young Adults during COVID-19: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the implementation of an online mind-body physical activity (MBPA) intervention and physical activity (PA), stress, and well-being in young adults during COVID-19. The participants were a sample of college students (N = 21; 81% female). The MBPA intervention was organized in four online modules that were administered asynchronously for 8 weeks with three separate 10 min sessions per week. The intervention components consisted of traditional deep breathing, diaphragm mindful breathing, yoga poses, and walking meditation. Objective PA behaviors were assessed using wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers, and stress and well-being data were collected using validated self-report instruments. A 2 (sex) × 3 (time) doubly multivariate analysis of variance test with a univariate follow-up showed that the % of wear time in light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly higher at the end of the intervention compared to baseline (LPA mean difference = 11.3%, p = 0.003, d = 0.70; MVPA mean difference = 2.9%, p < 0.001, d = 0.56). No significant differences were observed for perceived stress and well-being, and there was no moderating effect of sex. The MBPA intervention showed promise, as it was associated with higher PA in young adults during COVID-19. No improvements were observed for stress and well-being. These results warrant further testing of the intervention's effectiveness using larger samples.

Gruplar Arası Farklılıkların Belirlenmesinde Çok Boyutlu Ölçekleme Analizinin Çok Değişkenli Varyans Analizi ile Birlikte Kullanımı

Multidimensional Scaling analysis (MDS) and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) are among the commonly used multivariate statistical methods. While MANOVA is used to evaluate whether there are statistically significant differences between the mean vectors of the experimental groups in terms of more than one independent variable; MDS analysis is used both for dimension reduction and to classify individuals/variables according to their differences. In cases where the relationships between individuals/variables are not known, but the distances between them can be calculated, MDS analysis allows to reveal the relationships between individuals by using these distances, and unlike MANOVA, it does not require any assumptions. In this study, the numerical values produced by the simulation technique were used as the input data, with reference to the real data regarding 5 kinds of pistachios in terms of 13 fatty acids. These data were evaluated with both the MDS analysis and the MANOVA test and the results were interpreted. Considering the convenience in the evaluation of the data, the usability of the MDS analysis as supportive to the MANOVA test and subsequent multiple comparison tests was evaluated.

Vocational rehabilitation counselor burnout profiles and mindfulness

AbstractBurnout of vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselors can not only lead to decreased job satisfaction and turnover but also damage the quality of VR services provided to clients with disabilities. It is an ethical obligation for VR counselors to engage in self‐care practices to prevent burnout. The current study surveyed 147 VR counselors from two State VR agencies about their current level of burnout and mindfulness related facets. Based on the latent profile analysis, four unique counselor burnout profiles were identified. These were well‐adjusted‐counselor, type I preserving‐counselor, type II preserving‐counselor, and disconnected‐counselor. Moreover, the results of multivariate analysis of variance tests disclosed that VR counselors with different counselor burnout profiles varied significantly on the mindfulness measure, especially in the facets of acting with awareness and non‐judging. The results have unique research and practice implications for the prevention and treatment of burnout of VR counselors.

Vaginal Microbiota and Pregnancy Outcomes of Patients with Conization Histories.

Background: One of the major risks of preterm birth is a history of conization. However, the risk of infection due to this procedure is still not well known. Using next-generation sequencing, we aimed to reveal the influence of conization on vaginal microbiota in the following pregnancy, and their relationship between spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 133 pregnant patients, of whom 25 had conization histories and 108 did not. Vaginal microbiome samples were collected using swabs by an obstetrician upon inclusion in the first trimester and during delivery. V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and analyzed to identify the bacteria. Results: The conization group had a significantly lower delivery week (34 weeks vs. 36 weeks, p = 0.003) and higher sPTB rate (64% vs. 8.3%, p ≤ 0.001) than the control group. In the conization group, alpha (Chao 1, p = 0.02; phylogenetic diversity whole tree, p = 0.04) and beta diversity (permutational multivariate analysis of variance test, p = 0.04) of the vaginal microbiota was significantly higher during delivery in patients who delivered preterm than in those who delivered term. Community-state type IV in the first trimester was significantly associated with sPTB (overall odds ratio 3.80, 95% confidence interval 1.33-10.8, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Conization is a risk factor for sPTB. Increased risk of sPTB in patients after conization may belong to the vulnerable defense mechanism, due to the shortened cervix and decreased cervical mucus.

Patterns of Personality Development and Psychosocial Functioning in Japanese Adolescents: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Study.

While patterns of adolescent personality development are country-specific, previous studies that have examined them have been limited to the Netherlands and Finland. This study aimed to identify the patterns of personality development and examine the relationship between these patterns and psychosocial functioning among Japanese adolescents. Overall, 618 Japanese adolescents (49.5% girls; 16 years) participated in the annual longitudinal survey from 2013 to 2016. Using latent class growth analysis, the following four patterns of personality development were identified: resilient, over-controlled, vulnerable, and moderate. Although the mean-level changes in the Big Five domains were generally insignificant among the four patterns, the vulnerable pattern showed a progressive increase in conscientiousness, and the moderate pattern showed a decrease in neuroticism and an increase in conscientiousness. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance tests indicated that the resilient pattern showed higher subjective well-being and lower psychosocial problems than the other personality patterns; the over-controlled pattern showed higher internalizing problems than the resilient pattern; the vulnerable pattern showed lower subjective well-being and higher internalizing problems than the other patterns; and the moderate pattern scored between the resilient, over-controlled, and vulnerable patterns in both subjective well-being and psychosocial problems. These findings suggest that the vulnerable and moderate patterns, which are immature patterns compared to the resilient and over-controlled ones, showed positive changes to the direction of maturity from middle to late adolescence in Japan.

Healing From Home: Examination of an Online Mindfulness-Based Tinnitus Stress Reduction Course During the 2020 COVID Pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an Internet delivered Mindfulness Based Tinnitus Stress Reduction (i-MBTSR) program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tinnitus, often a chronic condition, is experienced by 15% of the population. For those with severe, bothersome tinnitus, quality of life is reduced and the treatment options are limited. We evaluated an approach intended to decrease tinnitus-related distress. This study examined the data collected for an online i-MBTSR course using a retrospective design. The intervention included an 8-week self-paced i-MBTSR course, including didactic information about mindfulness and tinnitus, as well as meditation practices. Outcome measures included the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which were measured at four time periods. These time points included pretreatment, midtreatment at 3 weeks, immediately posttreatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Forty-three participants completed the intervention. The mean preintervention tinnitus severity rating was 59.96 ("severe tinnitus") as measured by the TFI. Mean TFI scores dropped to 44.16 (p < .001) at midtreatment and to 34.23 (p = .001) at posttreatment. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance tests were conducted to determine changes in the two scales at the four time periods. There were significant differences in perceived stress and tinnitus self-function found in all measures and submeasures between the pre-, mid-, and posttreatment time points with the exception of the TFI Auditory subtest. These gains remained significant for those who completed the 6-month follow-up. The i-MBTSR course appears to be a viable and effective treatment modality. A shorter 3-week course may be effective. Case-control studies to more systematically investigate the effectiveness of i-MBTSR for tinnitus are required.

Comparison of depression, suicidal thoughts and social support between transsexuals with and without gender change

Objectives: Social acceptance of people with gender identity disorder in society is very difficult and this condition can lead to depression and suicidal thoughts. On the other hand, social support has a great impact on the psychological factors of these people. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing depression, suicidal thoughts and social support between transsexuals with and without gender change. Instruments &amp; methods: This descriptive research of causal-comparative type was conducted among 60 members of transsexuals with gender change (30 people) and without gender change (30 people) of Iran's Association for the Support of Gender Bored Patients, who were selected by available sampling method. and completed the Beck depression, Beck suicidal thoughts and Sherbon and Stewart social support questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS 24 software and using multivariate analysis of variance test. Findings: The mean scores of the variables of depression and suicidal thoughts in the transsexual group without gender change were higher than the transsexual group with gender change, but in the variable of social support, the transsexual group with gender change had a higher average score. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of suicidal thoughts and social support variables (p=0.01), but no significant difference was observed in terms of depression variable (p&gt;0.0). Conclusion: In both groups of transsexuals with and without gender reassignment, there is a moderate level of depression and suicidal thoughts, but transsexuals without gender reassignment have more suicidal thoughts and transsexuals with gender reassignment are more likely to seek social support.

Social Determinants and Health Disparities Pertaining to Diabetes in Appalachia.

Diabetes poses a significant threat to public health in the United States, with an estimated total prevalence of 37.3 million individuals in 2019, of which 28.7 million were diagnosed and 8.5 million remained undiagnosed. The high prevalence of diabetes imposes a considerable economic burden on the U.S. healthcare system. Appalachian Ohio is disproportionately impacted with southeastern Ohio exhibiting a diabetes prevalence that exceeds the national average by more than twofold and a critical shortage of healthcare providers. To quantify the associations between diabetes prevalence and incidence in Ohio counties, considering various factors that impact health and quality-of-life outcomes. The data used in this study were obtained from the United States Diabetes Surveillance System (USDSS) on the 88 counties in Ohio. Pearson correlation tests were employed to investigate the relationship between diabetes (prevalence and incidence) and social determinants of health. A t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test were performed to analyze the disparities in diabetes and social determinants between Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties. The results of this study demonstrate notable disparities in diabetes prevalence between Appalachian and non-Appalachian counties (P < .001, α = .05). Furthermore, the MANOVA test revealed significant differences between these 2 groups regarding social determinants of health (P < .05). These findings suggest that Appalachian counties may face a disproportionate impact from health-related factors and experience limited access to healthcare services. The data highlight the need for focused efforts to address the specific challenges faced by Appalachian counties. Improving access to healthcare services in the Appalachian region is paramount to ensure equitable healthcare and enhance the overall health outcomes of affected communities.

Investigation of emotional schemas between adolescents and their mothers

Objective: It is common to see that child-parent interaction affects psychological problems in adulthood. This interaction process may also be effective in developing emotional schemas and attitudes. The present study aimed to investigate the similarities or differences in emotional schemas between mothers and adolescents in both clinical and control groups. Method: Eighty-two adolescents who applied to the child and adolescent outpatient clinics and their mothers (assigned as the clinical group) and 80 adolescents without any psychiatric problems and their mothers (assigned as the control group) were examined using a Sociodemographic Characteristics Form and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale Turkish Version (LESS-T). A multivariate analysis of variance test was used to determine the intergroup differences in emotional schema levels. Results: LESS-T was applied to all participants. No statistically significant difference was found between mothers and their adolescents on the LESS-T subscales in the control group (p=0.89). Mothers in the clinical group reported higher levels of demand for rationality (p=0.003) and emotional avoidance (p=0.01) than mothers in the control group. In the clinical group, adolescents reported higher levels of uncontrollability (p=0.007), and mothers reported higher levels of comprehensibility (p=0.001), demand for rationality (p=0.001), and emotional avoidance (p=0.007). Conclusion: Mothers' emotional schemas, such as avoidance and demand for rationality, may prevent their children from expressing and experiencing emotions sufficiently. Findings emphasize the importance of healthy mother-child interaction for developing emotional skills.

The effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on parent-child interaction and parenting stress: a randomized controlled trial study on children with symptoms of tic disorders and their mothers

Aim: The main objective of this research was the effectiveness of mentalization-based therapy on parent-child interaction and parenting stress in a randomized controlled trial study on children with symptoms of tic disorders and their mothers. Methods: The method of the current research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The research sample consisted of 30 mothers and their children with symptoms of tic disorders who had referred to counseling centers and clinics in Mako city in the second half of 2022. They were selected as available and randomly divided into two groups. Experiment and control (15 people in each group) were assigned. The experimental group participated in 15 sessions of the mentalization-based therapy group intervention program, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The subjects of both groups answered the questions of the parent-child relationship scale and the short form of the parental stress scale in the pre-test and post-test phases. Data analysis was done using mixed multivariate analysis of variance test. Results: The results of mixed multivariate analysis of variance indicated the effectiveness of mentalizing group therapy on improving the dimensions of parent-child relationship and parenting stress of children (P&lt;0.001). Also, the results showed that mentalization intervention reduces the parenting stress scores of children with tic disorder symptoms (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the therapeutic mentalization group intervention is effective in improving the dimensions of the parent-child relationship and parenting stress of children with symptoms of tic disorder, and this treatment can be used to reduce the psychological problems of children with tic disorder. Symptoms of tic disorder.

The impact of project based E-learning on cognitive and psychomotor learning achievement in sports massage course

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of a project-based e-learning (PjB-eL) model on cognitive and psychomotor learning achievement in sports massage courses. This quasi-experimental study used a post-test-only non-equivalent control group design. The research sample consisted of 2 classes of 40 people each, selected by a simple random sampling technique, with one class each as the experimental and control groups. Data on cognitive learning outcomes were collected using tests, and psychomotor learning outcomes using project observation sheets. The test used has met all the valid and reliable criteria. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance test. The results showed that the average cognitive and psychomotor learning outcomes in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The PjB-eL model can be recommended as an effective learning model to improve learning outcomes. Keywords: Project-based, e-learning, cognitive, psychomotor, learning achievement.

The Effectiveness of Pair Work Activities on Students’ Speaking Anxiety and Speaking Ability

Students' anxiety about speaking English is significant to solve because it can affect their speaking ability. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of pair work activities on students’ speaking anxiety and speaking ability. The researchers conducted quasi-experimental research in Palangka Raya in the academic year of 2021/2022. In collecting the data, a questionnaire and a speaking test were used. The population in this study were eighth graders students in one of the public junior high school. The researcher used two classes as the sample, the experimental and control class, which comprised 60 students. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Variance test via SPSS.23. The result showed pair work activities effectively decreased the students’ speaking anxiety and increased the students' speaking ability. It evidenced by the average score in the post-test of students' speaking anxiety in the experimental class was 52.77, while the control class was 60.00. In addition, the average score in the post-test of the students’ speaking ability in the experimental class was 76.63, while the control class was 64.43. It showed that there is a significant difference between the two classes. Therefore, this study indicates that pair work activities effectively lower students' speaking anxiety and increase their speaking ability at eighth graders students in one of the public junior high school in Palangka Raya.

Character Education Based on Reflective Pedagogical Paradigm and Its Effect on Conscience and Compassion of Students

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This research is motivated by the high level of imitation of adolescents on the negative behavior of adults, in addition to the high concern of educators on the failure of character education in schools. As many as 40% of adolescents have been bullied at school and 32% reported being victims of physical violence indicating high levels of juvenile violence, bullying, and lack of empathy. So schools need to strengthen their conscience and compassion to deal with this. The study aims to investigate the effect of character education management with a reflective pedagogical paradigm on conscience and compassion. This study was conducted with a quantitative experimental method with a quasi-experimental type. Data collection instruments both questionaries and documentation are used as instruments to collect the data. Hypothesis testing is done through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) because the dependent variable is more than one. The results of this study prove that based the MANOVA test, the study revealed that there was a significant and positive influence between character education and the reflective pedagogical paradigm on the conscience of students 71.5%, and compassion of students 69.1%. It turns out that aspects of students' conscience and affection can be influenced by character education with a reflective pedagogical paradigm. This shows that schools need to manage their character education system with a reflective pedagogic paradigm so that students feel changes in attitudes and behavior due to the involvement of all school members in strengthening and sharpening character education.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of Unilateral Hearing Loss on Speech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses and Reading: A Preliminary Study.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (sABRs) obtained by stimulating the ear with normal sensitivity in children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) were different from that of children with normal hearing (NH), and to explore correlations between the sABR findings and measures of reading. Eleven children with UHL and 11 children with NH were tested via the BioMARK sABR protocol using the syllable /da/; latency and amplitudes of Waves V, A, C, D, E, F, and O were measured. Participants also were tested on the Phonemic Synthesis Test (PST) and the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised (WRMT-R), particularly the Reading Readiness, Basic Skills, and Comprehension subtests. Multivariate analysis of variance testing showed a significantly higher amplitude for Wave A for the NH group as compared to the UHL group. Separate ANOVAs also found significantly lower scores for the UHL group compared to the NH group on Basic Skills and Comprehension subtests of the Woodcock. Significant positive Spearman rho correlations were found for the UHL group between wave amplitudes for V, A, and O and the Reading Readiness score, and between wave amplitudes for V, A, D, and O and the Reading Comprehension score. A significant correlation also was found between the Total Reading score and wave amplitudes for V and A. No such correlations were found between wave amplitude and Woodcock scores for the NH group. Further testing of the UHL data found significant relationships between the pure-tone average of the hearing loss ear and the Basic Skills, Comprehension, and Total Reading scores from the WRMT-R. There was also a significant correlation between the PST score and Wave C amplitude. There may be a connection between speech encoding and measures of reading in children with UHL.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: The synergistic effects on human locomotor function.

Diabetes Mellitus and obesity represent two chronic multifactorial conditions which may induce modifications in human motion strategy. Our study focused on gaining insight into biomechanical aspects of gait occurring in patients affected by both aforementioned pathologies. One hundred subjects were recruited and divided into four groups: 25 obese-diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy; 25 obese non-diabetic patients; 25 non-obese diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy; 25 healthy volunteers participated as a control group. Subjects performed 3-D Gait Analysis while walking barefoot at self-selected speed, performing three consecutive trials. A multivariate analysis of variance test was used to assess spatio-temporal and kinematic data difference in the four groups. Tukey's post-hoc adjustment was applied on multiple groups' comparison. Diabetic-obese subjects showed increased step width compared to controls, while step and stride length, and walking velocity were reduced. Interestingly, step width presented increased values even compared to diabetic patients. Kinematics data showed a significant reduction in ankle plantarflexion during the push-off phase of the gait cycle compared to controls, and to obese subjects. Furthermore, knee kinematics revealed a reduced peak flexion during the swing time of the gait cycle, compared to controls and diabetic subjects, which resulted in reduced knee dynamic excursion during normal walking compared to healthy subjects. Our data demonstrated that diabetic-obese subjects present gait features typical of both such pathologies. The specific impairment of ankle and knee joint kinematics provides evidence of a synergistic effect of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and obesity on human ambulatory function.