Multistage Random Sampling Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ PARTICIPATION IN CONSERVATION OF VANISHING RAINFOREST IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed rural household participation in conservation of vanishing rainforest in Delta State, Nigeria. A sample of 270 households were selected through multistage random sampling techniques. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The regression estimates of socio-economic determinants to participation in rainforest conservation showed that the coefficients and t-values (in parenthesis) of age 0.042 (0.707) was positive and significant at 10%. It implied that the youths and elderly can participate in conservation programmes when involved. Educational status 0.075 (2.861), forest association membership 0.057 (1.045), and land ownership 0.244 (2.104) were positive and significant at 0.05 while engagement in forest activities 0.665 (-.319) and forest income 0.735 (-3.198) were negative and significant at 0.05. Exclusion from making forest policies and neglect of indigenous knowledge of rural communities were the major constraints to rural household participation in rainforest conservation. Recommendations include education and enlightenment to change the orientation of rural households toward rainforest conservation; rural households should be involved in every plan to restore the rainforest since they are the major culprits of deforestation activities.

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF LAYER FARMERS IN AKWA IBOM

This study analyzed the technical efficiency of layer farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select a total of 100-layer farmers across three agricultural zones in Akwa Ibom State. Relevant data was collected with the aid of a questionnaire. Data collated from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic production frontier, and maximum likelihood estimates. The result showed that most of the farmers were female, with mean age of 36.68 years for layer farmers. The production function estimate showed that hired labour, feeds, capital depreciation, pen size, and saw dust use positively influenced output of layer birds, while family labour and medication had a negative impact on output. The technical efficiency distribution showed a mean efficiency of 66%. The determinants of technical inefficiency showed that education, family size, market share, farming experience, extension visits, trainings, farm size and membership in social groups had negative influence of technical inefficiency of layer production, and farmers age and access to credit had a positive effect on the technical inefficiency of layer production. The study recommends the government and relevant stakeholders should make efforts to subsidize the cost of essential poultry inputs, and develop a workable system to enable poultry farmers access credit. Also, extension training should be intensified as it is shown to improve the technical efficiency of layer farmers.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Chinese Hakka Individuals Aged 35-65 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing, influenced by economic and genetic factors, with varying rates across regions. The Hakka population in Ganzhou city has unique exposures compared to surrounding districts, while limited research reported the epidemiological characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in this population. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of T2DM among the population, thereby establishing a robust foundation for disease prevention and control measures. In 2017, a multistage random sampling method selected 3028 individuals from Ganzhou City's permanent resident population. Physical examinations, blood tests, and questionnaire surveys were conducted for data collection, with binary logistic regression analysis used to examine factors affecting T2DM prevalence. A total of 2978 valid samples were included in this study. The average age of the surveyed population was 52.83±7.88 years, comprising 966 males and 2012 females. The prevalence rates of T2DM were 11.8% and 12.9% in males and females, respectively, while the standardized prevalence rate was recorded as 9.1%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age (Odds Ratio[OR]=1.05, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.03-1.06), hypertension (OR=2.22, 95% CI:1.71-2.93), family history of diabetes (OR= 3.54, 95% CI: 2.58-4.85), overweight (OR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.20-2.48), high total cholesterol (OR=1.17, 95% CI:1.09-1.27), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=1.19, 95% CI:1.00-1.40) and serum insulin (OR=1.05, 95% CI:1.03-1.06) were identified as significant risk factors for T2DM, Conversely, a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=0.55, 95% CI:0.36-0.84) was found to be inversely related to T2DM development. The prevalence of T2DM in Ganzhou city has significantly increased. The effective implementation of comprehensive management strategies aimed at addressing hypertension, overweight, dyslipidemia, and abnormal serum insulin level is essential for promoting overall well-being and efficiently controlling the prevalence of T2DM.

IMPACT OF SEA ROBBERY ON ARTISANAL FISH PRODUCTION IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed the Impact of Sea Robbery on Artisanal Fish Production in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Specifically, this study compared the income of the fisher-folks affected by sea robbery and those not affected; estimated and compared costs and returns in artisanal fish production by both groups of fisherfolks; determine and compare the effect of socio-economic characteristics on the level of fish output of fisher folks affected by sea robbery and those not affected. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used among others to select the sample size of 202 respondents (fisher-folks) for the study area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and interpersonal interviews. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regressions, were employed to test the hypotheses also budgetary technique was used to estimate the costs and returns in artisanal fish production. Distribution of respondents by income showed the mean income of ₦351,990.10 for fisher-folks affected by sea robbers, while fisher-folks not affected by sea robbers had the mean income of ₦764,534.65. Costs and returns analysis revealed returns on investment (ROI) of ₦0.55 for fisher folks attacked by sea robbers, while returns on investment (ROI) revealed ₦0.79 for fisher folks not attacked by sea robbers. The multiple regression results for both fisher folks attacked and those not attacked by the sea robbers on the output (k.g) and socio-economic characteristics showed a positive relationship for both groups. The study recommended increase surveillance and patrol along waterways in the study area especially rural fishing settlements. This will assist to abate the surge of sea robbery which has high level of negative interference with fishing activities in the study area.

SUBSISTENCE FARMER'S PRODUCTION DIVERSITY AND MARKET ACCESS: IMPACT ON RURAL WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S DIETARY DIVERSITY

Hunger and poverty are severe threats to developing nations like Pakistan. Rural people in developing countries are facing malnutrition and undernourishment due to low-income levels and limited access to nutritious food. Women's diets are the most crucial factor for their health and children. Increased dietary diversity is a significant approach to improving nutrition and health, and it can be enhanced by improving the production diversity among rural subsistence farming households. The study was conducted in four districts of the south Punjab region of Pakistan. Using the well-structured and pretested questionnaire, multistage stratified random sampling was employed to collect data from 600 rural households. The women's dietary diversity score, children's dietary diversity score, and production diversity score were calculated. The results indicate that women's dietary diversity is concerned with production diversity score; its interaction with market access, education, family size, and farming experience positively impacts dietary diversity. In contrast, the age of the respondent has a negative impact. The same association among factors was also observed for children's dietary diversity score. Based on the study results, it is recommended that there is a need to diversify the crops produced by small farmers, especially food crops so that they can get balanced food and not rely much on external purchases. Overall, the Government can play a crucial role by providing opportunities and facilities to grow non-conventional crops instead of conventional cash crops.

Region, Location, and Age-Specific Comparison of Nutritional Status of In-School Adolescent Girls (10-19 years) in Nigeria

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls using anthropometric indices. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study of 2261 in-school adolescent girls aged 10 -19 was conducted. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was used to select participants from three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Two states selected from each zone; North Central (Kogi and Niger States), South East (Abia and Imo States) and South West (Osun and Ondo States). Body Mass Index-for-age, Waist-Hip-Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Height-Ratio were calculated by anthropometry of weight, height, hip, waist and Mid-Upper Arm Circumferences. Data were analysed on SPSS Version 24. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviations were used for descriptive while logistic regression and chi-square analyses were used for inferential statistics. Significance was taken at p<0.05. Results: Mean age was 14.86 years (± 1.78 years) and actual body weight was 47.81 kg (± 9.02 kg), which is lower than the ideal weight of 54.52 kg (± 9.05 kg). The negative variance of -6.71 kg shows that the girls weighed 6.71 (±9.73) kg less than their ideal weight. Overweight/Obesity/Risk of Abdominal Obesity was highest in South East region (p = .005) while underweight/undernourishment was highest in South West (p = .005). However, no significant difference was recorded between the urban and peri-urban populations (p = .005). Older girls; 14 -16yrs (OR = 2.311, 95%CI = 1.263 – 4.229) and 17 -19yrs (OR = 2.182, 95%CI = 1.253 – 3.799) were twice more likely to be Overweight/Obesity compared to 10 -13yrs. Those who were within the 14 -16yrs age range were thrice more likely to have higher WHR (OR = 3.043 95%CI = 2.334 -3.978) than those younger. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the nutritional status of adolescent girls across regions and age ranges hence a need for regional nutrition-sensitive intervention programmes among adolescent girls. Keywords: High School Girls; Health Status; Body Stature; Body Measurement; Nigeria Region

PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THEIR DETERMINANTS AMONG THE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY

Climate change is expected to affect the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Machakos County due to their overdependence on rain-fed agriculture. Farmers perception of climate change and variability influences their understanding and management of climate change-induced risks and uncertainties, especially in rain-fed agriculture. The study was carried out to evaluate smallholder farmers awareness and perception of climate change and the factors influencing the perception of climate change in Machakos County. Data was collected from 400 farmers from six locations sampled through a multistage and simple random sampling procedure. The Heckman probit model was fitted to the data to avoid sample selection bias since not every farmer who may perceive climate change responds by adapting. The analysis revealed that 96% of smallholder farmers in Machakos County were aware of climate change, 87.3% perceived that temperature was rising, and 96.8% perceived that rainfall was decreasing. In this regard, the age of the household head, Gender, education, household size, group membership, distance to the nearest input sellers, distance to the closest market access to insurance, land size, off-farm income, access to information on climate change, access to extension services, access to credit, changes in temperature and rainfall were found to have a significant influence on the probability of farmers to perceive and/or adapt to climate change.

Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards among Agriculture Laborers: An Evidence-Based Study from Punjab, Pakistan

Laborers from the agriculture sector have often been victims rather than beneficiaries of the green revolution, technological development, and globalization trends that characterized the 20th century. In recent decades, the laborers working in the agriculture sector have been half of the world’s labor force, with an estimated number of 1.3 billion worldwide, and a majority of them found in developing countries. Adequate balance between agricultural growth and protection from occupational & environmental health hazards is very crucial for the future of the world’s food production and for the sustainability of the sector. The study was conducted in three divisions of Punjab, and primary data was collected through multistage simple random sampling techniques. The interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection. The results revealed that the occupational and environmental circumstances of the laborers were not conducive towards their health and well-being. The agricultural laborers have to face many health hazards, whereas the majority of the laborers were exploited only due to their illiteracy and ignorance about Government policies and laws related to them. A huge proportion of the participants reported chronic health, malnutrition, and socio-economic problems significantly associated with their working environment, amenities and available facilities.

Revealing the enhancement effect of social capital on the individual performance of core members in elderly caring organizations: A study from Anhui, China.

Aging is a challenge to global development. This challenge is particularly significant for China because it has the largest elderly population worldwide. The proportion of aging population continues to increase, and solely relying on government efforts to meet the needs of the elderly is inadequate. Hence, involvement of social organizations in elderly care services is needed. Their core members exhibit higher sense of responsibility and identification with the organization than regular members, thus profoundly affecting organizational development. Based on the Social Capital Theory, this study employed a multistage stratified random sampling method to examine the social capital stock of elderly social organizations and their core members across six cities in Anhui Province, China. Chi-square tests analyzed the relationship between the core members' demographic factors and individual performance. Independent-sample t-tests assessed the relationship between social capital and individual performance. Finally, binary logistic regression models determined the factors influencing the individual performance of core members. Social networks within core members' social capital and the internal social capital of elderly caring social organizations (ESOs) affect the individual performance of core members. Therefore, organizations should provide more training opportunities for core members to expand their networks. Cultivating a shared language and vision as components of social capital can enhance organizational cohesion and operational stability.

Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards among Agriculture Laborers: An Evidence-Based Study from Punjab, Pakistan

Laborers from the agriculture sector have often been victims rather than beneficiaries of the green revolution, technological development, and globalization trends that characterized the 20th century. In recent decades, the laborers working in the agriculture sector have been half of the world’s labor force, with an estimated number of 1.3 billion worldwide, and a majority of them found in developing countries. Adequate balance between agricultural growth and protection from occupational & environmental health hazards is very crucial for the future of the world’s food production and for the sustainability of the sector. The study was conducted in three divisions of Punjab, and primary data was collected through multistage simple random sampling techniques. The interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection. The results revealed that the occupational and environmental circumstances of the laborers were not conducive towards their health and well-being. The agricultural laborers have to face many health hazards, whereas the majority of the laborers were exploited only due to their illiteracy and ignorance about Government policies and laws related to them. A huge proportion of the participants reported chronic health, malnutrition, and socio-economic problems significantly associated with their working environment, amenities and available facilities.

Exploring the Effect of Six Sigma Practices on Quality Improvement of Higher Education: An Exploratory Study

Quality assurance at the higher education level is the most important impacting factor on society and the economy. Six Sigma are key initiative for improving the quality of education in higher education institutions. The objectives of the present study were to explore the application of Six Sigma practices at the university level and determine the relationship between Six Sigma practices and quality assurance at the university level. In the present study, a quantitative research approach was applied to carry out the study. Three sampling regions, Upper, Central, and Southern Punjab of Punjab province were selected to carry out the study. Two public sector universities from each geographic region were selected. In the next stage, four disciplines of above mention universities were selected. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to collect data. Data were analyzed by applying SPSS's latest version, structural equation modeling, and regression analysis to analyze the data. The study's findings contribute to understanding the multifaceted nature of QA in university teaching. The proposed model exhibits strong explanatory power, predictive relevance, and goodness of fit. This research underscores the importance of various factors in enhancing quality assurance and informing educational practices and policies.

Whether Teaching Learning Process and Students' Achievement are Related: An Exploration at Secondary School Level in District Peshawar

This descriptive research study aimed to explore how the Teaching Learning Process (TLP) affects students' academic performance at the secondary school level in Peshawar. The research included all secondary school teachers in District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Using the multi-stage random sampling procedure, a sample of 240 Secondary School teachers was selected for data collection as per Krejcie & Morgan's (1970) standardized table. The questionnaire's reliability was found to be within an acceptable to good range. The analysis was conducted using SPSS, utilizing various statistical methods, i.e., a one-sample t-test, Pearson Correlation, and simple regression, to test the hypothesis. The BISE Peshawar annual examination 2022 results were used to determine the student's achievement scores. The data analysis showed that most of the teachers agreed with this. It was revealed that the teaching-learning process and Students' achievement showed a significant positive linear association. Similarly, the regression analysis also showed that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between the teaching-learning process and students' achievement. Certain recommendations were provided based on the findings. Therefore, the research supports the notion that the Teaching Learning Process (TLP) plays a crucial role in enhancing student academic performance. It is also recommended that further studies investigate the impact of the Teaching Learning Process (TLP) across different educational levels.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AND FACULTY PERFORMANCE: TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP AS MEDIATOR

This research aimed to determine relationship amid incorporating conflict management strategies and the faculty performance of a higher education institution facilitated by the transactional leadership style as a mediator variable. A descriptive survey design was used. Sample of 200 instructors was obtained via multi-stage random sampling technique. In this regard, three instruments (Farooqi Organizational Conflict Management Strategy (FOCI), the faculty performance survey and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) were used in the study. Data were analyzed through AMOS. It was revealed that through implementing conflict management strategies in the institution, there is a direct impact on faculty performance. The results provide significant information in reaching the conclusion and making decision about research issues under consideration in the particular context. The research outcomes indicate that promoting the right conflict management and leadership behaviors in the higher learning faculty is dynamic for the higher performance of the individuals. There is a need for awareness about conflict-solving measures and encouraging constructive leadership.

Taste Preference for Salt Predicts Salt Intake in a Chinese Population.

This study describes the association between taste preference for salt and actual salt intake, thus guiding and refining personal and public health campaigns designed to lower salt intake in China. A cross-sectional survey of 1489 residents aged 18 to 69 years was conducted in 2017 in China. A multistage random sampling strategy was used, and a combination of questionnaires and physical and laboratory measurements were conducted to collect baseline characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) related to salt. A 24 h urine collection was obtained for sodium and potassium excretion analysis. Participants were divided into two groups, light taste preference and salty taste preference, according to their answer to the question "Compared to others, how do you think your taste preference is for salt?". The mean age of the 1489 participants was 46.26 years, 48.9% were males, over 1/3 (35.7%) were identified as hypertensive, and 317 (21.3%) self-reported a salty taste preference. The mean of 24 h urinary sodium excretion was 167.32 mmol/24 h, corresponding to 9.79 g salt/d intake, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na/K) was 4.90. The 24 h urinary sodium excretion of salty taste preference (177.06 mmol/24 h) was significantly higher than that of light taste preference (164.69 mmol/24 h). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the salty taste preference group had significantly higher 24 h urinary sodium (ORa(95%CI) = 1.004(1.002-1.006)), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), proportion of greasy food preference, and drinking levels, but lower potassium excretion, response levels to most KAB questions, and regular physical activity compared to the light taste preference group. Self-reported taste preference for salt predicted actual salt intake, which was verified by 24 h urinary sodium monitoring. Taste preference for salt could be used as a proxy for intake in terms of targeted salt intake, nutrition, and health education.

Headache prevalence and demographic associations in the Delhi and National Capital Region of India: estimates from a cross-sectional nationwide population-based study

BackgroundIndia is a large and populous country where reliable data on headache disorders are relatively scarce. This study in northern India (Delhi and National Capital Territory Region [NCR], including surrounding districts in the States of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan) continues the series of population-based studies within the Global Campaign against Headache and follows an earlier study, using the same protocol and questionnaire, in the southern State of Karnataka.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the Global Campaign’s established methodology. Biologically unrelated Indian nationals aged 18–65 years were included through multistage random sampling in both urban and rural areas of NCR. Interviews at unannounced household visits followed the structured Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire in its original English version or in the validated Hindi version. Demographic enquiry was followed by a neutral headache screening question and diagnostic questions based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders edition 3 (ICHD-3), which focused on each respondent’s most bothersome headache. Questions about headache yesterday (HY) enabled estimation of 1-day prevalence. A diagnostic algorithm first identified participants reporting headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+), diagnosing probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) in those also reporting acute medication use on ≥ 15 days/month, and “other H15+” in those not. To all others, the algorithm applied ICHD-3 criteria in the order definite migraine, definite tension-type headache (TTH), probable migraine, probable TTH. Definite and probable diagnoses were combined.ResultsAdjusted for age, gender and habitation, 1-year prevalences were 26.3% for migraine, 34.1% for TTH, 3.0% for pMOH and 4.5% for other H15+. Female preponderance was seen in all headache types except TTH: migraine 35.7% vs. 15.1% (aOR = 3.3; p < 0.001); pMOH 4.3% vs. 0.7% (aOR = 5.1; p < 0.001); other H15 + 5.9% vs. 2.3% (aOR = 2.5; p = 0.08). One-day prevalence of (any) headache was 12.0%, based on reported HY. One-day prevalence predicted from 1-year prevalence and mean recalled headache frequency over 3 months was slightly lower (10.5%).ConclusionsThe prevalences of migraine and TTH in Delhi and NCR substantially exceed global means. They closely match those in the Karnataka study: migraine 25.2%, TTH 35.1%. We argue that these estimates can reasonably be extrapolated to all India.

Vaccination intentions of hypertensive Chinese individuals during the COVID-19 epidemic: a structural equation modeling study

ObjectiveGiven the high prevalence of hypertension among Chinese adults, this population is at a significantly increased risk of severe COVID-19 complications. The purpose of this study is to assess the willingness of Chinese hypertensive adults to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and to identify the diverse factors that shape their vaccination decisions.MethodsSampling was conducted utilizing multistage stratified random sampling, and ultimately, a total of 886 adult hypertensive patients from Luzhou City in Southwest China were included in this study. The questionnaire design was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and was used to investigate their willingness to be vaccinated with COVID-19. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis.ResultsThe results showed that 75.6% of hypertensive individuals were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccination. The structural equation modeling revealed that Subjective Norms (path coefficient = 0.361, CR = 8.049, P < 0.001) and Attitudes (path coefficient = 0.253, CR = 4.447, P < 0.001) had positive effects on vaccination willingness, while Perceived Behavioral Control (path coefficient=-0.004, CR=-0.127, P = 0.899) had no significant impact on Behavioral Attitudes. Mediation analysis indicated that Knowledge (indirect path coefficient = 0.032, LLCI = 0.014, ULCI = 0.058), Risk Perception (indirect path coefficient = 0.077, LLCI = 0.038, ULCI = 0.124), and Subjective Norms (indirect path coefficient = 0.044, LLCI = 0.019, ULCI = 0.087) significantly influenced vaccination willingness through Attitudes as a mediating factor.ConclusionThe willingness of hypertensive individuals to receive the COVID-19 vaccination is not satisfactory. The Theory of Planned Behavior provides valuable insights into understanding their vaccination intentions. Efforts should be concentrated on enhancing the subjective norms, attitudes, and knowledge about vaccination of hypertensive patients.

From Spiritual Climate to Social Workers’ Job Performance: A Serial Mediation Model of Organisational Commitment and Work Engagement

Abstract The significance of the spiritual climate in enhancing job performance is acknowledged, yet there exists a notable lack of empirical understanding regarding mechanisms, particularly in the social work profession. This study aims to address this gap by examining the serial mediation effect of organisational commitment and work engagement in delineating the relationship between spiritual climate and job performance. A sample of 1,023 social workers from H City, China, was procured using a multistage cluster random sampling approach. The results of the serial mediation analyses show a direct positive effect of spiritual climate on job performance (b = 0.130, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and significant indirect effects through organisational commitment (b = 0.640, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and work engagement (b = 0.516, p &amp;lt; 0.001), underscoring the crucial roles these variables play in mediating spiritual climate’s influence on job performance. Findings reveal a sequential mediating pathway from organisational commitment to work engagement, operating between spiritual climate and job performance. This research clarifies the complex mechanisms linking spiritual climate and job performance, augmenting the limited empirical knowledge within the social work profession. Additionally, it offers practical implications for meeting social workers’ spiritual needs at work.

Factors Related to Hospital Inpatients among the Poor in Indonesia

Background: The poor are vulnerable when they fall seriously ill and require hospitalization. The study aimed to analyze the factors related to hospital inpatients among the poor in Indonesia. Methods: We analysed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data. This cross-sectional study examined 233778 respondents through stratification and multistage random sampling. We used seven independent variables age, gender, marital status, education, employment, and health insurance, in addition to the hospital inpatient, as a dependent variable. We employed binary logistic regression to evaluate the data. Results: The poor in urban areas were 1.315 times more likely to be hospital inpatients than those in rural areas (95%CI 1.249-1.385). Age, gender, and marital status were related to the hospital inpatients. The better the education level, the higher the hospital inpatient proportion. Meanwhile, the employed were 40% less likely than the unemployed to be hospital inpatients (95%CI 0.565-0.634). Furthermore, the insured were 3.513 times more likely than the uninsured to be hospital inpatients (95%CI 3.264-3.780). Conclusion: Seven variables were related to hospital inpatients among the poor in Indonesia: residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, and health insurance. Health insurance was the main factor associated with hospital inpatients among low-income people. The government must increase the subsidy quota for the poor's participation in National Health Insurance.

CRISIS MITIGATION MECHANISM AND TRAINING NEED OF SUGARCANE GROWERS- AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

A study was conducted to find out the Crisis Mitigation Mechanisms and Training needs of Sugarcane growers in Southern Karnataka during 2022-23. Mandya and Mysore district of Karnataka were selected purposively for the study. Mandya and Maddur blocks in Mandya district and Nanjanagud and Narasipura blocks in Mysore district were selected randomly. Eight villages, two from each block and 120 sugarcane growers, 15 from each village, with minimum five years of experience in sugarcane cultivation were selected as respondents randomly. Blocks, villages and respondents are selected through multistage simple random sampling. Data were collected with structured interview schedule through physical interview method. Statistical tools like frequency, percentage, SD, CV, RBQ, equidistant method was used for data analysis. Food grains, fuel storage followed by fodder storage and relocating to safer places are usually adopted as mitigation measures. They are less aware about various crisis mitigation mechanism to be taken at individual level like contingency crop planning, crop insurance etc. 50 per cent of the sugarcane growers belongs to medium crisis mitigation mechanism adoption category. It was found that they were in need of trainings on IPM, INM, organic farming, entrepreneurship and community disaster management. Training about individual approaches like contingency crop plannings, crop insurance and community approaches of disaster for crisis management to be provided. 43.33 per cent of the sugarcane growers were in high need of training for crisis management. Price crisis was the major crisis faced by farmers followed by labour and finance crisis. Provision of strict law from government to stop delayed payment by factories and maintaining uniform price for sugarcane farmers to be introduced.

Determinants of Electronic Smoking Behavior among Adolescents in Indonesia (Analysis of Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2019)

Background:E-cigarettes are a concerning issue since e-smoking has affected young people. This phenomenon will be influenced by how common e-cigarette use is among youth. Nevertheless, health experts have found that e-cigarettes have negative effects on health. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine factors connected with electronic smoking habits among adolescents in Indonesia. Methods:The 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey was used in this cross-sectional study employing a multistage cluster random sampling approach. A total of 7,758 samples were taken after selection based on inclusion criteria. Results:According to this study, 21% of adolescents had tried e-cigarettes. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that sex (POR: 5.834, 95% CI: 4.749—7.167), allowance (POR: 2.432, 95% CI: 1.874—3.157), obtaining e-cigarette information from friends, shopkeepers, and promotion events (POR: 2.422, 95% CI: 1.959—2.994), and knowledge and attitude (POR: 2.030, 95% CI: 1.683—2.449) were the most influential factors on electronic smoking habits among adolescents in Indonesia. Conclusion:The results indicated that sex, allowance, access to information on e-cigarettes, and the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents strongly influence the likelihood of trying e-cigarettes. Strict policies regarding the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents need to be enforced, especially in regulating advertising and pricing to make them less affordable for adolescents. Keywords:determinants, e-cigarette, smoking, behaviour, adolescent