Multipurpose Type Research Articles

Повышение точности моделирования трансформаторов напряжения

Transformers designed for operation at network frequencies (50 or 60 Hz) unavoidably transform also the voltages of higher harmonic components with frequencies up to 2 kHz. In modelling a voltage transformer (VT), a standard T-equivalent circuit with constant parameters at all frequencies is commonly used. This circuit contains a horizontal branch and a vertical branch. The horizontal branch parameters were taken equal for the primary and secondary windings. For an ideal VT, the horizontal branch resistances and inductances are equal to zero, and the vertical branch resistance and inductance are equal to infinity. The article analyzes the transformation ratio equal to the ratio of the effective voltage across the VT secondary winding to the effective voltage across its primary winding. The transformation ratio of an ideal VT is equal to the ratio of the numbers of turns in its secondary and primary windings. The transformation ratio error depends on the extent to which the VT parameters differ from the ideal values mentioned before. The necessary VT transformation accuracy depends on its application. Experimental investigations were carried out on a multipurpose Type OSM-1.0 UZ voltage transformer. Its parameters were determined in the frequency band from 50 Hz to 2 kHz according to the three voltmeter method using a 34401A voltmeter. To improve the modeling adequacy, the same parameters were determined by a Type E7-22 RLC meter at the frequencies equal to 120 and 1000 Hz. For both methods, the uncertainty of the VT parameter measurements and the actual discrepancy between the measured values obtained by both these methods were within 2%. To obtain generalized results, a normalized transformation ratio was introduced, the value of which for the ideal VT is equal to unity. The measured VT parameters were used to study the VT errors, as well as the errors of their assessments by means of three models: (i) the conventional one (involving four constant values of the parameters measured at the 50 Hz frequency), (ii) the reference one (involving the VT parameter values measured at all analyzed frequencies), and (iii) the new one (involving nine parameters measured at DC and at the 50 and 2000 Hz frequencies). The transformation ratio was calculated for all these models using the MicroCap and Wofram Mathematics computer programs in the no-load operation mode, during operation with the nominal active load of 50 Ω, and during operation with the nominal active load connected in parallel with a 10 µF capacitor. The frequency errors of the first and third models were determined with respect to the reference model and the 50 Hz frequency. It has been demonstrated from the simulation results that the proposed model yields the accuracy a factor of 1.5 to 3.6 better than the standard one.

Combined Effect of Comfort and Adverse Events on Contact Lens Performance

To report the performance of various contact lenses and lens care solution combinations based on the combined response of subjective comfort and adverse events (AEs). A retrospective analysis of 28 lens/solution combinations each tested on approximately 40 participants who wore their assigned combination on a daily wear basis and were followed for a 3-month period, with visits at baseline, 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months. Lenses included frequent replacement and daily disposables. Solutions included hydrogen peroxide and multipurpose types. Subjective comfort (scale of 1 to 10) and AEs were collected and reported as a group mean and percentage, respectively. The data were converted into a ratio between 0 and 1 to represent the relative performance within the combination series, with a higher ratio indicating better performance in both AE rates and comfort. The overall AE rate was 3.6 events per 100 participant-months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.7 to 4.7%). The rate was found to be lower in daily disposables compared with that in daily wear lenses (3.1 vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). The overall comfort on insertion rating was 8.3 (95% CI, 8.1 to 8.4), and comfort at end of day was 7.2 (95% CI, 7.0 to 7.4). Based on the 28 lens/solution combinations, there was no significant correlation between overall AE rates and comfort on insertion or at end of day (Pearson correlation, -0.34, p = 0.08; and Pearson correlation, -0.23, p = 0.25, respectively). Less than 18% of the combinations tested combined good comfort with low AE rates. Both subjective comfort responses and AE rates varied according to the combination of lens type and care system in use. The combinations with the best comfort ratings did not necessarily have a favorable AE rate. Practitioners can maximize behavior with respect to both these factors by choosing an appropriate care system for the lenses they prescribe.

Challenges in the Implementation of Management Control in Units of the Sphere of Public Finance in Poland

In connection with the amendment of the Public Finance Act requiring the unit of public finance sector in Poland to introduce management control, there is a need to develop their practical solutions. Often units obliged to implement the management control use the services of consulting firms. It should be noted, however, that developed solutions in units differ, although the ministry has set down standards for management control. It seems that the major source of this diversity is the heterogeneity of the implemented solutions of form of the management control concept in polish public finance sector units. This results in a multipurpose type of practical challenges, that units have to face for the implementation of that type of control.

Fermentation quality, digestibility and unhulled rice excretion of forage paddy rice silage prepared by different harvester types

Four Japanese Black cows were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square to examine digestibility, unhulled rice excretion and ruminal fermentation when fed forage paddy rice silage (FPRS) prepared using combine-type (CBS), flail-type (FLS), chopper-type (CPS) and multipurpose-type (MS) harvesters. FPRS samples were prepared at the yellow-ripeness stage and were treated with Lactobacillus plantarum except MS. These diets were fed to the cows for a digestion trial after they had been ensiled for 270 days. FLS and CPS exhibited lower pH and higher lactic acid content than CBS (P < 0.05). No treatment differences were found in digestibility, total digestible nutrients, digestible crude protein and nitrogen retention. The excretion of unhulled rice in feces was highest in the FLS treatment and lowest in the CBS treatment (P < 0.05). No differences were found in pH or volatile fatty acid concentrations in ruminal fluid. The ruminal ammonia-N at 0 and 4 h after feeding tended to be lower in the MS treatment than in the other treatments.

Diversification of breeding program to develop multipurpose sugarcane cultivars

Diversification is one way of sustenance of any crop. With this in mind, we initiated a selection program at Mitr Phol Sugarcane Research Centre, Thailand to develop sugarcane cultivars for value addition through improved fiber content. A set of 21 cultivars, selected on fibre, Brix, and yield was evaluated along with a standard commercial cultivar K 84–200 in a field trial (RCBD with three replications) during the period 2005 to 2007. Cane stalk samples collected from 7th month till harvest were analyzed for fibre content and Commercial Cane Sugar (CCS) to establish their maturity pattern. We observed significant differences for cane yield, CCS, purity, sugar yield, fibre content and fibre yield. Fibre content ranged from 13.5% to 19.3% with two cultivars outperforming K 84–200 by more than 25% for fibre content while 12 cultivars had additional fibre content of more than 1% compared to K 84–200. Seven cultivars were multipurpose types with superior fibre content, CCS, and yield. Cultivar MPT 99–582, which recorded cane yield of 102 t/ha, CCS 13.2 and fibre content 15.5% was better performing than K 84–200 by 8, 10, 12, 23 and 21% for fibre, CCS, cane yield, sugar yield and fibre yield, respectively. Based on their performance in terms of fibre, CCS, and yield, 11 cultivars were selected and planted in two ecological trials (six 10 meter rows with 4 replication in RCBD). The data from these two trials reconfirmed the multipurpose nature of the varieties with MPT 99–582 being superior. The studies indicated that we could select multipurpose cultivars with improved fibre content and sugar yield. These cultivars would increase the amount of bagasse produced in sugar mills leading to a higher quantity of bagasse available either for co-generation or production of particle boards.

Non-Linearity Tests with Digital Recorder used for Impulse Voltage Measurements

The forthcoming IEC 60060-1 mandatorily requires a curve fitting technique and FFT in determining impulse voltage waveform parameters. The digital recorder befitting to the technique is a multi-purpose type which is characterised by high sampling rate at the cost of vertical resolution. As a multi-purpose recorder, the linearity tests defined by IEC 61083-1 cannot be carried out by its manufacturer. It is users who have a responsibility of digital recorder's linearity. This is a clear contrast to the cases with a conventional exclusive recorder, whose linearity tests have indirectly been performed by the manufacturer. Authors completed a series of software packages which confirm if a given digital recorder fulfils linearity tests defined by IEC 61083-1. Four (two TDS5052, one TDS5052B and one TDS3052) multi-purpose digital recorders have been tested using the developed packages and it is confirmed that TDS3052, which has been used in the international comparative test, failed to satisfy the requirements in IEC 61083-1. The software developed by the initiative of Special Committee for Standardisation of High-Voltage Measurements is proposed to be distributed and used as Japan's standard.

A hybrid method for abstracting newspaper articles

This paper introduces a hybrid method for abstracting Chinese text. It integrates the statistical approach with language understanding. Some linguistics heuristics and segmentation are also incorporated into the abstracting process. The prototype system is of a multipurpose type catering for various users with different requirements. Initial responses show that the proposed method contributes much to the flexibility and accuracy of the automatic Chinese abstracting system. In practice, the present work provides a path to developing an intelligent Chinese system for automating the information.

Qualitative Characteristics of Recent Bakery Fat Spread

Qualitative characteristics of recent products for bakery fat spreads were studied by measuring various chemical and physical parameters of 16 brands (multipurpose type 3; spice containing type 1; sweetened type 7; sweetened milkfat blend type 5).1) The bakery fat spread contained lipid of 48.174.8% and protein of 0.27% or less, but salt was only slightly present or absent from all brands except one. Sugars including sucrose, glucose, fructose and others were present at about 20% in the sweetened products, which constitute majority of bakery fat spreads in Japan.2) Analytical results on fatty acid composition indicated the fats to contain hardened fish oil in all brands except two, hardened rapeseed oil with laurin oil in No. 5 and hardened vegetable oil in No. 4. The characteristics of Cruciferae seed oil, probably mustard origin, were found in No. 4, the spice containing type, while that of mikfat was confirmed in all brands of the sweetened milkfat blend type.Nickel was detected at only 0.06 ppm or less in all fat spreads and was somewhat more in brands containing natural materials, such as milk products and mustard.3) In bakery fat spreads, hardness increased in the order of the spice containing type<multipurpose type≤sweetened type<sweetened milkfat blend type, and depended essentially on the solid fat content of the separated oil, as has also been noted in bakery margarines previously reported. But, hardness appeared to also be influenced by other materials, such as sugars, stabilizers of emulsion and thickeners, Softer fat spreads shed their oil more easily, within the hardness index at about 120 or less. However, beyond this value, this feature was not apparent. Oil was shed with difficulty even at a hardness index exceeding 350.The creaming of sweetened fat spreads varied considerably and was closely correlated to the water-sorption index.

The Elusive Tree of Future Forestry

SYNOPSIS The subcontinent of Southern Africa has limited land available for forestry. Efforts should be made to utilise such land as efficiently as possible. Provenance trials and tree breeding are useful tools for improving the yields of forestry land. In selecting tree varieties from provenance trials and in tree breeding, attempts should be made to predict future needs and to plan accordingly, but because of the uncertainties of technology forecasting, the selection and breeding of trees for specialised purposes should be avoided. It is proposed that multipurpose type trees will best serve commercial forestry in future.

外科手術へのヤグレーザーの応用

The YAG laser equipment (Fujinon YAG laser coagulater, multi-purpose type), which is installed in the endoscopy room, has a quartz fiber extended 30 meters to the surgical theater, where the YAG laser was applied for surgical treatment with a surgical hand piece on the end of laser guide.1. The laser beam was successfully applied on wedge resection of the pancreas directly invaded by the gastric cancer with minimal bleeding.2. YAG laser was very effective in vaporization of small liver metastasis.3. Operation of hemorroids by YAG laser; After operation, there were no edema nor pain. The patient had good healing and very short hospitalization.4. The laser beam of 130,000 Joule was applied on the complete stricture due to the perirectal metastasis of the advanced gastric cancer through a proctoscope, and ileus was removed resulting in success of intake of meals without making artificial anus.5. Treatment of the decubitus; The diffused YAG laser beam of very low power played the role of debridment, sterilization and promotion of the healing in 4 cases of the decubital ulcers.

A DC Arc Source and Automatic Controller*

An effective source of direct current having any desired output up to 45 amperes at 150 volts is described, being characterized by small size, light weight, low cost, and negligible maintenance. While it has superseded all other d.c. sources, regardless of cost, in the Norton Company laboratories, it is particularly recommended where cost is an important consideration. It is also a useful auxiliary unit where highly refractory materials are analyzed regularly, since these materials are sometimes difficult to volatilize completely with the familiar multipurpose type of source. An automatic current controller is also described as a separate unit, and can be used to hold the current within ±0.5 ampere at any selected value between 5 and 15 amperes.