MPLS Research Articles

Teachers’ Code-Switching in Primary EFL Classroom: Is It Good or Bad?

This study investigates the characteristics of code-switching (CS) in a Chinese primary EFL classroom, focusing on frequency and types of teachers' CS, as well as teachers' and students' attitudes toward it. Data on CS characteristics were gathered from three English classes using recording pens. Attitudinal data were obtained from separate questionnaires for teachers and students. Qualitative data (which include characteristics) were analyzed using thematic coding, while quantitative data (which include attitudes) were processed using SPSS 27.0. Results indicate that Year 4 teachers engaged in CS more frequently. Three CS types were identified, with inter-sentential switching being the most frequent in classes, followed by tag switching and intrasentential switching. Both teachers and students shared a positive attitude towards CS used by teachers in class management, subject access, and relation building. In EFL classrooms, CS, particularly inter-sentential switching, should be used to support teachers in these aspects.

MPLS vs. IPsec VPN: Choosing the Right Network Architecture for Enterprise WAN

The rapid expansion of the global business has increased the demand for secure, resilient and optimized WANs. Enterprises had traditionally used Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies like Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) or Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPNs to link geographically separated data centers. Each of these technologies provides their own benefits, based on an organization’s requirement and a combination of performance, price and security needs. This paper will dive deep to provide a comparative analysis between MPLS and IPsec VPNs technologies and the enterprise WAN scenarios in which these VPNs could be deployed. The paper describes internet circuits, their drawbacks, the benefit of MPLS circuits, and how IPsec VPN can protect public internet circuits. Last but not least, the paper aims to provide network administrators with the necessary tools to choose an appropriate circuit for their organization by providing network architecture scenarios in which MPLS or IPsec VPN over internet circuits is the best choice. Keywords— Internet Circuits, MPLS, IPSec VPN, Tunnel, Budget, Reliability, Security.

Code Switching Found In Meats Theme Video Of Korea Reomit Youtube Channel

The importance of English in Indonesia has grown significantly in recent years. This widespread influence is obvious in various sector of Indonesia seciety, from business to education and media. Digital platforms like YouTube play a significant role in English language learning by exposing young Indonesians to English content and bilingual speakers who switch between Indonesian and English. Consequently, YouTube has become an effective tool for language learning, making English more accessible and engaging for Indonesian audiences. This study aims to analyze the types, functions and factors of code-switching used on the Korean YouTube channel Reomit. The research method involves descriptive qualitative analysis, with data collection centered on five videos from the Korea Reomit YouTube channel, focusing on themes related to meats, soupy foods, and snacks. The analysis reveals that the types of code-switching present on the Korea Reomit channel include inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag switching. The functions of code-switching identified in the study include discussing specific topics, emphasizing points, interjections, repetition for clarification, intention for clarification, and expressing group identity. The factors influencing code-switching are identified as participant, topic, status, and solidarity.

Analysis On Code-Switching Encountered in The Conversation of Daniel Mananta and His Guest Stars on “Daniel Tetangga Kamu” Video Youtube Channel

This study aims to describe the type of code-switching encountered in the conversation of Daniel Mananta and his guest stars on “Daniel Tetangga Kamu” video Youtube channel. This research covered three types of code-switching as a discussion for further linguistic study on code-switching. A descriptive qualitative method is used for this study to analyze the data collected from three videos out of the videos uploaded of Daniel Mananta in youtube. The method is applied to give a clear description of the data according to the three types of code-switching by Poplack. Then, the data were sorted out of the selected corpora from video transcription. The result of this analysis showed that there were types of code-switching found in this conversation, including inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, and tag switching. Type of code-switching which is intra-sentential was the most frequently encountered in corpora with 111 data.

Enhancing financial security in Fintech: Advanced network protocols for modern inter-bank infrastructure

As financial technology (fintech) continues to evolve, ensuring robust security within inter-bank infrastructure has become increasingly critical. This review paper explores advanced network protocols for safeguarding financial transactions and data against modern cyber threats. The study examines key protocols such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Segment Routing, and Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC), highlighting their roles in enhancing the performance and security of financial networks. It addresses current security challenges, including sophisticated cyber-attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities associated with cloud services and third-party vendors. Furthermore, the paper outlines the steps for integrating these advanced protocols into existing systems, provides best practices for optimal performance and security, and discusses emerging trends and future directions in financial network security. Recommendations for fintech companies and financial institutions are provided to help them navigate the evolving security landscape effectively. The paper concludes with potential areas for future research, emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation in network security to address emerging threats. Keywords: Financial Security, Advanced Network Protocols, MPLS, Segment Routing, IPSEC.

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING USED BY RICH BRIAN AND NIKI IN NAJWA SHIHAB’S APA ADANYA RICH BRIAN & NIKI YOUTUBE VIDEO

The objectives of this research were to find out the types and reasons of code mixing and switching used by Rich Brian and NIKI in Najwa Shihab’s Apa Adanya Rich Brian NIKI YouTube Video. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The utterances were analyzed and categorized into the framework developed by Hoffman who proposed types of code-switching and mixing. The results showed that intrasentential code switching appeared most often with a total of 46 times (42.9%). Meanwhile the rest were intrasentential mixing 34 times (31.7%), intrasentential switching 22 times (20.1%), intralexical mixing 4 times (3.7%), and the lowest frequency is tag switching 1 time (0.9%). The researcher found that there were only six reasons. Those were intention of clarifying the speech for interlocutor 66 times (61.6%), talking about a particular topic 29 times (27.1%), expressing group identity 4 times (3.7%), interjection and repetition used for clarification 3 times (2.8%), and last being emphatic about something 2 times (1.8%). The findings demonstrate that Rich Brian and NIKI purposefully mix and switch their language to make sure that the message is as clear as possible to the interlocuter.

Code-Switching found in Nessie Judge’s Instagram Captions

The main goal of this research is to identify the types and to analyze the reasons of code-switching found in Nessie Judge's Instagram captions. This study focuses on the captions where both of Indonesian and English languages are alternated. The study employs both descriptive and qualitative approach. The analysis draws upon Poplack's theory (1980) to classify the types of code-switching present in the data, while Hoffman's theory (1991) is employed to examine the underlying reasons behind these language switch. Both formal and informal method employed in presenting the findings. The analysis reveals 18 data of inter-sentential Code-switching, 13 data of intra-sentential Code-switching, and 7 data of tag switching. The reasons for these Code-switching occurrences are diverse: talking about particular topic 37% of the instances, quoting someone's words 10%, expressing feeling about something accounts for 21%, interjections makes up 21%, repetition used for clarification constitutes 8% and expressing group identity represents 3%.

An Analysis of Using Code Switching by the Students in Learning English as a Foreign Language at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya

This research aims to describe the types of code switching that occur in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya in four meetings. This type of research is descriptive-qualitative research. The subjects of this research were the eleventh-grade students. The object of this research is a speech on the use of code switching, which includes the types of code switching in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya. The results of the research show that there are 8 types of code switching in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya. Furthermore, all data is divided into 3 types of code switching: (1) intra-sentential switching occurred in 1 data (12,5%), (2) inter-sentential switching occurred in 3 data (37,5%), and (3) tag switching occurred in 4 data (50%). So, the most dominant type of code switching is tag switching.

Exploring Harith Iskander's Stand-Up Comedy Acts: An Analysis of Code-Switching Types through the Framework of Poplack's Theory

Code-switching can take different forms, such as intra-sentential (within the same sentence), inter-sentential (between different sentences) or extra-sentential (across sentences) switches. Delivering the intended meaning requires adherence to grammatical and linguistic standards. In this instance, the issue or outcome of misinterpreting a joke will lead to a failed attempt at humour. Therefore, this study is conducted to categorise the many forms of code-switching that are employed in sentences using Poplack's theory (1980). This study employed a basic interpretive qualitative methodology in three performances by Harith Iskander. The findings demonstrate that Harith Iskander regularly used both intra- and inter-sentential code-switching when telling his jokes. However, extra-sentential code-switching or tag switching was rarely used in his performances. To conclude, three categories of code-switching proposed by Poplack were found in Harith Iskander’s performances. For the recommendation, future researchers may employ primary data for in-depth analysis opportunities and to authentically determine the accurate frequency of code switching used in stand-up comedy performances.

CODE SWITCHING USED BY CINTA LAURA AND MAUDY AYUNDA ON YOUTUBE CHANNEL

Nowadays, in the bilingual community using two languages in the communication process is often happens and that is called code switching. This study concerned code switching in Cinta laura and Maudy Ayunda’s utterances on Cinta Laura YouTube Channel. The aims of this study is to identify the types of code switching of Cinta Laura and Maudy Ayunda utterances and also the meaning of utterances by Cinta Laura and Maudy Ayunda regarding the types of code switching. A descriptive qualitative method is used for this study to analyzing the data collected from one content video containing code switching. The data were collected by observation method through watching, trancribing, note taking and also classifying the utterances. The results of the analysis shows that found 147 data with Intra-Sentential Switching 76 (52%), Inter-Sentential Switching 62 (42%), and Tag Switching 9 (6%). The dominant type of code switching used by Cinta Laura and Maudy Ayunda on YouTube Channel is Intra-Sentential Switching.

Investigating Billingual Education as A Language Framework and Its Application for Successful Social Engagement

Objective: The research reveals the impact of the course on English and English for mathematics conversations, highlighting improvements and identifying challenges in expressing mathematical ideas. Overall, it aims to analyze code-switching types and reasons in the English for Mathematics course context. Method: This qualitative case study explores code-switching in English for Mathematics courses, unveiling the nuanced types employed by lecturers and students during classroom interactions. From tag-switching to intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching, the classroom becomes a dynamic linguistic canvas. The study investigates motivations behind this interplay, including internal factors like language proficiency and fear of linguistic missteps, and external influences like participant dynamics and contextual nuances. Research Findings and Discussions: Although this course is due in English, the use of the Indonesian language also happens for both lecturers and students. The occurrences of code-switching itself are on the type of tag switching, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. Internal and external factors influence code-switching in classroom interactions. Internal factors, such as language ability and preferences, impact students' comfort with using specific languages. External factors, including participants, context, and lesson topics, also shape code-switching occurrences in educational settings. Research Implications: The research implied to improve students' English proficiency in mathematics, emphasizing understanding mathematical terms and delivering presentations in English. By implementing the code switching. Originality/Value: This research offers lecturers and students point of views related to the types of code switching used by both of them in the process of teaching and learning as well as it is also reasons for using code switching where it contributes for both of them to understand and master the English for Mathematics Course. Then, this exploration offers insights into the symbiotic relationship between language and subject matter within the English for Mathematics classroom, revealing the vibrant tapestry of this linguistic and educational dynamic.

Analysis of Code Switching on Cinta Laura Kiehl in Iwil Network Youtube Channel Video

The study, "An Analysis of Code Switching on Cinta Laura Kiehl in Iwil Network YouTube Channel Video," focused on two main issues: types and reasons for code switching. Utilizing Poplack's (1980) and Grosjean's (1981) theories, it employed a qualitative approach. Data collection involved downloading the video, watching the podcast, reading the script, and identifying instances of code switching. A total of 144 instances were found, categorized into 21 Tag Switching, 91 Inter-Sentential, and 32 Intra-Sentential occurrences. Reasons for code switching included Fill a Linguistics Need for Lexical Item, Set Phrase, Discourse Maker, or Sentence Filler (72 instances), Continued The Last Language Used (52 instances), and others such as Quoting Someone (1 instance), Specify Address (3 instances), and Conveying Confidentiality, Anger, and Annoyance (4 instances). These findings contribute to understanding the intricacies of code switching in the context of Cinta Laura Kiehl's videos on the Iwil Network YouTube channel.

An Analysis of Code Switching Found in Novel “The Paragon Plan”

Bilingualism is native-like control of two languages. Has even suggested that Bilingualism commences when a person begins to understand utterances in a second language. Code-switching frequently occurs if the speakers can speak more than one language and use the languages simultaneously in the same context. This means the speakers intend to keep the utterance's meaning the same when emphasizing the purpose. In this research, the data was collected by using the observation method. The data of this study were taken from The Paragon Plan novel by Aranindy. The data was analyzed based on a theory proposed by Poplack (1980) to find out and categorize the types of code-switching. Meanwhile, the reasons for code-switching were analyzed by using the theory by Hoffman (1991). In analyzing the data, descriptive and qualitative methods were used. The types of inter-sentential switching are the most dominant in the novel The Paragon Plan with 30 data or 44.8%, followed by inter-sentential switching with a total of 24 data or 35.8%, and followed by tag switching amounted to 13 data or 19.4% of 67 data. Concerning the seven reasons for code switching, the findings indicate that only two were identified in the novel “The Paragon Plan”. Talking about particular topic is the most dominant reasons of code switching. Ultimately, code-switching in a novel can serve various narratives, character-building, and stylistic purposes. It enriches the story's linguistic and cultural landscape, making it more engaging and relatable for readers.

Analysis Of Code Switching On Sunny Dahye Instagram Account

<p>This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data in this study are the captions and comments of Sunny Dahye Instagram account. Technique of collecting data is documentation which is online Instagram. Technique of analyzing data is reducing data, displaying data and conclusion. To validate the data, the researchers used the triangulation data based on source, method, researcher and theory.</p><p>The research findings show that the types of code switching found on Sunny Dahye Instagram account are inter sentential switching with 72 utterances, intra sentential switching with 24 utterances, and tag switching / emblemtic switching with 4 utterances, The dominant types of code switching is inter sentential switching by the reasons of talking about particular topic with 18 utterances, interjection with 5 utterances, expressing group identity with 10 utterances, being emphatic about something with 8 utterances, repetition used for clarification with 12 utterances, to soften and strengthen request or command with 42 utterances, real lexical need with 5 utterances. Based on the finding, it can be drawn that Sunny Dahye Instagram account do not use quoting somebody else and to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only limited audience in her captions and comments.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong>Code Switching, Types and Reasons of Code Switching, Sunny Dahye, Caption, Comment.</p>

Urdu-English Code-Switching in Pakistani English

This paper defines Urdu-English code switching, focusing on its classifications and on how its influence on Pakistani English has shaped the nation’s language identity. It highlights the manner in which code switching has left a mark on the communication dynamics of Pakistan. This is a qualitative form of research, more specifically, a textual analysis of the data that already exists in the realm of Pakistani English. Through it, attention has been brought to the different types of code switching that exist in language which include inter-sentential, intra-sentential and tag switching whose deeper analysis provides the reader with a better understanding of the English spoken in Pakistan. It also takes a look at the various types of Urdu phrases (noun and adjective phrases), tags and clauses utilised in Pakistani English, making communication easier and reflecting the cultural, social and linguistic aspects of Pakistani society.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Practised By K-POP Idols Diaspora

The research discussed K-pop idols as ambassadors for brands, contributing to the global popularity of K-pop as a cultural phenomenon. Given their strong influence and popularity, it was fascinating to discern how K-Pop idols' diaspora communicates with each other. By using the descriptive-qualitative approach with the interpretive-explorative pattern, the research was intended to examine the practice of code-switching and code-mixing by K-pop idols' diaspora during their interaction, to enumerate the code-switching and code-mixing instances, as well as to study the reasons/motivations behind the use of using code-switching and code-mixing. The result of the data analysis confirmed that, like other bilinguals, K-Pop idol's diaspora utilize code switching and code mixing during their interaction for various underlying reasons. It is found that there are 19 inter-sentential switchings, 18 intra-sentential switching, four tag switching, 11 insertion code-mixing, four alternation code-mixing, and six congruent lexicalizations with different reasons or motivations. The research concluded that it is almost inevitable for bilinguals and multilinguals to practice code- switching and code-mixing to navigate language selection during their interaction.

Code-Switching Analysis in EFL Classroom Interaction: A Sociolinguistic Study

This research aims to analyze the types and the functions of code-switchingin EFL Classroom Interaction by teacher and students. The type of this research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The instruments which are used are observation, interview, and documentation. The observation is conducted 3 times while interview was done to English teacher and some students to know the use of code switching in EFL classroom. The result shows that code switching is mostly used especially in explaining material to students based on Poplack theory. Three types of code switching which was used by the teacher: tag switching occurred 5 times in 3 meetings, intrasentential code-switching occored 33 times in 3 meetings, and interrsentential code-switching occurred 22 times in 3 meetings. Meanwhile, Based on Sert, there are the three functions of teachers’ code-switching accomplished. They were topic switch occurred 37 times in 3 meetings, affective function occurred 16 times in 3 meeting), and repetitive function occurred 16 times in 3 meetings. Besides, there are two functions of students’ code-switching accomplished. These functions are equivalence appeared 3 times in 3 meetings and reiteration appeared 1 time in three meetings. In conclusion, the type of code switching that is most often done by teachers is intersential switching, which occurs in one sentence, when the speaker says a complete sentence in one language into another language. Meanwhile, the code switching function that is most often used by teachers is topic switch, namely the teacher does code switching when explaining material to students, while the code switching function that is most often used by students is equivalence, namely repeating to avoid mistakes.

Code-switching in students’ group discussions in EFL classroom at a university level

Code-switching is an activity when a person switches their language in a speech. Some research have been conducted in the field of code switching, however, very little was done in looking both the types and the reasons of doing it in the group discussion context. This research focuses on exploring the types of code-switching used by the students in EFL classroom during group discussion and the reasons why the students used code-switching during group discussion in EFL classroom. The methodology used in this research was a descriptive qualitative. There were three participants in this research, two females and one male aged 21 to 24-year-old which was done in a private university of Yogyakarta. In collecting the data, the researcher used interview and follow-up questions. And the finding of this research found that there were three types of code-switching used by the EFL student, the first one is tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and the last one is intra-sentential switching. Furthermore there were three reasons why the participants used code-switching. The first one is feeling comfortable in using their mother tongue, lacking the target language proficiency, and the last one is holding the floor.

Tel-MPLS: a new method for maximizing the utilization of IP telephony over MPLS networks

Currently, the multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) standard is extremely prevalent. By exploiting the features provided by MPLS technology, a range of services, including IP telephony, have enhanced their overall performance. However, due to the size of the packet header, the IP telephony service consumes a significant portion of the MPLS network's available bandwidth. For instance, in IP telephony over MPLS networks, the packet header might account for as much as 80% of lost time and bandwidth. Designers working on IP telephony are making substantial efforts to address this issue. This study contributes to current efforts by proposing a novel approach called Tel-MPLS, which involves IP telephony over MPLS. TelMPLS approach uses the superfluous fields in the IP telephony packet's header to retain the packet data, therefore lowering or zeroing the IP telephony packet's payload. Tel-MPLS is an approach that significantly reduces the bandwidth of IP telephony MPLS networks. According to the findings, the Tel-MPLS approach is capable of reducing the amount of bandwidth that is lost by 12% when using the G.729 codec.

Radar-Enabled Ambient Backscatter Communications

In this work, we exploit the radar clutter (i.e., the ensemble of echoes generated by the terrain and/or the surrounding objects in response to the signal emitted by a radar transmitter) as a carrier signal to enable an ambient backscatter communication from a source (tag) to a destination (reader). The proposed idea relies on the fact that, since the radar excitation is periodic, the radar clutter is itself periodic over time scales shorter than the coherence time of the environment. Upon deriving a convenient signal model, we propose two encoding/decoding schemes that do not require any coordination with the radar transmitter or knowledge of the radar waveform. Different tradeoffs in terms of transmission rate and error probability can be obtained upon changing the control signal driving the tag switch or the adopted encoding rule; also, multiple tags can be accommodated with either a sourced or an unsourced multiple access strategy. Some illustrative examples are provided.