Multiple Usages Research Articles

Rare Earth Elements: A Global Scenario and Understanding of Their Impacts, Challenges, and Recycling Processes in Bangladesh through Global Literature

Over the last decade, rare earth elements (REEs) have gained international attention due to their multiple usages. Because of their unique properties, the elements play a vital role in electronics, defense, aerospace, transportation, agriculture, and communications technology. They are also critical to the high technology and low carbon economy. These applications drive demand for rare earth products and promote the steady development of the rare earth industry. In this paper, we have reviewed the current scenario, applications, challenges, and impacts of REEs from a global perspective. It is seen that China leads in the production of REEs worldwide. Globally, REE production is associated with a range of environmental issues, including mining-related pollution, the generation of radioactive waste, water scarcity, soil contamination, and deforestation, all of which impact both humans and animals. Drawing from global literature, we discussed a comparative scenario of REEs in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the rising population has led to increased REE demand, and we utilized secondary sources to deduce REE impacts. We overviewed aspects such as 100% electricity coverage, import opportunities from the other countries, and government initiatives, all contributing to the growing REE demand and e-waste generation in Bangladesh. Currently, there is no recycling process available. Subsequently, we highlighted the situation in Bangladesh regarding REE management, presented suggestions for recycling based on recent global literature, and provided recommendations for the future.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Modified Sol-Gel Method.

Semiconductor oxides are frequently used as active photocatalysts for the degradation of organic agents in water polluted by domestic industry. In this study, sol-gel ZnO thin films with a grain size in the range of 7.5-15.7 nm were prepared by applying a novel two-step drying procedure involving hot air treatment at 90-95 °C followed by conventional furnace drying at 140 °C. For comparison, layers were made by standard furnace drying. The effect of hot air treatment on the film surface morphology, transparency, and photocatalytic behavior during the degradation of Malachite Green azo dye in water under ultraviolet or visible light illumination is explored. The films treated with hot air demonstrate significantly better photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet irradiation than the furnace-dried films, which is comparable with the activity of unmodified ZnO nanocrystal powders. The achieved percentage of degradation is 78-82% under ultraviolet illumination and 85-90% under visible light illumination. Multiple usages of the hot air-treated films (up to six photocatalytic cycles) are demonstrated, indicating improved photo-corrosion resistance. The observed high photocatalytic activity and good photo-corrosion stability are related to the hot air treatment, which causes a reduction of oxygen vacancies and other defects and the formation of interstitial oxygen and/or zinc vacancies in the films.

A review of applications of deployable structure

Simple and reliable deployable structures already play a role in every aspect of our daily lives, from shopping bags and baby carriages to large buildings such as balconies and stadium roofs. In recent decades, people have been more interested in the various applications of deployable structures, for example, aerospace engineering. This paper reviews some examples in the field of deployable structures, including from the basic elements to more complex ensembles such as planar double-chain linkages and deployable antennas. Due to its properties including lower cost, smaller volume, and multiple usages, deployable structures have been extensively applied to the design and manufacture of satellites and other devices for space activities. Sizeable space antennas, as a key technology currently developed for space probes, are reviewed in this paper by using formulas to explain their functions and highlight abilities. The system of paraboloid cable net is also reviewed due to some benefits. We have discussed and summarized some challenges in applying deployable structures, along with strategies for potential solutions.

Lexical Semantic Change through Large Language Models: a Survey

Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) is the task of identifying, interpreting, and assessing the possible change over time in the meanings of a target word. Traditionally, LSC has been addressed by linguists and social scientists through manual and time-consuming analyses, which have thus been limited in terms of the volume, genres, and time-frame that can be considered. In recent years, computational approaches based on Natural Language Processing have gained increasing attention to automate LSC as much as possible. Significant advancements have been made by relying on Large Language Models (LLMs), which can handle the multiple usages of the words and better capture the related semantic change. In this article, we survey the approaches based on LLMs for LSC and we propose a classification framework characterized by three dimensions: meaning representation , time-awareness , and learning modality . The framework is exploited to i) review the measures for change assessment, ii) compare the approaches on performance, and iii) discuss the current issues in terms of scalability, interpretability, and robustness. Open challenges and future research directions about the use of LLMs for LSC are finally outlined.

Rethinking Turanism beyond Expansionism

The mainstream literature on Turanism defines the term as an essentially expansionist and irredentist movement that aims at unifying all Turkic populations. This article challenges this presupposition, arguing that the Turanist imagination has multiple usages. A considerable number of Turkish nationalist intellectuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in fact, approached it as a modern political concept within the confines of solidarity and sovereignty. They regarded the general idea of nationalism as a universal concept to which everyone could make an equal claim, including non-Turks in the Ottoman Empire. This translates to mean that Turanism is not necessarily territorial expansionism, nor must it go hand in hand with racist/expansionist claims. Neither should it be understood as the hegemony of Turkey's Turks over other Turks. It rather strives for a Turkist internationalism in which Turks negotiate with each other to maximize their sovereign interests. Seen in that light, Turanism is not a mystical idea, and it refers to modern practical/political concepts such as independence, territorial integrity, national sovereignty, and self-determination.

Integrating reverse osmosis to a conventional river water treatment plant as a strategy to produce drinking water after mining dam rupture events: a case study

ABSTRACT Incidents of mining dam failure have compromised the water quality, threatening the water supply. Different strategies are sought to restore the impacted area and to guarantee the water supply. One example is water treatment plants that treat high-polluted waters within the required limits for their multiple usages. The current study assesses the integration of reverse osmosis (RO) to a river water treatment plant (RWTP) installed in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil) to treat the water from the Ferro-Carvão stream impacted by the B1 dam rupture in 2019. The RWTP started eleven months after the mining dam rupture and is equipped with eight coagulation-flocculation tanks followed by eight pressurised filters. A pilot RO plant was installed to polish the water treated by the RWTP. Water samples were collected at different points of the water treatment plant and were characterised by their physical, chemical, and biological parameters (160 in total). The results were compared with the historical data (1997–2022) to reveal the alterations in the water quality after the rupture event. The compliance with both parameters was only achieved after the RO treatment, which acted as an additional barrier to 30 contaminants. The water quality indexes (WQI) suggested that the raw surface water, even eleven months after the incident, was unfit for consumption (WQI: 133.9) whereas the reverse osmosis permeate was ranked as excellent in the rating grid (WQI: 23.7).

A Sociolinguistics Perspective of Interrogative Forms in English, Standard Arabic and Jordanian Dialects

This paper aims to investigate some forms of interrogatives in Standard Arabic (SA), two Jordanian Arabic dialects (JAD): urban Jordanian Arabic (UJA) and rural Jordanian Arabic (RJA), and their impact on the Jordanian people's use of English Interrogative forms. It also examines how SA, and the two JAD are similar and different based on their forms and uses of interrogatives. Further, this study analyzes how each interrogative form is used in different classifications and contexts. The descriptive approach is used to describe the impact of SA, UJA and RJA on the use of English interrogative forms in social contexts. The study concludes that JADs share some interrogative forms and that some of them hold multiple meanings or usages. It also confirms that SA and its Jordanian dialects, UJA and RJA, to some extent, impact the Jordanian people's use of English interrogative forms.

Efficient photo-assisted degradation of wastewater dyes using CdS nanoparticles confined in porous G-C3N4/SiO2 composites

Porous g-C3N4/SiO2 (CNS) nanocomposite was prepared using nanosized colloidal SiO2 by a sol/gel/condensation technique from thiourea and tetraethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS). The fabricated sample was confined with different amounts of CdS nanoparticles (NPs) through precipitation route. various characterization techniques were used to determine the structural, morphological, optical, and textural properties of the investigated photocatalysts. The band gap energies and the potential positions of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) levels in the nanocomposite were determined. We have also explored the different degradation behaviors of the studied photocatalysts toward Rhodamine B (Rh.B) and Remazol Brilliant blue R (Re.B) under solar light irradiation. Amongst all the utilized photocatalysts, 8CNS demonstrated the best photocatalytic performance with degradation rate constants of 0.069 min−1 and 0.022 min−1 for Rh.B and Re.B, respectively. These values are found to be higher than the corresponding rates obtained at g-C3N4 and CdS. The higher degradation efficiency and photostability of CdS/CNS nanocomposites can be attributed to the presence of SiO2 and the synergetic effect of CdS which led to improving both their surface area and charge separation efficiency. Our investigated photocatalyst were found to retain their degradation efficiency after multiple usages demonstrating their sustainability. Based on the potential positions of the reactive species and trapping studies, the photocatalytic degradation mechanism has thus been proposed using superoxide radicals (.O2–) and photoinduced holes (h+) as the main reactive species participate in the degradation process. Our findings should pave novel routes for the elimination of the environmentally toxic dyes using affordable photocatalysts.

Acmella oleracea extracts as green pesticides against eight arthropods attacking stored products

Developing sustainable control tools for managing noxious pests attacking stored foodstuffs is a timely research challenge. Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen is a crop widely cultivated for its multiple usages on an industrial level. In this study, the extracts prepared with A. oleracea aerial parts were applied on wheat kernels for the management of eight important arthropod pests attacking stored products, i.e., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tenebrio molitor, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Trogoderma granarium, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Alphitobius diaperinus (adults/larvae), and Acarus siro (adults/nymphs). Extraction of A. oleracea was optimized on the base of the yield and content of spilanthol and other N-alkylamides which were analysed by HPLC–DAD-MS. Two concentrations of n-hexane or methanol extracts (500 ppm and 1000 ppm), obtained through Soxhlet extraction, were tested to acquire mortality data on the above-mentioned pests after 4, 8, and 16 h and 1 to 7 days of exposure. Both extracts achieved complete mortality (100.0%) of C. ferrugineus adults. In the case of A. diaperinus adults, mortalities were very low at any concentrations of both extracts. In general, the n-hexane extract was more efficient than methanol extract against almost all species and stages. Considering both extracts, the susceptibility order, from most to least susceptible species/stage, was C. ferrugineus adults > A. diaperinus larvae > C. ferrugineus larvae > T. granarium adults > T. molitor larvae > O. surinamensis adults > O. surinamensis larvae > T. confusum larvae > T. castaneum larvae > A. siro adults > T. molitor adults > A. siro nymphs > T. granarium larvae > T. castaneum adults > T. confusum adults > A. diaperinus adults. Our research provides useful knowledge on the efficacy of N-alkylamides-rich A. oleracea extracts as grain protectants, pointing out the importance of targeting the most susceptible species/ developmental stages.

Factors and Design Features Influencing the Continued Use of Wearable Devices.

The initial healthy uptake of wearable devices is not necessarily accompanied by sustained or continued use. Accordingly, this study investigates the factors influencing the continuous use of wearable devices with a particular emphasis on design features. We complemented the expectation-confirmation model (ECM) theoretical foundation with various design features such as trust, readability, dialogue support, personalization, device battery, appeal, and social support. The study employs a simultaneous mixed method research design denoted as QUANT + qual. The quantitative analysis leverages partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using survey data collected from wearable device users. The qualitative analysis complements the quantitative focus of the research by providing insights into the results obtained from the quantitative analysis. We found that subjects tend to use wearables daily (60%) or several times a week (33%), and 91% plan to use them even more. Subjects indicated multiple usages for wearables. Most subjects were using wearables for healthcare and wellness (61%) or sports and fitness (54%) and had smartwatches wearable type (74%). The model explains 24.1% (p < 0.01) of the variance of continued intention to use. As a theoretical contribution, the findings support using the ECM as a theoretical foundation for explaining the continued use of wearables. Partial least squares (PLS) and qualitative data analysis highlight the relative importance that wearable users place on perceived usefulness. Most notable are tracking functions and design features such as device battery, integration with other apps/devices, dialogue support, and appeal.

Endo/exothermic chemical processes influences of tri-hybridity nanofluids flowing over wedge with convective boundary constraints and activation energy

Prandtl Eyring fluid and stretchable wedge have multiple usages in many industries. The present study aims to investigate the impact of modified Buongiorno trihybrid nanofluid on Prandtl Eyring fluid past a wedge with the addition of various influences like endothermic/exothermic reactions, thermal radiation, and thermal conductivity, Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion. Aluminium alloys (AA7072), Aluminium alloys (AA7075) and Silver (Ag) are used as nanocomponents. Prandtl Eyring fluid is employed as a conventional liquid in the preparation of nanofluids by blending nano components into the base fluid. Further, the flow model is imposed with Modified Buongiorno nanofluid. By using the similarity approach, the proposed mathematical flow model of partial differential equations (PDEs) is turned into highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Throughout the whole range of material parameters, the solution for the ensuing nonlinear boundary value issue is given by employing the finite element method (FEM). The numerical results of Prandtl Eyring ternary HNF motion, thermal and solute profiles are performed through graphical amassment on the collected data and discussed in detail. The numerical significances of material sections, such as the frictional force, local Nusselt quantity, and local Sherwood number requirements, are supplied in tabular form. Further, it also presents the validation and performance characteristics of the proposed device with previously published work and found excellent accuracy. In comparison to hybrid nanoparticles, the consequences reveal that heat transmission is amplified in the case of tri-hybrid nanoparticles. The numerical consequences show that the heat transfer amount reduces in the situation of exothermic reactions parameter Ω<1 and rises due to magnification in the status of endothermic reactions parameter Ω>1.

Synergistic Action of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Culture Supernatant of Bacillus amyloliquefacience against the Soft Rot Pathogen Dickeya dadantii.

Nanomaterials are increasingly being used for crop growth, especially as a new paradigm for plant disease management. Among the other nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) draw a great deal of attention because of their unique features and multiple usages. Rapid expansion in nanotechnology and utilization of AgNPs in a large range of areas resulted in the substantial release of these nanoparticles into the soil and water environment, causing concern for the safety of ecosystems and phytosanitary. In an attempt to find an effective control measure for sweet potato soft rot disease, the pathogen Dickeya dadantii was exposed to AgNPs, the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alone, and both in combination. AgNPs were synthesized using CFCS of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain A3. The green synthesized AgNPs exhibited a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 410-420 nm. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy determined the nanocrystalline nature and 20-100 nm diameters of AgNPs. Release of metal Ag+ ion from biosynthesized AgNPs increases with time. AgNPs and CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens alone exhibited antibacterial activity against the growth, biofilm formation, swimming motility, and virulence of strain A3. The antibacterial activities elevated with the elevation in AgNPs and CFCS concentration. Similar antibacterial activities against D. dadantii were obtained with AgNPs at 50 µg·mL-1, 50% CFCS alone, and the combination of AgNPs at 12 µg·mL-1 and 12% CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens. In planta experiments indicated that all the treatments reduced D. dadantii infection and increased plant growth. These findings suggest that AgNPs along with CFCS of B. amyloliquefaciens can be applied to minimize this bacterial disease by controlling pathogen-contaminated sweet potato tuber with minimum Ag nano-pollutant in the environment.

Analysis of Multiple Usages of Protaper Rotary Instruments before Initial Signs of Failure: An In-vitro Study

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the number of canals safely enlarged with Protaper instruments before the instrument showed initial signs of failure.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 100 human molar teeth with canal curvature &lt; 200 were included in the study. Group 1(PTU SX files) (n=50): Instrumentation was done with Pro taper Universal files, Group 2 (PTG SX files) (n=50): Instrumentation was done with Pro taper gold rotary files. The total number of root canals considered for instrumentation in each group was 150. After the access opening of all teeth, canal patency was checked and the SX files of PTU were instrumented in 50 teeth, and the SX files of PTG were instrumented in another 50 teeth. The SX files were checked for any signs of failure after each use under the Dental operating microscope. The number of canals enlarged before showing the signs of failure was noted.&#x0D; Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with the independent t-test.&#x0D; Results: The difference was statistically significant with a p value of 0.006 in the number of canals enlarged by PTU SX files and PTG SX files without showing any signs of failure. The mean number of canals enlarged using PTG SX files was 10 ± 1.054 compared to PTU SX files (8.6 ± 0.966).&#x0D; Conclusions: PTG SX files were used in more canals than PTU SX files, before showing initial signs of failure thereby showing the more efficiency of gold files.

A Cognitive Linguistic Study of the Present Simple: An Experimental Study in the University of Baghdad

Some research reports that cognitive grammar (CG) theory has good contributions to teaching English as a foreign language. In this research, the researchers seek to apply this theory and its principles when teaching the simple present tense to Iraqi students who face difficulties in differentiating between the multiple usages of this tense. To achieve this objective, the researchers have conducted an experimental study on a group of 60 Iraqi students in the University of Baghdad, College of Education for Women. Langacker’s (2003) theory has been adopted in the analysis of the cognitive relations to understand the common and different connections of these usages of the simple present. The study has concluded that the cognitive grammar theory contributed to improving the participants' capacity in comprehending, using the present simple, and in correcting the grammatical errors that they used to commit. Moreover, the theory helped the participants to differentiate between the simple differences of English tenses when they overlap.

Phosphorylated Cotton Cellulose as a Matrix for Generating Chlorine Dioxide.

Currently, developing disinfectant materials is of utmost importance. A significant advantage of our fabric is its reusability. The disinfectants based on a natural polymer of cellulose have been barely investigated. Our work presents a modified cellulose material, and the data obtained for the first time on the chlorine dioxide generation process when treating the material with a sodium chlorite alcohol solution. A method of applying NaClO2 onto the fabric by impregnating it with a solution sprayed by an aerosol generator is proposed. This kind of fabric is capable of withstanding multiple usages after pre-washing and rinsing. The lowest alcohols-methanol, ethanol and isopropanol-are proposed as optimal solvents. It was shown that the phosphorylated cotton cellulose fabric impregnated with this solution generates chlorine dioxide during the first 25-35 min. Neither humidity nor expedites improve the process of releasing the chlorine dioxide, but high moisture content in the air causes the complete absorption of ClO2 by microdrops and its removal from the gas environment. A promising technique for removing the excess ClO2 by the means of UV treatment is proposed: after 15 min of treating ClO2 in the gas phase, it disappears entirely. These materials could be used as disinfectants in different industries, such as food and industrial manufacturing.

Screen-printed biosensor based on electro-polymerization of bio-composite for nitrate detection in aqueous media

ABSTRACT Bacillus sp. possessing a periplasmic nitrate reductase was used as a recognition element to develop a nitrate biosensor. The bacteria was embedded within a polyaniline (PANI) electro-conductive matrix via electro-polymerization on miniaturized carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPE) at 100 mV/s and scan rate from −0.35 V to + 1.7 V. Surface medication of SPE was verified via Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimal bacterial density was OD600 1.2. To enhance the biosensors performance, Bacillus sp. was (1) grown in riboflavin (RF) inducing media as an endogenous redox mediator and (2) exposed to different gamma radiation doses as a physical method to increase electron transfer. Results show a link between exposing cells to gamma irradiation stress, this was evident by electron spin resonance (ESR) and changes in FTIR spectrum, in addition to the increase in catalase enzyme. The nitrate limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5–25 mg/L for non-irradiated RF induced immobilized cells and LOD was 0.5–75 mg/L nitrate for 2 kGy gamma irradiated cells. The prepared biosensor showed acceptable reproducibility and multiple usages after storage at 4°C over 3 months. Low cost and simple preparation allow the biosensor to be mass-produced as a disposable device. Bacillus sp. and its endogenous redox mediator immobilized within polyaniline are good candidates for the improvement of amperometric biosensors for the quantification of nitrate in aqueous solutions.

The Need for Glaucoma Management in Glaucoma Patients with Concurrent Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

We try to evaluate glaucoma management numbers in patients with both glaucoma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study was conducted and patients with glaucoma were enrolled and divided into the OSA and non-OSA populations. A total of 11,778 participants were selected in both the OSA and non-OSA groups. The primary outcomes were the number of anti-glaucomatous medications each year and the total number of glaucoma laser and glaucoma surgeries. The Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to produce the adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the two groups. After a study period of 18 years, 286 and 352 events of laser and surgeries for glaucoma were found in the OSA and non-OSA groups, respectively. After considering the effect of potential confounders, no significant difference concerning the numbers of laser trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy and tube shunt surgery, cyclodestructive procedure and eyeball removal were found between the two groups (all 95% CIs included one). In addition, the multiple anti-glaucomatous medication usages were similar between the two groups (all p &gt; 0.05) In the subgroup analyses, glaucoma patients older than 60 years and with OSA received significantly lesser trabeculectomy and tube shunt surgery compared to glaucoma patients older than 60 years without OSA (AHR: 0.774, 95% CI: 0.611-0.981) while other analyses revealed insignificant results (all 95% CIs included one). In conclusion, the presence of OSA does not increase the need for glaucoma management.

Recent Progress of Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications of Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Membrane: A Review

The progress of membrane technology with the development of membranes with controlled parameters led to porous membranes. These membranes can be formed using different methods and have numerous applications in science and technology. Anodization of aluminum in this aspect is an electro-synthetic process that changes the surface of the metal through oxidation to deliver an anodic oxide layer. This process results in a self-coordinated, exceptional cluster of round and hollow formed pores with controllable pore widths, periodicity, and thickness. After the initial introduction, the paper proceeds with a brief overview of anodizing process. That engages anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) layers to be used as formats in various nanotechnology applications without the necessity for expensive lithographical systems. This review article surveys the current status of the investigation on AAO membranes. A comprehensive analysis is performed on AAO membranes in applications; filtration, sensors, drug delivery, template-assisted growth of various nanostructures. Their multiple usages in nanotechnology have also been discussed to gather nanomaterials and devices or unite them into specific applications, such as nano-electronic gadgets, channel layers, and clinical platforms tissue designing. From this review, the fact that the specified enhancement of properties of AAO can be done by varying geometric parameters of AAO has been highlighted. No review paper focused on a detailed discussion of applications of AAO with prospects and challenges. This review paper represents the formation, properties, applications with objective consideration of the prospects and challenges of AAO applications. The prospects may appeal to researchers to promote the development of unique membranes with functionalization and controlled geometric parameters and check the feasibility of the AAO membranes in nano-devices.

A nanofluidic sensing platform based on robust and flexible graphene oxide/chitosan nanochannel membranes for glucose and urea detection.

We present the development of a health-monitoring nanofluidic membrane utilizing biocompatible and biodegradable graphene oxide, chitosan, and graphene quantum dots. The nanoconfinement provided by graphene oxide nanolayers encapsulates chitosan molecules, allowing for their conformational changes and switchable hydrophobic-hydrophilic behavior in response to pH variations. This low-dimensional membrane operates as an array of nanofluidic channels that can release quantum dots upon pH change. The photoluminescence emission from quantum dots enables rapid and reliable optical visualization of pH changes, facilitating efficient human health monitoring. To ensure fouling prevention and enable multiple usages, we adopt a design approach that avoids direct contact between biomarkers and the nanochannels. This design strategy, coupled with good mechanical properties (Young's modulus of 5.5 ± 0.7 GPa), preserves the integrity and functionality of the sensors for repeated sensing cycles. Furthermore, leveraging the memory effect, our sensors can be reloaded with graphene quantum dots multiple times without significant loss of selectivity, achieving reusability. The wide-ranging capabilities of 2D materials and stimuli-responsive polymers empower our sustainable approach to designing low-dimensional, robust, and flexible sensing materials. This approach allows for the integration of various biorecognition elements and signal transduction modes, expanding the versatility and applications of the designed materials.

Diverse Applications of the Case Markers: Urdu Ko and Punjabi Nun

All the Indo-Aryan languages including Urdu and Punjabi use case markers to express the multiple semantic usages of the languages. The present study investigates the variant semantic functions of Urdu ko and Punjabi nun. It aims at the description as well as the analysis of the study samples that show the differing application of Urdu ko and Punjabi nun. Qualitative methodology is used to state the spatial as well as non -spatial usages of the case markers. The results show that the case marker ko and nun mark the accusative as well as dative. These are also used to show a few other temporal and spatial applications..