Multiple Transmission Research Articles

Prediction of potential invasion of two weeds of the genus Avena in Asia under climate change based on Maxent

Avena sterilis L. (A. sterilis) and Avena ludoviciana Dur. (A. ludoviciana) are extremely invasive weeds with strong competitive ability and multiple transmission routes. Both species can invade a variety of dryland crops, including wheat, corn, and beans. Asia, as the world's major food-producing continent, will experience significant losses to agricultural production if it is invaded by these weeds on a large scale. This study used the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS to map the distribution of suitable habitats of the two species in Asia under climate change conditions. The constructed model comprised four levels, with a total of 25 index-level indicator factors used to evaluate the invasion risk of the two species. The results showed that the distribution of suitable habitats for both Avena species was highly dependent on precipitation and temperature. Under climate warming conditions, although overall the total suitable area is predicted to decrease compared to the current period, there are still moderately or highly suitable areas. Asian countries need to provide early warning for areas with significant increases in moderate and highly suitable zones for these two species of weeds under the background of climate change. If there is already an invaded area or if the suitability of the original area is increased, this should be closely monitored, and control measures should be taken to prevent further spread and deterioration.

Lumped-Distributed Resonators Providing Multiple Transmission Zeros in Bandpass Filters With Simple and Mixed Couplings

Lumped-Distributed Resonators Providing Multiple Transmission Zeros in Bandpass Filters With Simple and Mixed Couplings

Widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife communities

Pervasive SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans have led to multiple transmission events to animals. While SARS-CoV-2 has a potential broad wildlife host range, most documented infections have been in captive animals and a single wildlife species, the white-tailed deer. The full extent of SARS-CoV-2 exposure among wildlife communities and the factors that influence wildlife transmission risk remain unknown. We sampled 23 species of wildlife for SARS-CoV-2 and examined the effects of urbanization and human use on seropositivity. Here, we document positive detections of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in six species, including the deer mouse, Virginia opossum, raccoon, groundhog, Eastern cottontail, and Eastern red bat between May 2022–September 2023 across Virginia and Washington, D.C., USA. In addition, we found that sites with high human activity had three times higher seroprevalence than low human-use areas. We obtained SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from nine individuals of six species which were assigned to seven Pango lineages of the Omicron variant. The close match to variants circulating in humans at the time suggests at least seven recent human-to-animal transmission events. Our data support that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 has been widespread in wildlife communities and suggests that areas with high human activity may serve as points of contact for cross-species transmission.

Support vector machine-based optimisation of traction gear modifications for multiple-condition electric multiple unit

The traction gear train is subjected to various internal excitations under different traction conditions, such as stiffness excitation, error excitation, meshing shock excitation, and tooth side clearance. The optimal modification scheme is different for each state, and the optimal modification plan based on a single working condition may not be applicable to every working condition. In this paper, we investigate the vibration response characteristics of electric multiple unit gearing under multiple conditions and propose a multi-condition modification scheme. Under different traction conditions, the mapping between gear modification parameters and vibration acceleration in gear transmissions is investigated using support vector machines. Genetic algorithms are used to solve the gear-modifying parameters to minimise the maximum vibration acceleration. A weight assignment principle is proposed to calculate the electric multiple unit traction gear transmission under different conditions, with the operating time and the amount of vibration in each condition as the measurement index. The results of the simulation show that the vibration acceleration under continuous conditions is reduced by 3.55 m/s2, a decrease of 69.88%; the vibration acceleration under high-speed conditions is reduced by 3.301 m/s2, a reduction of 58.74%, and the results show that the overall index of the electric multiple unit traction gear transmission system under different conditions has been improved after the optimisation of the multi-conditions modification, the gear transmission system's vibration is significantly reduced.

Compact transversal signal-interaction wideband bandpass filter with multiple transmission zeros and wide stopband

In this paper, a compact wideband bandpass filter with multiple transmission zeros and a wide upper stopband is proposed based on the transversal signal-interaction concept. The filter has two transmission paths for signals to travel from the input port to the output port. The wideband bandpass filter is designed with a center frequency of 4.29 GHz (f0) and a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 71.3 %. Six transmission zeros from 0 GHz to 4.2 f0 can be achieved due to the superposition of signals of the two transmission paths and the virtual short effect of open stub. The designed and fabricated wideband bandpass filter is of minimum insertion loss of 0.3 dB, group delay in the passband below 1.1 ns, and upper-sideband rejection up to 18 GHz (4.2 f0). Additionally, the proposed filter possesses compact size, and the overall circuit only occupies 0.23 λg × 0.15 λg (λg is the guide wave length of 50 Ohm microstrip line at 4.29 GHz). Measurement and simulation results are in good agreement.

Advancing Microfluidic Immunity Testing Systems: New Trends for Microbial Pathogen Detection.

Pathogenic microorganisms play a crucial role in the global disease burden due to their ability to cause various diseases and spread through multiple transmission routes. Immunity tests identify antigens related to these pathogens, thereby confirming past infections and monitoring the host's immune response. Traditional pathogen detection methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs), are often labor-intensive, slow, and reliant on sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel, which can be limiting in resource-poor settings. In contrast, the development of microfluidic technologies presents a promising alternative, offering automation, miniaturization, and cost efficiency. These advanced methods are poised to replace traditional assays by streamlining processes and enabling rapid, high-throughput immunity testing for pathogens. This review highlights the latest advancements in microfluidic systems designed for rapid and high-throughput immunity testing, incorporating immunosensors, single molecule arrays (Simoas), a lateral flow assay (LFA), and smartphone integration. It focuses on key pathogenic microorganisms such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and the ZIKA virus (ZIKV). Additionally, the review discusses the challenges, commercialization prospects, and future directions to advance microfluidic systems for infectious disease detection.

Transmission of global clones of NDM-producing Enterobacterales and interspecies spread of IncX3 plasmid harbouring blaNDM-5 in Tokyo

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to characterise the molecular characteristics of NDM-producing Enterobacterales, which have been on the increase in recent years in Japan, where IMP-producing bacteria are dominant among carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales. MethodsWe collected 21 strains of NDM-producing Enterobacterales detected between 2015 and 2022 at five hospitals in Tokyo and performed illumina whole genome sequencing. For the seven selected strains, nanopore long-read sequencing was also performed to characterise the plasmids harbouring blaNDM. ResultsFourteen strains were Escherichia coli and all carried blaNDM-5. Among these strains, eight and three were sequence type (ST) 410 and ST167, respectively, and both groups of strains were spread clonally in different hospitals. Two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST147 carrying blaNDM-1 were detected in a hospital, and these strains had also spread clonally. The remainder included Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Citrobacter amalonaticus, and Klebsiella michiganensis. Plasmid analysis revealed that an identical IncX3 plasmid harbouring blaNDM-5 was shared among four strains of different bacterial species (E. coli, C. amalonaticus, K. michiganensis, and E. hormaechei) detected at the same hospital. In addition, a Klebsiella quasipneumoniae strain detected at a different hospital also carried an IncX3 plasmid with a similar genetic structure. ConclusionsNosocomial spread of multiple multidrug-resistant global clones and transmission of IncX3 plasmids harbouring blaNDM-5 among multiple species were detected as the major pathways of spread of NDM-producing Enterobacterales in Tokyo. Early detection of carriers and measures to prevent nosocomial spread are important to prevent further spread of NDM-producing organisms.

Multiple Nodes Co-Carrier Cooperative Transmission in LEO Communication Networks: Developing the Diversity Gain of Satellites.

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication (SATCOM) networks have gradually been recognized as an efficient solution to enhance ground-based wireless networks. As one of the main characteristics of LEO SATCOM, the beam-edge area could be covered by multiple satellite nodes. In this case, user terminals (UTs) located at the beam-edge have the chance to connect one or more LEO satellites. To develop the diversity gain of multiple nodes in the overlapping area, we propose two high spectral efficiency cooperative transmission strategies, i.e., directly combining (DC) and selection combining (SC). In the DC scheme, signals arrived at the UT simultaneously could be combined into one enhanced signal. For downlink time division multiplexing, the SC scheme enables the UT to select the strongest signal path. Further, as there exists a significant channel gain difference of the beam-center and beam-edge areas, UTs in these two areas can be allocated in one resource block. In this case, we derive co-carriers based on DC and SC, respectively. To deeply analyze the novel methods, we study the ergodic sum-rate and outage probability while the outage diversity gain is further provided. Simulation results show that the co-carrier-based DC method has the ability to provide a higher ergodic sum-rate while the SC method performs better in terms of the outage probability.

Brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction associate with and contribute to the development of enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease.

Multiple injurious stimuli to the brain's endothelium results in brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction (BECact/dys) with upregulation of inflammatory signaling cascades and a decrease in bioavailable nitric oxide respectively. These injurious stimuli initiate a brain injury and a response to injury wound healing genetically programed cascade of events, which result in cellular remodeling of the neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier with increased inflammation and permeability. These remodeling changes also include the perivascular spaces that become dilated to form enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) that may be identified noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging. These EPVS are associated with and considered to be a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and a dysfunctional glymphatic system with impaired removal of neurotoxic waste, which ultimately results in neurodegeneration with impaired cognition and dementia. The penultimate section discusses the understudied role of venous cerebral circulation in relation to EPVS, SVD, and the vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCID). The focus of this review will be primarily on BECact/dys that associates with and contributes to the development of EPVS, SVD, and impaired glymphatic system efflux. Importantly, BECact/dys may be a key piece of the puzzle to unlock this complicated story of EPVS and SVD. Multiple transmission electron micrographs and illustrations will be utilized to depict anatomical ultrastructure and allow for the discussion of multiple functional molecular cascades.

Resolving full-wave through-wall transmission effects in multi-static synthetic aperture radar

Through-wall synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is of significant interest for security purposes, in particular when using multi-static SAR systems consisting of multiple distributed radar transmitters and receivers to improve resolution and the ability to recognise objects. Yet there is a significant challenge in forming focused, useful images due to multiple scattering effects through walls, whereas standard SAR imaging has an inherent single scattering assumption. This may be exacerbated with multi-static collections, since different scattering events will be observed from each angle and the data may not coherently combine well in a naive manner. To overcome this, we propose an image formation method which resolves full-wave effects through an approximately known wall or other arbitrary obstacle, which itself has some unknown ‘nuisance’ parameters that are determined as part of the reconstruction to provide well focused images. The method is more flexible and realistic than existing methods which treat a single wall as a flat layered medium, whilst being significantly computationally cheaper than full-wave methods, strongly motivated by practical considerations for through-wall SAR.

Flexible piezoelectret film sensor for noncontact mechanical signal capture by multiple transmission media

Flexible piezoelectret film sensor for noncontact mechanical signal capture by multiple transmission media

A Noncommunication Mutual Inductance Estimation Method for Multiple Transmitters SS-Compensated Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer With Low Calculation Effort

A Noncommunication Mutual Inductance Estimation Method for Multiple Transmitters SS-Compensated Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer With Low Calculation Effort

Ultracompact Bandpass Filter With Multiple Transmission Zeros and Low Insertion Loss

Ultracompact Bandpass Filter With Multiple Transmission Zeros and Low Insertion Loss

Design and analysis of quorum sensing language “Interpreter” ecosystem for microbial community

Microbes in diverse natural communities communicate via quorum sensing (QS) signals that act as microbial languages. QS-based communications have been reconstructed in two-strain microbiota for promising consortium-based applications. However, investigation and synthesis of multiple QS signals transmission in the QS communication network (QSCN) are less explored. In this study, QS language “interpreter” was proposed and constructed in five Escherichia coli strains to simulate the linear and circular QSCN among natural microbial communities. Specifically, by combining strain-level microscopic and bulk-level macroscopic measurements, we investigate the performances and dynamics of synthetic three-strain QS language “interpreter” ecosystems that are in response to dramatic environmental changes. Results of micro- and macroscopic experiments showed that the existence of complex QS language “interpreter” ecosystems promote the stability maintenance of microbial community. Furthermore, a comprehensive kinetic computational model was developed for the optimization of tunable directed QSCN. Finally, the perspectives of the QSCN for the effective control of microbial communities were discussed and summarized. This study revealed the dynamic control of complex microbial communications, contributing to ecosystem-based engineering and microbiome-based therapeutics.

An Efficient Lossless Compression Algorithm for Maritime Safety Information Using Byte Encoding Network

The short message function of the BeiDou satellite system, due to its strong concurrent processing capabilities, can quickly and accurately send information to the target location in emergency situations. However, because of data redundancy and limitations on message length, a single piece of information often requires multiple transmissions through BeiDou short messages to be completed, resulting in limited transmission capacity. To improve the transmission capacity of information, it is necessary to compress the information during transmission using BeiDou’s short message communication function for maritime safety information. This paper proposes a Byte Encoding-enhanced Prediction by Partial Matching, variant D (BPPMd) algorithm that is particularly suitable for transmitting maritime safety information. Combined with a maritime safety information encoding algorithm (ME), it further improves compression efficiency, optimizes byte space, reduces information redundancy, and ensures the accuracy of the information. In this study, we constructed a maritime safety information dataset that includes three categories of information: meteorological warnings, navigation warnings, and disaster warnings. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is particularly suitable for compressing the maritime safety information dataset and outperforms other benchmark algorithms. Therefore, this study indicates that the proposed lossless compression method can be a feasible and effective solution for BeiDou short message communication.

A data-driven optimization model for renewable electricity supply chain design

The rising electricity demand, driven by technological progress and population growth, has made the design of the electricity supply chain a major challenge. The transition to renewable energy sources has led to a substantial reduction in the costs and greenhouse gases emissions of electricity production. This study proposes a hybrid approach consisting of a recurrent neural network and an optimization model for designing a resilient electricity supply chain based on wind and solar energies. First, the electricity demand is forecast using the long short-term memory algorithm. Second, based on the forecast demand, a two-stage stochastic programming model is developed for designing an electricity supply chain under disruption risks. Partial and complete disruptions in power lines and facilities, including power plants, distribution and subtransmission substations, and low-power solar panel farms are considered. The objective of the proposed model is to minimize the total cost of the supply chain by making optimal decisions on facility location; technology selection for power plants; setting up transmission lines; and the quantity of power generation, power transmission, and power shortage in low- and high-voltage energy consumption systems. Three strategies are adopted to enhance the supply chain's resilience: multiple renewable energy sources, multiple power transmission lines, and lateral power lines. Lastly, the Sistan and Baluchestan Electric Power Distribution Company in Iran is used as a case study for this work to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, analyze the findings, and derive relevant managerial insights.

Plasmid genomic epidemiology of carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamase (CDHL)-producing Enterobacterales in Canada, 2010-2021.

Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, but carbapenem resistance is a rising global threat due to the acquisition of carbapenemase genes. Oxacillinase-48 (bla OXA-48)-type carbapenemases are increasing in abundance in Canada and elsewhere; these genes are frequently found on mobile genetic elements and are associated with specific transposons. This means that alongside clonal dissemination, bla OXA-48-type genes can spread through plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer. We applied whole genome sequencing to characterize 249 bla OXA-48-type-producing Enterobacterales isolates collected by the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program from 2010 to 2021. Using a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, we obtained 70 complete and circular bla OXA-48-type-encoding plasmids. Using MOB-suite, four major plasmids clustered were identified, and we further estimated a plasmid cluster for 91.9 % (147/160) of incomplete bla OXA-48-type-encoding contigs. We identified different patterns of carbapenemase mobilization across Canada, including horizontal transmission of bla OXA-181/IncX3 plasmids (75/249, 30.1 %) and bla OXA-48/IncL/M plasmids (47/249, 18.9 %), and both horizontal transmission and clonal transmission of bla OXA-232 for Klebsiella pneumoniae ST231 on ColE2-type/ColKP3 plasmids (25/249, 10.0 %). Our findings highlight the diversity of OXA-48-type plasmids and indicate that multiple plasmid clusters and clonal transmission have contributed to bla OXA-48-type spread and persistence in Canada.

Command filtered backstepping control of multiple transmission control protocol/active queue management networks with user datagram protocol flows

AbstractIn this study, the congestion control problem for multiple transmission control protocol/active queue management (TCP/AQM) networks with user datagram protocol (UDP) flows is investigated. Taking the UDP stream as the unknown interference and the maximum interference is obtained by the minimax theorem. A novel control algorithm is designed for multi‐TCP/AQM networks through backstepping control and command filtered technology. Simulation studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

Studying the Synchronization for Multiple Transmitter- Receiver Nano Quantum Cascade Lasers.

In this paper, the chaos synchronization of four Nano quantum cascade lasers with optoelectronic feedback was investigated. The present system consists of two receiver lasers and two transmitters lasers. The rate equation model was modulated to study the effect of the Purcell factor F and the spontaneous emission factor because of their importance in a nanocavity. The results indicated that the suggested system, realize the chaos synchronization. Also, the nanocavity parameters F and β, have significant effect on the chaos synchronization quality and may lead to lose it. Furthermore, the results showed the weak effect of delay time on the performance of lasers.

Compact High-Performance Balanced Wideband BPF With a Notch Band and Multiple Transmission Zeros

Compact High-Performance Balanced Wideband BPF With a Notch Band and Multiple Transmission Zeros