Multiple Translation Research Articles

Alienated Leisure: Reflections on The Tourist

The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class was published in 1976 and has been republished in multiple printings, editions and translations. The original English text has been continuously in print, unmodified from its first publication. This essay suggests that The Tourist can be read today as an account of baseline socio-cultural and economic conditions at the moment just before tourism began its rapid growth to become the world’s largest industry. Several enduring and unique qualities of the tourist commodity and tourist consumption are posited as reasons for the unconstrained growth of the industry. The essay further argues that new cultural models and psychoanalytic frameworks are needed for the analysis of capitalism’s shift from alienated labor to alienated leisure as its primary engine of profitability.

Photosynthetic demands on translational machinery drive retention of redundant tRNA metabolism in plant organelles

Eukaryotic nuclear genomes often encode distinct sets of translation machinery for function in the cytosol vs. organelles (mitochondria and plastids). This raises questions about why multiple translation systems are maintained even though they are capable of comparable functions and whether they evolve differently depending on the compartment where they operate. These questions are particularly interesting in plants because translation machinery, including aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (aaRS), is often dual-targeted to the plastids and mitochondria. These organelles have different functions, with much higher rates of translation in plastids to supply the abundant, rapid-turnover proteins required for photosynthesis. Previous studies have indicated that plant organellar aaRS evolve more slowly compared to mitochondrial aaRS in eukaryotes that lack plastids. Thus, we investigated the evolution of nuclear-encoded organellar and cytosolic aaRS and tRNA maturation enzymes across a broad sampling of angiosperms, including nonphotosynthetic (heterotrophic) plant species with reduced plastid gene expression, to test the hypothesis that translational demands associated with photosynthesis constrain the evolution of enzymes involved in organellar tRNA metabolism. Remarkably, heterotrophic plants exhibited wholesale loss of many organelle-targeted aaRS and other enzymes, even though translation still occurs in their mitochondria and plastids. These losses were often accompanied by apparent retargeting of cytosolic enzymes and tRNAs to the organelles, sometimes preserving aaRS-tRNA charging relationships but other times creating surprising mismatches between cytosolic aaRS and mitochondrial tRNA substrates. Our findings indicate that the presence of a photosynthetic plastid drives the retention of specialized systems for organellar tRNA metabolism.

COMPONENT CONSISTENCY AS ONE OF THE ASPECTS OF GERMAN-UKRAINIAN SPECIALIZED TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSURANCE

This empirical-theoretical inquiry aims to identify, describe, and propose solutions to address incon- sistent reproduction of derived terms containing recurring components in German-Ukrainian legal trans- lation. The study is grounded in translation-oriented terminology and seeks to establish new criteria for translation quality assessment. The manifold objectives encompass: 1) undertaking a scientific investiga- tion to demonstrate the problematical nature of intratextual term consistency in translation; 2) scrutinizing potential impacts of prospective translation regulating instruments on providing terminology consistency; 3) adducing extensive illustrations of adherence to the intratextual term component consistency principle while translating German legal texts into Ukrainian. The research proposes four heuristic hypotheses: 1) Term component inconsistency in translation sig- nificantly reduces translation quality, potentially leading to partial information loss or distortion, which af- fects the translation dominant. 2) Maintaining consistency in how term components are translated is cru- cial for ensuring high-quality specialized translations, especially in fields like legal translation. 3) Implicitly formulated quality requirements for specialized translation can induce strategic terminological-discursive errors, regardless of the translator’s professional experience or status, which can be attributed to trans- lator’s unconscious decisions. 4) Specialized lexicographic reference works, while functioning as translation regulating instruments, exhibit both general and component inconsistencies. Therefore, they can only serve as aids for exercising the translator’s term selection and decision-making competence. The comprehensively formulated methodology encompasses a blind translator experiment incorpo- rating three participants of disparate professional experience and status (two Ukrainian translation agen- cies and one translation studies master’s student), meticulous comparative intralingual and interlingual analysis of source and target texts, induction/deduction approach to identify recurrent translational phe- nomena, morphosemantic analysis to determine the internal semantic structure of legal terms, derivation analysis to explicate term-formation processes, and contrastive lexicographic analysis to assess the poten- tial of existing terminological records to ensure the term component consistency. The methodology pro- posed in the article allowed to examine invariant properties of the object (legal terms in both languages) under study from various translation-oriented terminology perspectives. An in-depth approach to consideration of intratextual terminology heterogeneity, which contradicts the re- quirements of current international standards for translation quality assurance, has led to the distinction of term component consistency and term component inconsistency in translation. It is established that recurring strate- gic terminological- discursive mistakes at the text level of multiple translations result from translation instructors/ scholars not sufficiently attending to the problematic issue. The overlooked translation quality criterion has led even experienced and well-regarded experiment participants to inadvertently make unconscious mistakes. Concurrently, the contrastive analysis of German-Ukrainian specialized dictionaries evinced their lim- itations in ensuring component consistency, spotlighting the indispensability of the translator’s role in up- holding this benchmark. The proposed glossary with verified equivalents for the terminological field of Ger- man “Unterhalt” demonstrates the potential for consistent translation of derived terms into Ukrainian. The extensive empirical evidence and elucidation of a novel translation studies method (viz., blind translator experiment) along with newly discovered concepts (inter alia term selection competence) ren- der this inquiry a worthwhile contribution toward enhancing German-Ukrainian legal translation quality. Ultimately, this is a commendable study advancing the field of translation-oriented terminology and con- tributing to the harmonization of German-Ukrainian terminological capital. Future research prospects include developing and describing a microstrategy to ensure intratextual term component consistency and investigating the influences of explicit translation regulating instruments on specialized translation quality.

Extracellular vesicles: multiple signaling capabilities and translation into promising therapeutic targets to promote neuronal plasticity

Extracellular vesicles: multiple signaling capabilities and translation into promising therapeutic targets to promote neuronal plasticity

Debating Biblical Translation in Late Elizabethan England

Abstract This article explores how Protestants defended the co-existence of multiple translations of the Bible into English in Elizabethan England. The matter of biblical plurality is considered through the prism of the debates surrounding bible translation which occurred throughout the 1580s between the Catholic translator of the Bible into English, Gregory Martin (c. 1542–1582), and the English Protestant polemicist William Fulke (1537/8–1589). It is contended that this debate, which has tended to be cast as a storm in a teacup, reveals how Protestants responded, innovatively, to the publication of the Catholic English New Testament. Attention is paid to how Martin attacked the existence of the many different Protestant English bible translations in circulation and, reciprocally, how Fulke defended them. This study of the Martin and Fulke debate thereby unsettles some long-standing assumptions about the combative relationship between different versions of the English Bible and it points, instead, to ways in which contemporaries might have seen the plurality of translations as spiritually and polemically advantageous. Fulke's arguments help us to comprehend how, prior to early seventeenth-century attempts to restrict the existence of multiple English bibles, some Elizabethans responded to, and even defended, the plurality of English bible translations which had come to exist.

Evaluating the feasibility and utility of machine translation for patient education materials written in plain language to increase accessibility for populations with limited english proficiency

BackgroundPopulations with limited English proficiency (LEP) face comprehension barriers with health information as navigating healthcare systems involves encountering health information that is written at high reading grade levels, utilizes complex medical jargon, and unfamiliar or abstract terms and concepts. Despite the serious consequences of language discordance there is limited funding available for the translation of patient education material in the public healthcare setting. In response to the imperative need to provide equal access to patient education materials to all patients, regardless of English language proficiency, some have raised the feasibility of leveraging machine translation software. This study investigates the feasibility and utility of using machine translation (Google Translate) to translate patient education materials written in plain language. MethodsA sample of 5 patient education pamphlets were selected for inclusion based on their high usage and importance. These were assessed for their readability and translated by both human translators and using Google Translate into Spanish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Simplified Chinese, and Vietnamese. Medical translators conducted blinded appraisal of both sets of translations on four domains. ResultsSpanish and Vietnamese language pamphlets achieved the highest overall scores. There were significant differences between human and machine translation in favour of the former for all of the languages, although machine translation scored above 3/5 in 90 % of the domains tested. There was no correlation between readability scores and translation scores. DiscussionGoogle Translate performs well in multiple translation domains despite its continued inferiority relative to professional human translation. The high scoring of machine translated pamphlets, particularly in the most crucial domain of severity however, points to its potential adoption in a limited capacity in healthcare settings, with processes in place, like pre-screening for high-risk content that may pose a threat to patient well-being.

GlycoMaple: recent updates and applications in visualization and analysis of glycosylation pathways.

Post-translational modifications including glycosylation, phosphorylation, and lipidation expand the functionality and diversity of proteins. Protein glycosylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications in mammalian cells. The glycosylation process is regulated at multiple steps, including transcription, translation, protein folding, intracellular transport, and localization, and activity of glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases. The glycosylation process is also affected by the concentration of sugar nucleotides in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Unlike the synthesis of other biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, glycan biosynthesis is not a template-driven process. In addition, the chemical complexity of glycan structures makes the glycosylation network extraordinarily intricate. We previously developed a web-based tool specially focused on glycan metabolic pathways known as GlycoMaple, which is able to easily visualize and estimate glycosylation pathways based on gene expression data. We recently updated GlycoMaple to incorporate the new genes and glycosylation pathways. Here, we introduce and discuss the uses and upgrades of GlycoMaple.

Enhancing bilingual lexicon induction via harnessing polysemous words

Bilingual Lexicon Induction (BLI) aims to induce word translation pairs across different languages. We find there is a large proportion of polysemous words in the dataset used by BLI, which impacts the quality of the induced translation pairs. In particular, the mainstream BLI models map two monolingual word embeddings (WEs) into a shared space and regard the closest cross-lingual words as translation pairs. However, when a word has multiple translations, it becomes challenging to ensure that the polysemous word is the closest neighbor to all its translations. Based on the analysis of polysemy, we propose a simple yet effective method by harnessing polysemous words to enhance BLI. We first detect polysemous words in the seed lexicons and filter their multiple translations by comparing their semantic similarities. Therefore, a refined seed lexicon mitigates the confusion caused by translations with divergent semantics for the BLI model. Moreover, in scenarios where only single translations are available in the seed lexicon, we propose to employ a Large Language Model (LLM) to acquire monolingual synonyms, thereby refining the structure of the seed lexicon more effectively. On benchmark BLI datasets, our method demonstrates superior performance compared to five state-of-the-art (SOTA) baseline systems across almost all experimental language pairs, encompassing both sides of three similar language pairs and three distant language pairs.

MULTIPLE TRANSLATIONS OF SUNDANESE FOLKLORE, NYI ROROKIDUL

This article discusses multiple translations of Sundanese folklore, The Legend of Nyi Rorokidul from the Sundanese language as the source text into Indonesian as the first target text and English as the second target text. The background of this research involves two problems: there is still limited research dealing with multiple translations as well as the research about the translation of Sundanese folklore into English seen from internet search. The data source of this research is a book of a collection of Sundanese folklore consisting of Sundanese text as the source text, Indonesian as the first target text, and English as the second target text. The translation of the Sundanese folklore in the book also involves several foreign languages among others are Arabic, and Russian with the form that the foreign language text is given at the beginning of the book, and Indonesian is in the middle, then Sundanese language is at the final part. The book used for this research is entitled The Most Popular Sundanese Folklore: Myth, Legend, and Tales with Indonesian as the first target text and English as the second target text. By using descriptive-qualitative methods, this research aims to answer two questions: (i) What methods of translation are identified in the multiple translations of Sundanese folklore, Nyi Rorokidul; (ii) are the methods of translation identified in the first target text, Indonesian, and the second target text, English, the same? The results show that the methods of translation in the multiple translations of Sundanese folklore, Nyi Rorokidul involved literal translation, adaptation, free translation and communicative translation. Some parts of the source text are translated using the same methods in both target text and the rest is translated using a different method.

Analysis of Dataset Limitations in Semantic Knowledge-Driven Multi-Variant Machine Translation

In this study, we explore the implications of dataset limitations in semantic knowledge-driven machine translation (MT) for intelligent virtual assistants (IVA). Our approach diverges from traditional single-best translation techniques, utilizing a multi-variant MT method that generates multiple valid translations per input sentence through a constrained beam search. This method extends beyond the typical constraints of specific verb ontologies, embedding within a broader semantic knowledge framework. We evaluate the performance of multi-variant MT models in translating training sets for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models. These models are applied to semantically diverse datasets, including a detailed evaluation using the standard MultiATIS++ dataset. The results from this evaluation indicate that while multi-variant MT method is promising, its impact on improving intent classification (IC) accuracy is limited when applied to conventional datasets such as MultiATIS++. However, our findings underscore that the effectiveness of multi-variant translation is closely associated with the diversity and suitability of the datasets utilized. Finally, we provide an in-depth analysis focused on generating variant-aware NLU datasets. This analysis aims to offer guidance on enhancing NLU models through semantically rich and variant-sensitive datasets, maximizing the advantages of multi-variant MT.

TransE-MTP: A New Representation Learning Method for Knowledge Graph Embedding with Multi-Translation Principles and TransE

The purpose of representation learning is to encode the entities and relations in a knowledge graph as low-dimensional and real-valued vectors through machine learning technology. Traditional representation learning methods like TransE, a method which models relationships by interpreting them as translations operating on the low-dimensional embeddings of a graph’s entities, are effective for learning the embeddings of knowledge bases, but struggle to effectively model complex relations like one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. To overcome the above issues, we introduce a new method for knowledge representation, reasoning, and completion based on multi-translation principles and TransE (TransE-MTP). By defining multiple translation principles (MTPs) for different relation types, such as one-to-one and complex relations like one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many, and combining MTPs with a typical translating-based model for modeling multi-relational data (TransE), the proposed method, TransE-MTP, ensures that multiple optimization objectives can be targeted and optimized during training on complex relations, thereby providing superior prediction performance. We implement a prototype of TransE-MTP to demonstrate its effectiveness at link prediction and triplet classification on two prominent knowledge graph datasets: Freebase and Wordnet. Our experimental results show that the proposed method enhanced the performance of both TransE and knowledge graph embedding by translating on hyperplanes (TransH), which confirms its effectiveness and competitiveness.

Interviews on masculinities in post-conflict contexts as a process of three translations

ABSTRACT This paper disentangles the complexity of using interviews to explore masculinities in post-conflict contexts. Deploying a practice-theoretic ontology, we see interviews as sites of multiple translations, each tied to one of the three stages of the interview process: preparing, conducting, and interpreting interviews. First, when preparing interviews, the abstract concept of masculinities must be translated into concrete issues. Second, when conducting interviews, these issues must be translated into interview questions. Third, interpreting interviews necessitates translating respondents’ statements into practices. By disentangling this complex process, we provide strategies for successfully asking difficult, context-sensitive questions and reach an increased understanding of the asynchronous and unsteady ways in which masculinities change or persist during peacebuilding processes in politically and societally polarised contexts.

Towards diverse image-to-image translation via adaptive normalization layer and contrast learning

A nice image-to-image translation framework is able to acquire an explicit and credible mapping relationship between the source domain and target domains while satisfying two requirements. One is simplicity, the other is extensibility over multiple translation tasks. To this end, we design a concise but versatile generative model for image-to-image translation. Our method includes three major ingredients. First, inspired by popular unconditional normalization layers, named Spatially Adaptive Normalization(SPADE). We introduce a novel Semantics-Appearance Spatially Adaptive Normalization (SA-SPADE), taking into account both semantic structure and style appearance. This enables semantic composition and style appearance information to be sufficiently captured and integrated by our normalization layers. Thanks to SA-SPADE, our model extends to multiple image-to-image translation tasks in an unsupervised or supervised way. Second, we carefully designed two symmetrical network branches to provide semantic and appearance information for our normalization layer, namely Semantic Branch (SB) and Appearance Branch(AB) respectively. Third, we propose novel Semantic-aware Contrastive Loss (SCL) and Appearance-aware Contrastive Loss (ACL)based on newly un-/self- supervised contrastive learning. That is, SCL guarantees domain-invariant (e.g., pose, structure) representations between the generated image and the input image, while ACL ensures domain-specific representations (e.g., color, texture) between the generated image and the reference image. As a result, we verify the effectiveness of our method by comparing it with various task-dependent image translation models in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations.

Bridging cultures and languages through cosmopolitan translation: a case of Macao’s Chinese-Portuguese bilingual street signs

ABSTRACT Macao's bilingual street signs, displaying both Chinese and Portuguese inscriptions, embody a hybrid identity, revealing a dynamic interplay of translation within a cosmopolitan context. This study analyzes diverse translational practices, including awkward, favorable, mismatched, and multiple translations, observed through participant observation. It argues that these translational acts empower the Chinese language, fostering novel aesthetics and attitudes while demonstrating the harmonious coexistence and enduring integration of cross-cultural (re)inventions. The multilingual urban landscape of Macao provides a rich terrain for exploring the complexities and inherent nature of translation.

An analysis of translation techniques for racist utterances in Rush Hour 3

This study aims to analyse the translation of racist content in the movie subtitles of "Rush Hour 3" by Dhespy fansub (Movieku) and Putra fansub (Lk21). The research uses a qualitative method and a case study design. Document analysis, including transcripts and subtitles, was employed in this research. The data were analysed by using the theory from Molina and Albir (2002). The result shows that 86 data were taken from the 2 fansub translators (43 data for each). Based on findings, there are 14 types of translation techniques are used, namely; Adaptation, Amplification, Borrowing, Calque, Compensation, Description, Establish Equivalent, Generalization, Linguistic Amplification, Linguistic Compression, Literal Translation, Modulation, Particularization, and Reduction. The researchers found that both fansubs used multiple translation techniques, with single (38%), duplet (40%), triplet (20%), and quartet groups (2%). In the Dhespy group, single grouping occurred 16 times (37%), duplet 15 times (35%), triplet 10 times (23%), and quartet 2 times (5%). In the fansub group, single grouping occurred 17 times (40%), duplet 19 times (44%), triplet 7 times (16%), and quartet none. The researchers hope this research can be helpful as a reference for readers who want to add knowledge about language features to their study. Keywords: Movie; Racism; Translation Technique; Translator

Challenges in Translation News Headlines: A Case of English Headlines Rendered into Arabic

The study aims at investigating the challenges and the strategies the translator may encounter while translating news headlines from English into Arabic. Translating headlines across languages can pose unique challenges due to linguistic and cultural differences. To achieve the goals of the study, the researcher collected ten examples from three bilingual news websites that are BBC, Aljazeera, and CNN: Aljazeera website, CNN website, BBC website translated from English into Arabic. In analyzing the data, the researcher draws mainly on Mona Baker's model (1992) and Critical Discourse Analysis of Fairclough (1995) by analyzing and explaining three levels of texts: structure, production, and comprehension. To ensure that the intended goals are achieved in the target language, translators need to apply multiple translation strategies that convey the idea without compromising the general meaning of the press headline and without being affected by cultural factors in translation. The study analyzed ten headlines from different websites to identify the translation difficulties and strategies used and it offered solutions and recommendations for the translators.

Steps to Prepare Bilingual Data for Analysis: A Methodological Approach

This methodological paper offers a five-step model for preparing bilingual data for analysis. The article is guided by research in translating bilingual data into qualitative research. A systematic analysis of the research studies was conducted to identify workable options for preparing bilingual data for analysis. The proposed five-step model is comprised of (1) translator’s worldview and professionalism, (2) epistemological, ontological, and methodological considerations, (3) line of translation, (4) responsiveness to cultural terms and (5) eagerness to trustworthiness and reliability of the data. Researcher’s worldviews encompass the visibility of translator’s positionality for reflexivity, avoidance of biasness, and demonstration of professionalism. The bilingual data needs treatment based on epistemological, ontological, and methodological orientations which the translators need to be mindful of. The researcher must be clear on the line of translation in opting for direct translation, back-translation, single translation, or multiple translations. The translated data must be responsive to the cultural contexts to carry on sense and meaning. Depending on the methodological approaches and contextual requirements, the translation work must meet the needs of trustworthiness and validity. The literature is silent on the translations of non-verbal cues. Therefore, this problem should be dealt with separately in future research endeavors. Similarly, future research on linguistic contexts and translation work in diverse research approaches such as quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods is needed.

Validating Thai translations of perceptual soundscape attributes: A non-Procrustean approach with a Procrustes projection

Measurement of a psychological construct across populations without a common linguistic medium often necessitates the development of multiple translations of the psychometric tool across multiple languages, dialects, or other population-specific variations. In this follow-up (Stage 2) study, a listening test using a shared set of 27 stimuli from the Soundscape Attribute Translation Project (SATP) was conducted with Thai-speaking participants using the set of Thai translations of the eight perceptual affective quality (PAQ) descriptors selected in earlier (Stage 1) work through a structured evaluation questionnaire. Principal component analysis was performed on the listening test data to obtain a rank-two reduction of the responses with maximal explained variance. In order to align the principal component space to the two-dimensional circumplex space, this work presents a simple and numerically stable method based on the orthogonal Procrustes projection, to find the optimal two-dimensional orthogonal transform that aligns the first two principal components with the axes corresponding to Pleasantness and Eventfulness as defined in ISO/TS 12913-3:2019. Analysis of the listening test responses indicated good to excellent interrater reliability, reflecting the general comprehensibility of the translations to laypersons. Subsequent analyses yielded a two-dimensional projection with ▪ explained variance and near-perfect alignment of the composite Pleasantness and Eventfulness axes. Angular locations of the individual translated PAQs are located within ▪ of their theoretically ideal locations and preserve angular ordering, albeit with imperfect equiangularity. Cross-analysis against the results from Stage 1 showed that the structured evaluation may be partially useful in anticipating potential imperfections of the PAQ translations and their angular locations in Stage 2.

O versiune românească necunoscută a Imnului Acatist din a doua jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea

The present paper aims to describe, date and localize the Akathistos Hymn found in an unknown Romanian manuscript preserved at Muzeul Olteniei (Craiova): Rom MS I 529. The codex contains the Psalter (accompanied by the Odes), the Akathistos Hymn, the Paraklesis to Theotokos and the Holy Apostle. These texts were copied by father Theofil, the scribe of the manuscript. These works are important due to two outstanding reasons: they contain Slavic passages and multiple translation variants inserted inside the text using numbers or other graphic devices. Both of these features can be found in the manuscripts produced in Bisericani Monastery (Moldova) in the first part of the 17 th century. As a consequence, the codex transcribed by Teofil was analysed in the context of the production of the scriptorium from Bisericani. Teofil must have been part of the Moldavian monastic community and his manuscript must have been copied there. Textual, contextual, linguistic, philological and palaeographical evidence are given in this sense. The study of the watermarks (Torch with letters HSE, unicorn encircled by letters, Allmodpappier, horn and the ligature 4AD), their types and subtypes, brought to light the fact that the Romanian manuscript was copied between 1680-1690. The philological comparison between the Biblical and Marian texts from these manuscripts and the oldest ones from Bisericani (Rom MS BAR 540 and 170) stressed the link between the former and the latter. On top of that, the comparison offered new insight into how the multiple translation variants were more or less preserved, hinting to an early contamination between different manuscripts. 3 The Slavic passages (mostly headings and initial lines) preserved in the Romanian texts were studied as a mnemonic device used by the monks from Bisericani Monastery who, according to the liturgic program of the community, were used to chanting the Akathistos Hymn in Slavonic.

Divergence-Guided Simultaneous Speech Translation

To achieve high-quality translation with low latency, a Simultaneous Speech Translation (SimulST) system relies on a policy module to decide whether to translate immediately or wait for additional streaming input, along with a translation model capable of effectively handling partial speech input. Prior research has tackled these components separately, either using ``wait-k'' policies based on fixed-length segments or detected word boundaries, or dynamic policies based on different strategies (e.g., meaningful units), while employing offline models for prefix-to-prefix translation. In this paper, we propose Divergence-Guided Simultaneous Speech Translation (DiG-SST), a tightly integrated approach focusing on both translation quality and latency for streaming input. Specifically, we introduce a simple yet effective prefix-based strategy for training translation models with partial speech input, and develop an adaptive policy that makes read/write decisions for the translation model based on the expected divergence in translation distributions resulting from future input. Our experiments on multiple translation directions of the MuST-C benchmark demonstrate that our approach achieves a better trade-off between translation quality and latency compared to existing methods.