Multiple Testing Methods Research Articles

Hypothesis Testing in High-Dimensional Instrumental Variables Regression With an Application to Genomics Data

Gene expression and phenotype association can be affected by potential unmeasured confounders from multiple sources, leading to biased estimates of the associations. Since genetic variants largely explain gene expression variations, they can be used as instruments in studying the association between gene expressions and phenotype in the framework of high dimensional instrumental variable (IV) regression. However, because the dimensions of both genetic variants and gene expressions are often larger than the sample size, statistical inferences such as hypothesis testing for such high dimensional IV models are not trivial and have not been investigated in literature. The problem is more challenging since the instrumental variables (e.g., genetic variants) have to be selected among a large set of genetic variants. This paper considers the problem of hypothesis testing for sparse IV regression models and presents methods for testing single regression coefficient and multiple testing of multiple coefficients, where the test statistic for each single coefficient is constructed based on an inverse regression. A multiple testing procedure is developed for selecting variables and is shown to control the false discovery rate. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed methods. These methods are illustrated by an analysis of a yeast dataset in order to identify genes that are associated with growth in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

The use of gambier as a tanner for fur-tanned rabbit skin

Rabbit fur skin is an exotic skin group and a by-product of slaughtering animal houses. The tanning process is a process for processing. This vegetable tanning can be used as vegetable tanning materials derived from materials obtained from nature. examples of vegetable tanners are gambier and mimosa. The material used for research was rabbit fur 15 pieces and gambier. The research used in this experiment was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications, and there were significant influences would be tested by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Method. The treatment of this research used mimosa 4% (T0), gambier 3% (T1), 4% (T2), 5% (T3) dan 6% (T4). The result showed that using gambier as tanning material has a significant effect on tensile strength, tear strength, thickness, and flexibility. The best result of this research was T4 using 6% of gambier as a tanning agent. The tanned skin had 34,43 N/mm2 tensile strength, 8,25 Kg/cm, tear strength of 2,33 mm thickness, and 77,09% flexibility. The conclusion of this research is gambier can be added as a tanning agent for rabbit fur and gives good quality.

Monitoring workability properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using Internet of Things (IoT)

Workability, determines whether the concrete is suitable to cast in-situ for specified job. In practice it is determine by multiple test methods to find the workability properties by following EFNARC guidelines. To evaluate these properties in single test Ultrasonic sensors (hc-sr04) and Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test are used. The float glass box of dimensions 300×300×400 mm with reinforcement inside 16mm dia with spacing 46mm and clear cover 40mm is used for simulation. The hc-sr04 sensors are placed at the corners of the glass column for determining the concrete filled into the box and monitor through Arduino.ide software. The filling ability is determined by the time taken to fill the column and classified into FA1, FA2 & FA3 classes. The passing ability is determined by the difference of concrete height at inside the reinforcement and at the corners after filling and classified into PA1, PA2 & PA3. Ultrasonic velocity measurements are taken by direct mode and based on the variations at different locations segregation resistance is classified into SR1, SR2 & SR3. The aim of this simulation was to establish the relation between experimental tests and simulation IoT test results. Comparison between empirical tests and stimulation model shows that this model can used to check the workability at in-situ to meet the job specification.

Statistical detecting of genes associated with PIK3C2B on lung disease

Statistical gene detection plays an important role in biostatistics and bioinformatics. So far, many gene loci associated with human complex disease have been found by statistical methods. However, it is difficult to find all the mutation genes that are associated with a certain disease. Researchers need to detect more associated genes aiming at a disease so that human will conquer the disease one day. In this paper, we considered a real and big data set and study the detection problem of genes associated with the PIK3C2B gene on lung disease. 168 significant genes associated with the PIK3C2B gene were detected at nominal significance level 0.001 by using statistical multiple testing method. The detected genes will provide some reference to further study the function of the PIK3C2B gene to lung disease for biologists and medical scientists.

A Review on the Organization Model of Second Language Mental Lexicon Based on Word Association Test

In the past two decades, the study of second language mental lexicon organization has become a research direction that has attracted much attention from scholars. The research on second language mental lexicon organization has achieved fruitful outcomes in both basic theoretical research and empirical research. The basic theoretical research mainly focuses on the lexical knowledge framework theory and the exploration of second language mental lexicon organization, while the empirical research explored the characteristics of second language learner’s mental lexicon organization based on the word association test as the main research method. In addition, future study needs to pay attention to the optimization of word association test, the use of multiple testing methods, the learners at the basic education level, and the attempt to integrate the findings with pedagogical practice research.

Assessing the General and Academic Lexical Competencies: Evidence from Online Russian Vocabulary Size Test and Word Associations Test (RL)

The study aims to assess the general and academic lexical competence of university students and develop an educational strategy for Russian language learning using media content. The present study examines the general and academic productivity and satisfaction of students. The sample included 120 individuals. The study uses multiple testing methods including two different vocabulary tests, written and oral assignments, and the post-experimental questionnaire. The data collection was performed in September, the autumn semester of 2020. The participants were tested using the Vocabulary Size Test and Word Associates Test (RL). Vocabulary size and depth were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The scholars identified that the students had strong general and academic vocabulary knowledge. At the same time, students used high-frequency words more often than low-frequency words and academic vocabulary. Moreover, productive vocabulary assessment showed poor results in terms of receptive vocabulary knowledge. In this case, students could not use lexical competence and lexical knowledge in language activities. Thus, the choice of the most effective method for teaching the Russian language depended on the data of residual knowledge and the combination of traditional language learning methods and media content.

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan , Modal Minimum, Persepsi Return dan Risiko terhadap Minat Berinvestasi Mahasiswa

Students are one of the targets of the Indonesia Stock Exchange in increasing young investors. However, based on the survey results, it is known that of 8 students in the economic education study program, there is only one student who invests. This study aimed to estimate the effect of financial literacy, minimum capital, perceived return, and risk on investment interest. The method used in this study is a quantitative method. The economic education study program FEB UNESA is the population in this study 120 people. After that, samples were taken using the Slovin formula for as many as 92 people. Furthermore, the research sample was taken using a probability sampling technique with a proportionate stratified random sampling. Data accumulation was clear by using a questionnaire. Before the questionnaires were dispart to all respondents, the validity and reliability tests of the research instruments were first tested. Data analysis using multiple linear regression test method. From the results of data analysis, it was found that financial literacy and minimum capital did not affect students' investment interest, while the perception of return and risk significantly affected students' investment interest in the economic education study program FEB UNESA.
 Keywords: Financial literacy, Minimum Capital, Perceived Return and Risk

Erxian decoction inhibits apoptosis by activating Akt1 and repairs spinal cord injury in rats

ObjectiveSpinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to severe physiological and pathological changes in patients. Erxian Decoction (EXD) is effective in the postoperative treatment of spinal cord injury, but its specific mechanism of action is poorly defined. MethodsNetwork pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict the potential mechanisms of EXD in SCI. In vivo studies were used to validate the above predictions. For in vivo study, the rats were pretreated with or without EXD (5.76 g/kg, by intragastric gavage). Multiple molecular biological test methods to identify molecular mechanisms. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with Bonferroni's post-hoc test to identify the differences between groups. ResultsIn vivo studies have shown that EXD improved motor function at 7dpi in SCI rats (P < 0.0001), significantly reduced spinal cord edema (P = 0.0139), upregulated 5-HT, GFAP, and TMEM119 expression. Through network pharmacology analysis, we found that Akt1 in EXD plays a role in treating SCI. The underlying mechanism may be the inhibition of apoptosis after activation of Akt1 phosphorylation. Molecular docking revealed that the key compounds could spontaneously bind to the Akt1 protein. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt1 activation by MK-2206, attenuated the anti-apoptotic effect of EXD on SCI in rats (P < 0.0001). ConclusionsEXD inhibits apoptosis by activating Akt1, reduce spinal cord edema and restore behavioral function after SCI in rats.

Physical, chemical and rheological investigation and optimization design of asphalt binders partially replaced by bio-based resins

• Improved high-temperature performance is observed in the bio-asphalt binders. • BPF resins weaken the temperature and moisture susceptibility of asphalt binders. • The aging process is accompanied by additional condensation of the BPF resin. • It is suggested to quantify the aging behavior of bio-asphalt binders by S O. • Indicators η 70 , 10 ∗ , BBS, penetration and δ 46 , 10 are the most representative. The utilization of bio-asphalt binders has become an active topic in highway engineering, whereas the challenges cannot be ignored in terms of high-temperature performance, aging, moisture and temperature susceptibility etc. A novel bio-asphalt binder was introduced in this investigation, in which traditional petroleum-based asphalt binders were partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30% and 50%) by bio-based phenol–formaldehyde (BPF) resins. This work aims to evaluate the feasibility and advantages of BPF resins as a potential alternative from a comprehensive perspective considering the properties of physics, chemistry and rheology. Multiple macro and micro test methods were conducted for performance evaluation, and principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to reveal the similarities and correlations between their indicators. The results show that the heavy and elastic components in bio-asphalt binders was increased for the contribution of BPF resins. Hence, the deformation recovery ability and rutting resistance are improved at high temperatures, which is deserved despite the increase in the viscosity and construction temperature. Compared with the neat asphalt binder, more significant hydrophobicity and better adhesion properties were found in bio-asphalt binders. Noteworthy, the additional condensation reactions of BPF resins and the oxidation of asphalt binders occur simultaneously in the aging process, and the sulfoxide index was suggested to quantify the aging behavior. For the complicated evaluation indicators, four clusters with strong Pearson correlations were determined based on PCA and HCA, and the dosage of 30% for BPF resin was acceptable.

LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE: A CASE WITH SEVERE NEUROLOGIC AND RENAL INVOLVEMENT

LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE: A CASE WITH SEVERE NEUROLOGIC AND RENAL INVOLVEMENT

Network inference combining mutual information rate and statistical tests

In this paper, we present a method that combines information-theoretical and statistical approaches to infer connectivity in complex networks using time-series data. The method is based on estimations of the Mutual Information Rate for pairs of time-series and on statistical significance tests for connectivity acceptance using the false discovery rate method for multiple hypothesis testing. We provide the mathematical background on Mutual Information Rate, discuss the statistical significance tests and the false discovery rate. Further on, we present results for correlated normal-variates data, coupled circle and coupled logistic maps, coupled Lorenz systems and coupled stochastic Kuramoto phase oscillators. Following up, we study the effect of noise on the presented methodology in networks of coupled stochastic Kuramoto phase oscillators and of coupling heterogeneity degree on networks of coupled circle maps. We show that the method can infer the correct number and pairs of connected nodes, by means of receiver operating characteristic curves. In the more realistic case of stochastic data, we demonstrate its ability to infer the structure of the initial connectivity matrices. The method is also shown to recover the initial connectivity matrices for dynamics on the nodes of Erdős-Rényi and small-world networks with varying coupling heterogeneity in their connections. The highlight of the proposed methodology is its ability to infer the underlying network connectivity based solely on the recorded datasets.

Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Persepsi Harga Dan Citra Merek Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Di Steak 21 Mall Kota Kasablanka

This study intends to examine the effect of product quality, price perception, and brand image on purchasing decisions. Testing this hypothesis using multiple linear regression analysis testing methods and the help of SPSS software version 20. The survey was carried out from April to June 22 located at Steak 21 outlets Kota Kasablanka mall by distributing questionnaires to Steak 21 buyers as many as 120 respondents, of which 20 respondents be the sample and 100 respondents are the data. The results of this study indicate that product quality gets a significant value of 0.001, price perception gets a significant value of 0.001 and brand image gets a significant value of 0.000. So product quality, price perception and brand image have a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions at Steak 21 Kota Kasablanka Mall.

Correction to: An Evaluation of Alternative Multiple Testing Methods for Finance Applications

Correction to: An Evaluation of Alternative Multiple Testing Methods for Finance Applications

A model-backfeed deformation estimation method for revealing 20-year surface dynamics of the Groningen gas field using multi-platform SAR imagery

• The model-backfeed deformation estimation method offers more reliable InSAR deformation parameter estimations. • Multiple Hypothesis Testing is employed to determine the best deformation models. • Geolocation error ellipsoids and Monte Carlo methods are used for spatial integration. • Three SAR missions are used to map 20-year Groningen gas field subsidence. The Groningen gas field, the largest natural gas field in Europe, was discovered in 1959 and started its production in 1963. The Earth surface above it experienced subsidence over the past six decades because of gas extraction activities. To accurately reveal this surface movement with satellite SAR data, our study first proposes and demonstrates a model-backfeed (MBF) InSAR deformation estimation method to improve InSAR deformation time series modeling. This method allowed us to include a priori knowledge and to iteratively optimize functional and stochastic models. Using this method and employing a spatio-temporal SAR data integration method based upon Monte Carlo and Multiple Hypothesis Testing methods, we retrieved the 20-year subsidence history of the Groningen gas field by integrating 32 ERS-1/2, 68 Envisat and 82 Radarsat-2 SAR images. The results show that the maximum cumulative surface subsidence in this gas field has been as much as 15.5 cm between 1995 and 2015. In terms of precision and accuracy, our MBF method offered a better result than the standard Multi-Temporal InSAR analysis method: the Ensemble Coherence increased by 10%–19% and Spatio-Temporal Consistency decreased by 2%–20%. In terms of accuracy, our results better concur with the external GNSS reference observations. We further show that the spatio-temporal SAR data integration method has better links with multi-platform SAR data if the uncertainties of the InSAR geolocation and temporal deformation are included. The study demonstrates that the MBF method optimized the estimation of deformation parameters and mitigated unwrapping errors.

The Effect of Substitution of Brown Sugar with Honey on Making Beef Jerky

This research aimed to evaluate the possibility of using honey as a substitute ingredient in beef jerky in terms of pH, water activity, moisture content, protein content, and fat content. This research was conducted from January to March 2022 at the Animal Products Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animals Science and Biochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. The research material used was beef, with supporting ingredients such as salt, onions, spices, and honey concentrations of 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30%. The research method used an experimental design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments were (P0) 30% brown sugar, (P1) 24% brown sugar + 6% honey, (P2) 18% brown sugar + 12% honey, (P3) 12% brown sugar + 18% honey, (P4) 6% brown sugar + 24% honey, and (P5) 30% honey. The data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and if there was a significant influence, Duncan's Multiple Range Test Method (DMRT) was used to test it. The results showed that substituting brown sugar with honey had a highly significant difference (P 0.01) on pH, water activity, moisture content, protein content, and there was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the addition of honey to the fat content of beef jerky. The addition of 24% honey produced the best quality beef jerky with a pH of 5,36%, water activity of 0,57%, moisture content of 10,68%, protein content of 28,25%, and fat content of 4.25%.

Coarsening Evolution of γ′ Phase and Failure Mechanism of Co-Ni-Al-Ti-Based Superalloys During Isothermal Aging

Novel Co-based superalloys, as potentially ideal aero-engine hot section materials, have a higher temperature bearing capacity and better oxidation resistance than Ni-based superalloys. Coarsening evolution of γ′ phase and failure mechanism of Co-Ni-Al-Ti-based superalloys during the isothermal aging process at 1073 K were investigated using multiple characterizations and testing methods. The results show that γ′ phase is uniformly distributed on the γ phase matrix, and coarsening with the increase in isothermal aging time, which results in a decrease in maximum tensile strength. Furthermore, Mo element is preferred to distribute in γ′ phase and provides stronger solution strengthening effect than Cr element, which determines more excellent mechanical properties of 2Mo superalloy than that of 2Cr superalloy. The coarsening rate of γ′ phase in the 2Cr superalloy is significantly higher than that in the 2Mo superalloy. Grain boundary failure is dominant in isothermal aging, and the cracks nucleate and expand along the vertical direction of loading stress on the grain boundary. The current work suggests that the coarsening of the γ′ phase, reduction in the volume fraction of γ′ phase, and formation of ′-precipitate depleted zone (PDZ) near the grain boundary during aging controls the deterioration of mechanical properties in Co-Ni-Al-Ti-based superalloys.

Closed testing with Globaltest, with application in metabolomics.

The Globaltest is a powerful test for the global null hypothesis that there is no association between a group of features and a response of interest, which is popular in pathway testing in metabolomics. Evaluating multiple feature sets, however, requires multiple testing correction. In this paper, we propose a multiple testing method, based on closed testing, specifically designed for the Globaltest. The proposed method controls the familywise error rate simultaneously over all possible feature sets, and therefore allows post hoc inference, that is, the researcher may choose feature sets of interest after seeing the data without jeopardizing error control. To circumvent the exponential computation time of closed testing, we derive a novel shortcut that allows exact closed testing to be performed on the scale of metabolomics data. An R package ctgt is available on comprehensive R archive network for the implementation of the shortcut procedure, with applications on several real metabolomics dataexamples.

Novel HIVEP1-ALK fusion in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma demonstrating sensitivity to alectinib: a case report

BackgroundAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion is an important oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Reports on the intergenic region (IGR) as an ALK fusion partner are rare. Here, we report the case of a patient with advanced NSCLC harboring a human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 1 (HIVEP1)-ALK fusion that responded effectively to alectinib.Case DescriptionA 60-year-old non-smoking male was referred with a 3-month history of productive cough secondary to lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to mediastinal lymph nodes, brain, liver, and bone (T2N3M1c, stage IVB). Next-generation sequencing identified an IGR (upstream HIVEP1-) ALK fusion, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results were consistent with an ALK-positive tumor. The patient was subsequently started on alectinib, with no obvious adverse reaction. After 1 month of therapy, the patient achieved significantly remission of the clinical symptoms and had led to an ongoing partial response (PR) lasting >33 months.ConclusionsOur experience highlights the efficacy of alectinib in a patient with HIVEP1-ALK fusion positive NSCLC with multiple metastases including brain disease, and the need for multiple genetic testing methods to verify the oncogenicity of ALK fusions prior to treatment. It could provide useful guidance for the treatment of similar cases in the future.

SERAPAN DAN EFISIENSI PENYERAPAN HARA N DAN P PADA PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) SISTEM VERTIKULTUR DI LAHAN KERING

The use of vertical systems is increasingly being modified. Fertigation verticulture is used as an effort to implement pakcoy cultivation in dry land. The purpose of this study was to determine the fertigation time, composition of planting media and the distance between planting holes and their interactions in increasing nutrient uptake and efficiency of N and P absorption for pakcoy plants. This research was carried out in the agricultural garden of the Main Seed Center of the North Central Timor Regency Agriculture Office from June to December 2021. The study used an experimental method with a Separate Plot Design with 3 plots where the main plot was the fertigation time which consisted of 3 levels, namely W1 (60 seconds). ), W2 (90 seconds), and W3 (120 seconds). The main subplot is the composition of the growing media which consists of 4 levels, namely: M1 (Soil: Sand (1:1)); M2 (Soil : Biochar (1:1)); M3 (Soil : Biochar (1:1)); and M4 (Soil: Sand: Biochar (1:1:1)). The subplots are the spacing of the planting holes consisting of 3 levels, namely: J1 (15 cm); J2 (20 cm); and J3 (25 cm). There were 36 treatments which were repeated 4 (four) times in order to obtain a total of 144 treatments. Data analysis used a comparative test using the Duncan Multiple Range Test method at 5% level. The results showed that the fertigation time of 120 seconds (W3) and the composition of the growing media: biochar (1:1) (M2) and their interactions increased the N and P uptake of pakcoy plants grown in a verticulture system on dry land by treatment. The fermentation time of 120 seconds (W3) and the composition of the growing media: biochar (1:1) (M2) also increased the efficiency of N and P nutrient absorption

Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality in Cryptococcal Meningitis: Evidence From a Cohort Study.

IntroductionDespite advances in the diagnosis and management, cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is still associated with high mortality due to insufficient knowledge about clinical characteristics and risk factors for poor outcomes. The aim of the present study is to provide additional evidence for regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and factors associated with increased risk of mortality in CM patients.MethodsIn this cohort study, we included eligible patients consecutively admitted to West China Hospital between January 2009 and December 2018. The clinical characteristics and diagnosis method of cerebrospinal fluid culture and India ink stain were analyzed. Independent risk factors were identified by a multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 186 CM patients were included in the analysis. After a 1-year follow-up, 63 patients had died. Headache is the most common presenting symptom (97.3%), followed by vomiting (72%), fever (71.5%), altered consciousness (45.7%), abnormal vision (32.8%), and seizure (15.1%). Older age, altered consciousness or seizures, lower white blood cell count or total protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and unidentified CSF cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) are all factors associated with increasing risk of death (P < 0.05). We also found a dose-dependent trend between the number of symptoms and risk of death (trend p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that age (P = 0.004, OR = 1.042, 95% CI 1.013–1.071), seizure (P = 0.025, OR = 3.105, 95% CI 1.152–8.369), altered consciousness (P < 0.001, OR=6.858, 95% CI 3.063–15.38), and unidentified CSF CrAg are the independent prognostic factors. In addition, we observed that diagnosis of 28.5% and 22.5% CM could not be established by a single testing of CSF India ink stain or culture, respectively. Use of multiple testing methods or combination of the two assays increases the detection rate.ConclusionOur data show that older age, seizures, altered consciousness, and an inability to detect CSF CrAg are the independent risk factors of death within 1 year in CM patients. Moreover, we recommend use of multiple testing methods with CSF culture and India ink stain. Combined testing with both assays should be considered for initial CM diagnosis.