Multiple Tax Research Articles

Effect of Multiple Taxation on Performance of SMEs in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The goal of this research is to find out how Bayelsa State's SMEs are affected by the state's numerous taxes. There are numerous taxes, levies, and charges that make up the bulk of the cost. An investigation into the impact of different taxes on small business investment is the subject of this study. A survey with a sample of 100 small and medium-sized businesses served as the basis for this investigation. A questionnaire was used to gather information. The data was analysed using simple percentages and frequencies, and the study hypotheses were tested using ANOVA. According to the study, an SME's investments are harmed by various taxes. Furthermore, there is a strong link between the amount of investment made by small businesses and their ability to pay taxes. When imposing taxes on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the government should consider increasing their capital allowances. When designing tax policies, the government should consider the size of businesses in Bayelsa State, as well as provide uniform tax rules.

Applying the global wealth chain typology to property purchases in the Liverpool and Merseyside Area

The wealth chain is a conceptualisation of extended flows of capital operating across multiple tax jurisdictions in order to extract maximum value from investment locations. To date, such chains have largely been considered in relation to either international tax-avoiding flows of capital to offshore havens or in relation to prime property markets in major metropoles. In this article, we use new data to explain the geographical variations in asset strategies and investment types associated with different types of wealth chain in a historically deprived city region. The data relate to the purchase of real estate in the Liverpool and Merseyside Area (LMA) of the UK by companies from offshore jurisdictions. We use data to empirically model the wealth-chain concept. We compare the results from our empirically derived model with the key theoretical propositions regarding such chains. Our results confirm the actions of identifiable types of wealth chain. By geographical distribution, the specific asset strategy that dominates suggests that wealth-chain offshore investors in Liverpool’s real estate are primarily motivated by their desire to protect their identities and their assets. In the literature on the subject, these are much sought after attributes of money launderers and others involved in illicit wealth accumulation. In money terms, the dominant asset strategy is situated in a much smaller geographical space in and around the city centre. In the literature, this type of wealth chain is associated with the multinational corporations who are, theoretically, the main source of innovation in wealth-chain operations.

The institutional impact on the digital platform ecosystem and innovation

PurposeThe digital platform (DP) develops through a network capability that combines technological infrastructure and resources to provide goods or services. This article investigates how institutions influence the development of the DP entrepreneurship ecosystem (EE) in a developing economy context.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory qualitative approach based on interviews with 33 DP business executives in Nigeria was the chosen research method. The interview method took the form of face-to-face, telephone and zoom video meetings, depending on the respective preferences of the participants. The research philosophy is based on interpretivism. Hence, the collected data were analyzed thematically and interpreted to make sense of the business executives' perspectives about the DP landscape as well as its institutional enablers and barriers.FindingsThe findings reveal institutional elements that are either too underdeveloped or weak to nurture an effective DP system resulting in high cost of doing business. A key cultural challenge is obtaining an honest workforce and managers. Also, there is lack of effective policies, weak regulation, multiple taxation and foreign competition, which affects local digital firms. Although cultural diversity has several merits, differences in cultural values and languages create marketing and promotion challenges. Moreover, the low level of digital literacy between Generation Z, Millennials and others, such as Baby Boomers and Generation X, poses a significant challenge concerning customer segmentation.Research limitations/implicationsResearch on digital technologies, the complexity of platform architectures and institutional logic has attracted interest in recent years. This article explored the institutional logic influencing the development of DP ecosystem (providing knowledge about EE in a developing world context). Despite the institutional challenges, there are multiple opportunities for Nigerian DP sector to flourish in the fast-growing economy.Originality/valueThe value of this article is related to how micro-, meso- and macro-institutional forces combine to support or become barriers to the development of the DP ecosystem, especially in developing economies where digitalization is creeping into every business sector and society.

EFFECT OF MULTIPLE TAXATION ON THE SURVIVAL OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

The study evaluated the effect of multiple taxation on the survival of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Katsina state, Nigeria. This is to find out if the multiple taxation has an impact on the the survival of SMEs in Katsina state. To achieve this, the study adopted a survey design. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results from the descriptive results showed that multiple taxation has a negative effect on the survival of SMEs in Katsina state. The regression analysis established that multiple taxation has no significant relationship with the survival of SMEs in Katsina state.The study therefore recommended that precedence be given to the size of SMEs in Katsina state as it relates to their profits when making tax laws so as to avoid multiple taxation. KEY WORDS: Multiple taxation, Small and Medium Enterprises, Survival, Size

Multiple Taxation and Growth of Business Enterprises in Ekiti State

Multiple Taxation and Growth of Business Enterprises in Ekiti State

Effect of Multiple Taxation on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ekiti State, Nigeria

The performance and growth of business enterprises, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs), have been hindered by a multiplicity of taxes causing the untimely liquidation of most businesses. In this regard, this study examined the effect of multiple taxations on the financial performance of SMEs in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study used a survey research method and analyzed it with correlation coupled with multiple regression analysis. The population comprises all registered and functional SMEs located in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, and have been in existence for over 5 years with valid proof of tax payment. The results found that multiple tax burdens and multiple tax administrations exhibited a significant negative relationship with the financial performance of SMEs in Ekiti State, Nigeria, while the ability to pay tax revealed a significant positive relationship. From the aforementioned results, it was concluded that multiple taxes served as a worm that deeply reduced the investment potential of SMEs and invariably affected the chunk of revenue generated by the sector in the state. It was therefore suggested that the Joint Tax Board in the state and other institutions responsible for multiple tax management should awaken to their functions and harmonize all government revenue to prevent the occurrence of multiple taxes from causing a burden and hindering the survival of SMEs in the state.

On the Use of the Value Added Tax for Redistributive Purposes in Italy

This paper shows that a Value Added Tax (VAT) with multiple tax rates in Italy is not the most effective way to pursue redistributive aims. As the tax revenue of the Italian VAT is significantly affected by the use of reduced tax rates and exemptions, we suggest that a shift to a uniform VAT coupled with cash transfers to households with children might better achieve redistributive targets. This outcome is also robust to alternative ways of targeting cash transfers to the poorest households. We also show that a uniform VAT with cash transfers, from a distributive point of view, is preferred to the extensive use of the zero rate on specific goods and services. Further improvement in the distributional results could even be achieved by considering that a uniform VAT may significantly reduce VAT evasion due to the difference of tax rates applied to the intermediate stages.

Profitability Analysis and Efficiency of Ginger Marketing in Benue State, Nigeria

The study examined the profitability and efficiency of Ginger Marketing in Benue State Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 256 respondents. Data were obtained from primary source with well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistic, gross margin and marketing efficiency analysis. Results from the socio-economic characteristics showed that 35.2% were male and 64.8% were female with mean active workforce of 46.82 years; majority of ginger marketers (77.3%) were married and the mean household size was 9; ginger marketers had a mean marketing experience of 10years and the mean formal education attained by ginger marketers was 7 years indicating that most ginger `marketers had education. The gross margin was N98.36 and N151.78 for wholesalers and retailers respectively. The result further showed that marketing efficiency was 46.58% for retailers and 7.96% for wholesaler in the study area. Ginger marketers are faced with the problem of heavy tax and high cost of transportation. The study showed that ginger marketing is profitable and efficient in the study area. It is recommended that tax should be properly conducted to reduce multiple taxation and good roads should be provided to reduce transport cost.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE, CONDUCT AND PERFORMANCE OF GINGER MARKETING IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

The study analysed the structure, conduct and performance of ginger marketing in Benue State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling techniques were used in selecting 256 respondents. Data were obtained from primary source with well-structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, gini coefficient, marketing margin and marketing efficiency analysis. Results from the socio-economic characteristics of marketers showed that 35.2% were male and 64% were female with a mean active workforce of 46.82 years. Majority of ginger marketers (77.3%) were married with mean household size of 9; ginger marketers had a mean marketing experience of 10years, and the mean formal education attained was 7years indicating that most ginger marketers had formal education. The result of the Gini coefficient calculated for structure of the marketers was 0.46 for the retailers and 0.27 for the wholesalers indicating inequitable distribution of sales income for retailers while wholesalers was perfectly competitive. The marketers were faced with the problem of heavy taxation and high cost of transportation. It is recommended that tax payment should be properly conducted to avoid multiple taxation and good roads should be provided to reduce transportation cost.

Tax Collection, Utilization Systems and the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: A Multivariate Approach

In both developed and developing nations, there are a number of empirical studies that had assessed the roles tax revenues play in augmenting economic growth; however, there is a literature gap on what is known about tax collection and utilization system and their effects on small and medium scale enterprises’ performance in developing country like Nigeria. In line with the above, this study was carried out with the view to assess the relationships between tax collection and utilization systems and the performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The theories of expediency and benefits received from tax revenues were employed as the theoretical underpinning and the descriptive survey design involving questionnaire was used. A sample of 190 employees and 50 owners of small and medium scale enterprises were employed, hence the study sample comprised of 240 respondents. The dependent variable is small and mediums scale performance (measured by quality of service, profitability and turnover) while the independent variables are tax collection and utilization systems. Data obtained in the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and Karl Pearson correlation); diagnostic statistics (variance inflation factor) and inferential statistics (multivariate regression). In specific, the multivariate regression result indicated that tax collection and utilization systems negatively and significantly affect SMEs performance in areas of quality of service, profitability, and turnover in Nigeria. It was recommended that Nigerian government should put stringent mechanisms aimed at enhancing the collection and utilization of tax revenues and more importantly, multiple tax collections that seek to frustrate small and medium scale enterprises’ performance should be adequately addressed.

Understanding the relationship between community forest user group and local government in changing federal context of Nepal

After the promulgation of a constitution of a federal democratic republican state in 2015, the federal government of Nepal has been restructured into an enlarged system of local government, resulting in a new interface between community forestry and the local government. We examined the community forest governance relationship with local government in the new federal system. This study is the outcome of policy reviews, interviews with stakeholders (n=120), and field observations in four different community forest user groups (CFUGs) within two provinces in Nepal, i.e., Bagmati and Gandaki.This study found that increasing interest from local government in resource management for environmental services, particularly for ecotourism infrastructure development, has increased positive collaboration between local government and CFUGs. However, controversial legal provisions and the organizational structure of forestry offices were found to be major barriers to better collaboration. More than 80% of the forest stakeholders favoured the increased role of local government in monitoring CFUGs; however, most forestry officials were reluctant to involve local government in forest-related activities. Benefit sharing with the local government has already been started in CFUGs; however, multiple tax provisions by local, provincial, and federal governments on CFUG funds have created conflicts among the stakeholders.

O Comércio Eletrónico na União Europeia e o Novo Regime do IVA

Although there is no Value Added Tax within the European Union, national tax regimes pose problems for cross-border transactions, namely in terms of multiple taxation on the same product or service and different national rates on the same tax factor which claimed for a definite solution. The growth of e-commerce and its international potential imposed an increased sense of importance to this movement. The new cross-border VAT regime, part of the European Commission’s Digital Single Market Strategy, in which the EU intends to modernize and simplify the VAT system for online sales of goods, seeks to address these problems and strengthen the European Union’s internal market through innovative mechanisms, such as the VAT Single Desk. This article seeks to understand these movements of legislative innovation, evaluating their broad impact on the national legal system and the European Union.

Offshore FDI, tax havens, and productivity: A network analysis

AbstractResearch summaryMultinational enterprises (MNEs) use tax havens to benefit from international tax arbitrage and increase their capital efficiency. These activities are purported to distort global financial markets, erode national corporate tax bases, and are singularly targeted in the media. Despite this, MNEs continue to increase the dispersion of their tax haven activities by investing in multiple tax havens. We study how this dispersion affects home and host country productivity. We model the inward and outward offshore foreign direct investment (FDI) networks using longitudinal data on 212 countries. We find that increasing dispersion leads to productivity losses at home but productivity gains in the host country. Further, increasing the prominence of home and host countries in the offshore network, by connecting with central, well‐developed tax havens, improves their productivity.Managerial summaryIs offshore FDI routed through tax havens always unproductive to the MNEs' home and host countries? While governments attempt to contain such investments, MNE managers disperse them into multiple tax havens and continue benefitting from tax arbitrage. We show that all offshore FDI is not unproductive. As managers route their investments through multiple tax havens, their home countries may experience productivity losses, but the host countries receive productivity gains. Further, using central, well‐established tax havens bring productivity gains to both home and host countries. We thus show that MNEs' home countries need to reassess their offshore FDI policies since several of them also host these investments. Our paper extends a multilateral perspective on offshore FDI and possible benefits attainable, particularly from central tax havens.

Quarterly return monthly payment (QRMP) scheme under goods and service tax: Analysis and discussion

GST was implemented by Government of India as one indirect tax for whole nation as single tax on the supply of goods and services and was considered as biggest indirect tax reform of Independent India. The main purpose of implementation of GST in India was to replace multiple taxes with uniform tax on supplies and to remove the cascading effect. In order to remove the loopholes and to make the system more efficient and user friendly, the Government of India is continuously hustling to improve Goods and Service Tax Network (GSTN) and updates are being made to the system, provisions and various returns on the portal accordingly from time to time. This new scheme named Quarterly Return Monthly Payment (QRMP) is also the part of said exercise of simplification of process by GOI, introduced w.e.f. 1st January, 2021, in order to lessen the tax compliance burden and to ease the process of filing returns to MSME taxpayers under GST. QRMP Scheme can be availed by eligible registered persons to file their GSTR-1 and GSTR-3B quarterly and pay taxes on monthly basis.

Development of State Business Agenda (SBA) for Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The Nigeria Socio-economic and Business landscape has continued to be challenged from all fronts by a series of factors militating against the creation and growth of the business. These factors affect the capacity of the business sector to contribute (as partners in progress), to the socio-economic development of the States, by limiting their employment capability and income-generating ability. Like many of the States in the North Central Zone of Nigeria, the Nasarawa State business community is confronted with a lot of problems affecting its growth and development. Though multi-faceted and varied, five problems or issues have been prioritized and have been identified. This includes: Multiple Taxation and Business Growth, High Rate of Unemployment, Poverty and Business Environment, Poor Sanitation and Waste Management System, Weak Capital Base, Lack of Land Titles, and Insecurity of Lives/Properties The methodology used is an evidence-based approach. The instrument used for analysis is a simple percentage method and ANOVA. The researcher finds that all five key elements significantly impact the growth of businesses in the state.

Multiscale Modeling of Glioma Invasion: From Receptor Binding to Flux-Limited Macroscopic PDEs

We propose a novel approach to modeling cell migration in an anisotropic environment with biochemical heterogeneity and interspecies interactions, using as a paradigm glioma invasion in brain tissue under the influence of hypoxia-triggered angiogenesis. The multiscale procedure links single-cell and mesoscopic dynamics with population level behavior, leading on the macroscopic scale to flux-limited glioma diffusion and multiple taxis. We verify the non-negativity of regular solutions (provided they exist) to the obtained macroscopic PDE-ODE system and perform numerical simulations to illustrate the solution behavior under several scenarios.

Resolving the Conflicts of Citizenship Taxation

The United States is the only country in the world to exercise taxing jurisdiction over the income of its citizens and long-term permanent residents, even when they reside abroad. This citizenship-based taxation (CBT) is controversial, especially among tax scholars, though there appears to be only limited political appetite for realigning U.S. tax jurisdiction to reach only domestic-source and domestic-resident income, as peer countries do. After reviewing the normative value of CBT and the existing multiple taxation mitigation measures, this Article presents two alternatives to the current U.S. regime. First, I propose the U.S. tax only the incomes of current-year residents and recent expatriates but exempt the foreign-source income of nonresident citizens after a five-year extended residency period in order to more closely correlate tax jurisdiction and nonresidents’ meaningful connections to the American taxing community. Recognizing that this may be politically infeasible, however, I propose that Congress uncap the existing foreign earned income exclusion in IRC § 911 for American expatriates living in high-tax countries, reducing their substantial compliance burdens without sacrificing revenue that would effectively be eliminated by the foreign tax credit or creating new opportunities for tax-motivated expatriations.

PERCIEVED CONSTRAINTS TO SOYA BEAN VALUE ADDITION AMONG PROCESSORS IN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

The study examines the perceived constraint to soya bean value addition among processors in Gombe state, Nigeria. This study mainly used primary data. This study has the objectives of determining the socioeconomic factors that influenced the choice of technologies used and the constraints to small scale soybean processing firms. Using well-structured questionnaire, multi stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 soya milk and soya cake processing firms in three (3) agricultural zones of Gombe State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages, mean, frequencies and Likert scale type (strongly agreed, agreed, disagree and strongly disagree with assigned nominal value of 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively, were used to assessed the constraints in the soya bean value addition. In assessing the cut of points for decision, any item that received a mean score of 3.0 was regarded as serious constraints. The study found that the age, household size. Lack of capital, lack of credit facilities, inadequate power and water supplies, high and multiple taxation were constraint to soya bean processing in the study area the factors that the processors experienced as constrain in soya bean processing at an average rating of 3.5% for soya milk and soya cake on a 4-point Likert rating scale respectively. Further it was showed that there was significant difference in the participation of men and women in soybean processing into soya cake and soymilk. Provision of credit facilities, granting of tax incentives and provision of adequate power and water supply to soybean processors were some of the policy recommendations proffered. It is therefore necessary that various stakeholders and government to encourage and mobilized male to actively participate. This will boost soya bean processing and value addition; High governmental levies and taxation is hindering the soya bean value addition and processing. It is therefore necessary for the government to waiver for soya bean processing and value addition.

Effect of ‘Multiple Taxation’ on Income Generation of Commercial Tricycle Riders in Niger State, Nigeria

This paper attempts to study the effect of ‘multiple taxation' on income generation of commercial tricycle riders in Niger State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to examine the effects of tricycle registration, daily road usage, ownership and market entry taxes/levies on income generation of commercial tricycle riders. The study used quantitative and survey research design. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to generate primary data from 377 tricycle riders who were randomly sampled from 6,652 registered tricycle riders in Niger state, Nigeria. The research hypotheses were tested using ‘multiple regression'. The results revealed that tricycle registration, daily road usage, ownership and market entry taxes/levies exert significant effects on income generation of commercial tricycle riders. The study, therefore, recommends that the government policy on tricycle registration and tricycle ownership taxes should be reviewed with the aim of providing succor to the commercial tricycle riders. Also, the state government should harmonize daily road usage and market entry taxes/levies charge on the same source of income by various local governments on daily basis to reduce the effect of ‘multiple taxation' on commercial tricycle riders.

GROWTH OF REVENUE OF GOODS AND SERVICES TAX IN INDIA

Government of India has implemented Goods & Services Tax (GST) in India on 1 July, 2017. The obective of this research paper is to explain the mechanism of GST and its effects on Indian economy. The Kelkar Committee was convinced that a dual GST system shall be able to tax almost all the goods and services and the Indian economy shall be able to have wider market of tax base, improve revenue collection through levying and collection of indirect tax and more pragmatic approach of efficient resource allocation. Under the Goods and Service Tax mechanism, every person is be liable to pay tax on output and shall be entitled to enjoy credit on input tax paid and tax shall be only on the amount of value added. The historic GST or goods and services tax has become a reality. GST is going to consolidate these multiple taxes into one as ‘One Nation, One Market, and One Tax’. Integration of goods and services tax would definitely lead to ease of doing business and simplifies tax compliance. GST bill will be a form for economic integration of India. Government of India, this surplus revenue may contribute to the growth of economy by way of investment in various infrastructural & development projects by Government of India. GST may have positive impact on economy, four tier structure of tax rate under GST may result into massive price hike of luxurious Goods & Services as well Government has taken efforts to put Goods & Services of necessity under lowest slab of tax rate. This is the major indirect tax reform in the history of India, outcome of which various Central & State taxes subsumed under GST viz. Central Excise Duty, Service Tax, Additional Duty of Excise, Surcharges, Cess, Countervailing Duty, Special Additional Duty, Sales Tax, VAT, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, Entry Tax etc. KEYWORDS:-Economy, GST, Negative Impact, Positive Impact, Transparency.