Multiple Sweeps Research Articles

Cyclic voltammetry of porous carbon is impacted by charge redistribution – understanding the mechanism and effects on performance metrics

Ion-transport limitations in porous carbon can cause charge redistribution (CR) that significantly impacts cyclic voltammetry (CV) results and associated figures of merit. We elucidate these effects and the underlying mechanism using Vulcan XC 72 carbon and a Transmission Line Circuit (TLC). During the initial anodic scan, charge redistributes into the pores. The charged pores then act as a charge reservoir during the cathodic sweep and all subsequent CV cycles. Thus, pristine electrodes exhibit more positive currents than previously-cycled electrodes, causing higher anodic charge (capacity), capacitance and energy but lowering the cathodic charge, capacitance and energy, and the coulombic- and energy-efficiencies. When multiple sweep rates are run on the same electrode, there is a residual effect of the previous sweep rate; we show that applying sweep rates in order of decreasing magnitude must be avoided to eliminate significant bias in the data. Suggestions are made for designing CV protocols that minimize CR-based impacts on the CV profile and associated figures of merit. These considerations are vital to prevent erroneous conclusions due to CR and to allow comparisons between literature results. While this work focusses on carbon, the findings herein apply equally to other highly porous conductive materials and pseudocapacitive films.

Genome-wide analysis of polymorphisms identified domestication-associated long low-diversity region carrying important rice grain size/weight quantitative trait loci.

Rice grain size and weight are major determinants of grain quality and yield and so have been under rigorous selection since domestication. However, the genetic basis for contrasting grain size/weight trait among Indian germplasms and their association with domestication-driven evolution is not well understood. In this study, two long (LGG) and two short grain (SGG) genotypes were resequenced. LGG (LGR and PB 1121) differentiated from SGG (Sonasal and Bindli) by 504439 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 78166 insertion-and-deletion polymorphisms. The LRK gene cluster was different and a truncation mutation in the LRK8 kinase domain was associated with LGG. Phylogeny with 3000 diverse rice accessions revealed that the four sequenced genotypes belonged to the japonica group and were at the edge of the clades indicating them to be the potential source of genetic diversity available in Indian rice germplasm. Six SNPs were significantly associated with grain size/weight and the top four of these could be validated in mapping a population, suggesting this study as a valuable resource for high-throughput genotyping. A contiguous long low-diversity region (LDR) of approximately 6Mb carrying a major grain weight quantitative trait loci (harbouring OsTOR gene) was identified on Chromosome 5. This LDR was identified as an evolutionary important site with significant positive selection and multiple selection sweeps, and showed association with many domestication-related traits, including grain size/weight. The aus population retained more allelic variations in the LDR than the japonica and indica populations, suggesting it to be one of the divergence loci. All the data and analyses can be accessed from the RiceSzWtBase database.

An Africa-wide genomic evolution of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus involves selective sweeps, copy number variations, gene conversion and transposons.

Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens to reverse recent gains in malaria control. Deciphering patterns of gene flow and resistance evolution in malaria vectors is crucial to improving control strategies and preventing malaria resurgence. A genome-wide survey of Anopheles funestus genetic diversity Africa-wide revealed evidences of a major division between southern Africa and elsewhere, associated with different population histories. Three genomic regions exhibited strong signatures of selective sweeps, each spanning major resistance loci (CYP6P9a/b, GSTe2 and CYP9K1). However, a sharp regional contrast was observed between populations correlating with gene flow barriers. Signatures of complex molecular evolution of resistance were detected with evidence of copy number variation, transposon insertion and a gene conversion between CYP6P9a/b paralog genes. Temporal analyses of samples before and after bed net scale up suggest that these genomic changes are driven by this control intervention. Multiple independent selective sweeps at the same locus in different parts of Africa suggests that local evolution of resistance in malaria vectors may be a greater threat than trans-regional spread of resistance haplotypes.

Yttrium Doped Copper (II) Oxide Hole Transport Material as Efficient Thin Film Transistor.

This work reports development of yttrium doped copper oxide (Y-CuO) as a new hole transport material with supplemented optoelectronic character. The pure and Y-doped CuO thin films are developed through a solid-state method at 200 °C and recognized as high performance p-channel inorganic thin-film transistors (TFTs). CuO is formed by oxidative decomposition of copper acetylacetonate, yielding 100 nm thick and conductive (40.9 S cm-1 ) compact films with a band gap of 2.47 eV and charge carrier density of ∼1.44×1019 cm-3 . Yttrium doping generates denser films, Cu2 Y2 O5 phase in the lattice, with a wide band gap of 2.63 eV. The electrical conductivity increases nine-fold on 2 % Y addition to CuO, and the carrier density increases to 2.97×1021 cm-3 , the highest reported so far. The TFT devices perform remarkably with high field-effect mobility (μsat ) of 3.45 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 5.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , and considerably high current-on/off ratios of 0.11×104 and 9.21×104 , for CuO and Y-CuO films, respectively (at -1 V operating voltage). A very small width hysteresis, 0.01 V for CuO and 1.92 V for 1 % Y-CuO, depict good bias stability. Both the devices work in enhancement mode with stable output characteristics for multiple forward sweeps (5 to -60 V) at -1Vg .

Investigating the Influence of Replacing Two Biomass Ashes with Conventional Filler on High and Intermediate Temperature Performance of Mastic and Mixture

Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the rheological properties of mastics and performance of mixtures consisting of two biomass ashes named as coal waste ash (CWA) and rice husk ash (RHA) used as a replacement of limestone filler at different concentrations. The high and intermediate temperature behavior of binders was evaluated through multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests. Moreover, Marshall stability, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, moisture susceptibility, wheel track, indirect tensile strength, and four-point beam fatigue tests were implemented to investigate the mechanical performance of mixtures. Based on MSCR test results utilization of RHA led to improve the rutting resistance of binders, while CWA decreases the rutting resistance of binders. LAS test results indicated that addition of RHA to original binder increase the fatigue life of binder, while CWA decreases the fatigue behavior of mastics. Based on the results, the addition of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) increases the fatigue life of mastics. Results revealed that the addition of RHA improves the Marshall stability, resilient modulus, rutting properties, moisture resistance, and tensile strength of asphalt mixtures, while CWA has negative impact. In general, the obtained results from this study indicated that reuse of RHA and CWA waste materials in the northern part of Iran, where there are lots of RHA and CWA materials, especially RHA, in pavement engineering, has two main effects. First, environmental problems are reduced. Second, the performance properties of mixtures are enhanced.

Initialization process of Cu-based WOx conductive bridge RAM investigated via in situ transmission electron microscopy

The initialization process of the Cu-WOx CBRAM was analyzed via in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the measurements, lateral-type devices were used to allow for clear microscopic observation. A widening of the electrode gap by electrochemical dissolution of the Cu anode during voltage application was experimentally confirmed. These results provide evidence for the chemical reaction occurring at the anode side of the CBRAM. The resistance gradually decreased after multiple voltage sweep applications, and deposits appeared and grew in the electrode gap region. Subsequently, sharp switching occurred, however, clear conductive filaments bridging the two electrodes were not detected within the resolution limit of the in situ TEM. Finally, a series of bipolar operations were realized; with continued bipolar operation, Cu accumulated in the switching region and device degradation occurred.

Incorporating hollow glass microsphere to cool asphalt pavement: Preliminary evaluation of asphalt mastic

In order to cool asphalt pavement by replacing limestone mineral filler (LMF) with hollow glass microsphere (HGM) in asphalt mixture, this work preliminarily evaluated the thermal, high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic. The microstructure, particle size distribution, chemical element composition and crystal structure of LMF and HGM were tested to characterize their physical and chemical properties. A series of tests, including scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, thermal conductivity, spectral reflectance, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests were performed to investigate the influence of HGM on the performances of asphalt mastic. The results show that HGM/LMF and asphalt were physically blended, and some HGM particles were broken when preparing asphalt mastic. Completely replacing LMF with HGM in asphalt mastic resulted in a decrease of thermal conductivity by 40% and an increase of infrared reflectance by 60%. The MSCR test result shows that HGM negatively affected the anti-rutting performance of asphalt mastic, while the LAS test result shows that HGM could extend the fatigue life of asphalt mastic. The findings in this study indicate that HGM is a potential material for cooling asphalt pavement.

Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient With Prioritized Sampling for Power Control

Reinforcement learning is a technique for power control in wireless communications. However, most research has focused on the deep Q-network (DQN) scheme, which outputs the Q-value for each discrete action, and does not match the continuous power control problem. Hence, this paper provides a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) scheme for power control. A power selection policy designated an actor is approximated by a convolutional neural network (CNN), and an evaluation of a policy designated a critic is approximated by a fully connected network. These deep neural networks enable fast decision-making for large-scale power control problems. Moreover, to speed up the training process, this paper proposes a prioritized sampling technique, which samples the experiences that need to be learned with a higher probability. This paper simulates the proposed algorithm in a multiple sweep interference (MSI) scenario. The simulation results show that the DDPG scheme is more likely to achieve optimal policy than the DQN scheme. In addition, the DDPG scheme with prioritized sampling (DDPG-PS) converges faster than the DDPG scheme with uniform sampling.

An Effective Accuracy Evaluation Method for LFMCW Radar Displacement Monitoring With Phasor Statistical Analysis

Non-contact displacement and vibration monitoring based on microwave interferometry is an emerging and promising technique in structural health monitoring. This paper focuses on the measurement accuracy evaluation requirements for linear frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFMCW) radar displacement monitoring in practical applications, and presents an effective accuracy evaluation method based on phasor statistical analysis (PSA). The basic idea of the proposed method is that the phase evolution estimation error (i.e., corresponding to displacement measurement error) can be quantitatively evaluated and calculated by using the relative error statistic of the phasor amplitude tracking result across multiple sweeps. The accuracy evaluation problem and the specific procedures of the proposed PSA method are described. In addition, the detailed mathematical analysis and geometric interpretation regarding three main interference (i.e., noise, static clutter and adjacent clutter) scenarios are provided for the validation. A series of simulations and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the performance of our proposed method, which has low computational complexity, high applicability and good user friendliness.

Laboratory experiment on the effect of nano SiO2 and TiO2 on short and long-term aging behavior of bitumen

In recent years, efforts to extend life and asphalt endurance against climatic conditions and loads caused by traffic have been concerned by for road builders. To this end, researchers have explored different ways, such as changing the aggregation, using different additives and changing the composition of asphalt. According to previous studies and experiments, it seems that the modification of bitumen using polymers alone does not completely improve the bitumen properties and asphalt performance. Therefore, in this study, the effect of silica and titanium nano-oxides on the rheological behavior of bitumen was investigated. In this study, rheological tests such as Direct Shear Rheometer, Bending Beam Rheometer, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery and Linear Amplitude Sweep were performed. The results show that adding different percentages of nanomaterials to bitumen improves bitumen resistance against aging and damages such as rutting and fatigue and improve rheological behavior of bitumen. Of all the percentages selected, the use of 1.2% nano SiO2 and 0.9% Nano TiO2 had the best performance. The results show that addition of 1.2% Nano SiO2 at 40 °C increases rutting resistance of the mixture approximately 100% and also increases the fatigue life of bitumen samples by 50%.

Multiple selective sweeps of ancient polymorphisms in and around LT\u03b1 located in the MHC class III region on chromosome 6

BackgroundLymphotoxin-α (LTα), located in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6, encodes a cytotoxic protein that mediates a variety of antiviral responses among other biological functions. Furthermore, several genotypes at this gene have been implicated in the onset of a number of complex diseases, including myocardial infarction, autoimmunity, and various types of cancer. However, little is known about levels of nucleotide variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in and near LTα, which could also influence phenotypic variance. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined sequence variation across ~ 10 kilobases (kbs), encompassing LTα and the upstream region, in 2039 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project originating from 21 global populations.ResultsHere, we observed striking patterns of diversity, including an excess of intermediate-frequency alleles, the maintenance of multiple common haplotypes and a deep coalescence time for variation (dating > 1.0 million years ago), in global populations. While these results are generally consistent with a model of balancing selection, we also uncovered a signature of positive selection in the form of long-range LD on chromosomes with derived alleles primarily in Eurasian populations. To reconcile these findings, which appear to support different models of selection, we argue that selective sweeps (particularly, soft sweeps) of multiple derived alleles in and/or near LTα occurred in non-Africans after their ancestors left Africa. Furthermore, these targets of selection were predicted to alter transcription factor binding site affinity and protein stability, suggesting they play a role in gene function. Additionally, our data also showed that a subset of these functional adaptive variants are present in archaic hominin genomes.ConclusionsOverall, this study identified candidate functional alleles in a biologically-relevant genomic region, and offers new insights into the evolutionary origins of these loci in modern human populations.

Laboratory evaluation of the effect of coal waste ash (CWA) and rice husk ash (RHA) on performance of asphalt mastics and Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture

Current study assessed the performance of mastics and SMA mixture containing coal waste ash (CWA) and rice husk ash (RHA) in different mass fractions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) as a substitution of limestone powder (LP) as conventional filler. For this purpose, the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) and linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were performed to investigate the rutting and fatigue performance of asphalt mastics with different fillers and concentrations. Moreover, Marshall stability, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, moisture susceptibility, wheel track, Indirect tensile strength tests were implemented to investigate the mechanical performance of mixtures. The MSCR test results revealed that addition of RHA to original binder led to decrease in strain of binder and hence rutting strength of original binder increases at both stress levels. While the CWA additive has adverse effect in comparison with RHA. Based on the obtained results from LAS test, addition of RHA to original binder increase the fatigue life of binder. Adversely, CWA is incapable of improving the fatigue behavior of mastics. Also modification of mastics with SBS improve the fatigue behavior of modified asphalt binders. Results indicated that replacement of RHA by conventional filler enhances the Marshall stability, resilient modulus, rutting properties, moisture resistance and tensile strength of asphalt mixtures. Adversely, the modification of asphalt binder by CWA resulting in reducing the mentioned performance properties of mixtures, except moisture resistance. In general, the obtained results from this study indicated that reuse of RHA and CWA waste materials in north part of Iran where there are lots of RHA and CWA materials especially RHA in pavement engineering, has two main effects. First, reduce environmental problems. Second, enhance the performance properties of mixtures.

Characterization of thermal, high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic containing fly ash cenosphere

This paper aims at evaluating the thermal, high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic, which was prepared using fly ash cenosphere (FAC) with a hollow sphere structure to replace equal volume of limestone mineral filler (LMF). A series of experiment were performed to investigate the physical, microscopic and chemical properties of the two fillers, as well as the thermal, high-temperature rheological and fatigue performances of asphalt mastics. The particle size distributions, surface characteristics, morphological information, chemical compositions and crystal structures of the fillers were first characterized. Based on the observed Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, it is found that FAC was physically blended with asphalt. The result of thermal conductivity test indicates that FAC reduced the thermal conductivity of asphalt mastic by 37.8%. Dynamic shear rheometer was used to perform a series of test, including temperature/frequency sweep test, steady shear viscosity test, multiple stress creep recovery test and linear amplitude sweep test, to evaluate the high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic. The results show that the addition of FAC generally had negative effects on both the high-temperature and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic. The study findings indicate that, although it is effective to prepare the low-thermal-conductive asphalt mixture using LMF, further studies are required to improve the interaction between asphalt and FAC, therefore, to mitigate the reduced high-temperature rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mastic.

1376 Pseudoaneurysm of the Cystic Artery: An Unusual Case of Hemobilia in a Teenage Patient

INTRODUCTION: Pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery is a rare cause of hemobilia and often derives from the inflammatory changes in cholecystitis. Knowledge regarding this topic is limited with rare occurrence reported in the literature. This may be the first reported case of a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm causing biliary obstruction in a pediatric patient. This case emphasizes the importance of considering hemobilia whenever gastrointestinal bleeding is associated with cholestatic liver injury as well as including cystic artery aneurysm in the differential diagnosis of hemobilia. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 16-year-old obese male scheduled for elective cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis was admitted for worsening abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting. After admission, patient remained afebrile with resolving symptoms, but rising cholestatic markers. MRCP showed Common Bile Duct (CBD) dilation to 1 cm but without CBD stones. EUS was performed to evaluate for choledocholithiasis but was limited by the unexpected finding of fresh blood in the duodenum. CBD dilation to 8 mm was seen but was without evidence of CBD stones. Cholestatic injury worsened, prompting ERCP as distal CBD stones were still the leading concern. Upon examination prior to cannulation, passage of blood and blood clots was seen from the native ampulla. Cholangiogram showed multiple filling defects within the CBD suggestive of blood clots, sphincterotomy was performed and multiple sweeps with the balloon catheter removed only blood clots with no stones seen. CT angiography was performed and found a focal arterial density collection in the posteromedial gallbladder wall, most likely due to a pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery. Interventional Radiology performed coil embolization of the cystic artery prior to cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was converted to open laparotomy after the discovery of extensive pericholecystic adhesions to the gallbladder as well as a cholecystocolonic fistula. The fistula was repaired and the gallbladder was removed with ligation of the cystic artery just distal to the coils. Symptoms resolved and the patient's laboratory values normalized. DISCUSSION: A rare case of cholestatic liver injury and hemobilia secondary to cystic artery pseudoaneurysm in a pediatric patient is reported. As demonstrated in this report, immediate angiography and embolization of the involved artery followed by cholecystectomy may be the optimal treatment regardless of patient age.

2185 69-Year-Old Male After Gastric Bypass With Choledocholithiasis Treated With EDGE Procedure Complicated by LAMS Dislocation

INTRODUCTION: With the alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, more people are undergoing bariatric surgeries of which most common is Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). This altered anatomy poses challenges in accessing the papilla for ERCP in the setting of biliary pathology. Until recently enteroscopy or surgery assisted ERCP were the two main treatment options. Today, EUS-directed trans-gastric ERCP (EDGE) procedures have emerged as a promising treatment option in such circumstances. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 69-year-old male with history of RYGB, cholecystectomy, Barret’s esophagus, CAD and CKD was admitted with one day history of vomiting and RUQ abdominal pain. On initial evaluation the patient was afebrile, normotensive with scleral icterus. Labs were significant for leukocytosis (14.2 10^3/µL), elevated transaminases (AST 254 U/L; ALT 231 U/L) and signs of biliary obstruction (ALP 252 U/L; bilirubin 3.3 mg/dl). Abdominal imaging (CT, US) revealed dilated intra and extra hepatic biliary ducts with the CBD measuring 1.4cm. For further evaluation, an EDGE procedure was performed within 24 hours. After injecting water to form a fluid collection in the stomach and confirming no blood flow in the path, a 20mm Hot Axios LAMS was successfully deployed under EUS guidance. The gastric lumen was confirmed after dilatation to 18mm. The duodenoscope was advanced and subsequent cholangiogram revealed several large stone filling defects along with dilated hepatic ducts. A sphincterotomy was performed, 9-12mm followed by 12-15mm extraction balloons were advanced over the wire and after multiple sweeps, 5 large stones were removed with resolution of biliary obstruction. During the ERCP, the LAMS dislodged into the native stomach over the scope but was able to be successfully removed by rat-tooth forceps. Finally, the fistula was closed using endo-clips and the patient reported resolution of his symptoms and LFTs normalized. DISCUSSION: Choledocholithiasis after RYGB is not unusual as nearly 50% of patients develop biliary stones within two years after surgery. The most common complications after EDGE procedure are bleeding from the fistula site, persistent fistula formation, perforation or adverse events related to ERCP. We present a rare case of LAMS dislocation into the stomach during EDGE which was successfully removed with the snare. Being able to recognize and immediately treat this potential complication may help providers anticipate it during EDGE procedures.

2164 Percutaneous Transhepatic Single-Operator Cholangioscopy With Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy in the Management of Intrahepatic Stones in a Post-Orthotopic Liver Transplant Patient With Ischemic Cholangiopathy

INTRODUCTION: Advancements in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have revolutionized the management of biliary stones. However, endoscopic management of intrahepatic stones continues to be challenging. We discuss a patient with intrahepatic stones who was treated with percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy with electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL). CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 68-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplant from a deceased after cardiac death donor. His post-transplant course was complicated by ischemic cholangiopathy, biloma development and recurrent episodes of cholangitis. He underwent placement of an external biliary drain for management of his biloma. An MRCP demonstrated persistent biloma as well as mural irregularities within the intrahepatic ducts concerning for intrahepatic stones. Due to recurrent cholangitis, a combined IR (interventional radiology)-biliary endoscopic procedure was undertaken. IR performed a percutaneous cholangiogram (PTC) which demonstrated multiple filling defects in the left hepatic ducts consistent with stones. A 5 French Fogarty balloon was advanced and inflated with multiple sweeps in an attempt to extract the filling defects into the common bile duct. Antegrade cholangioscopy was then performed with single-operator cholangioscope (SpyGlass 2™) passed through a 14 French PTC sheath. Using the cholangioscope we were able to visualize impacted stones within the left intrahepatic system and treat them utilizing EHL with a catheter setting of 40-50 Watts for stone fragmentation and suction. The single-operator cholangioscope was then directed at the common bile duct and two large retained stones were treated with EHL. Subsequently, a traditional ERCP was performed which noted filling defects within the common bile duct. Balloon sphincteroplasty was performed and using an 8.5-11.5 mm balloon catheter, CBD exploration and balloon sweeps were performed with extraction of 2 large stones and sludge. Occlusion cholangiogram at the completion of the procedure revealed no further stones and patent anastomosis. To allow adequate biliary drainage, a retrievable 10 mm × 60 mm SEMS covered metal biliary stent and a new 14 French external biliary drain was placed. The biliary stent was removed 3 months later with ERCP demonstrating no recurrent stones. DISCUSSION: Complex intrahepatic lithiasis may be successfully managed with a multi-disciplinary collaborative approach between Interventional Radiology and biliary endoscopists.

1343 A Rare Case of Lemmel Syndrome

INTRODUCTION: Lemmel syndrome is a rare condition in which a periampullary duodenal diverticulum compresses the distal common bile duct (CBD) resulting in obstructive jaundice in the absence of choledocholithiasis or tumor. We present a rare case of Lemmel syndrome in an elderly patient below. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: An 83-year-old woman with a past medical history of Crohn's disease and pancreatic cysts was transferred to our facility for management of biliary obstruction. She had noted a four-month history of progressive early satiety, post-prandial right upper quadrant abdominal pain, post-prandial emesis, poor oral intake, and significant weight loss. On presentation, labs were significant for WBC of 11.6 k/mm3, AST of 242 U/L, ALT of 1677 U/L, alkaline phosphatase of 1347 U/L, total bilirubin of 3.4 mg/dL, and lipase of 260 U/L. She underwent ERCP and was found to have a large periampullary diverticulum containing the major papilla. Cholangiogram revealed a tortuous bile duct and severe intra- and extrahepatic biliary dilation. A sphincterotomy was performed and multiple balloon sweeps were done with no stone extraction. A 10 F × 8 cm fully covered metal biliary stent (FCSEMS) was placed in the bile duct and she had improvement in her appetite, abdominal pain, and liver function tests. On follow up ERCP, the bile duct maintained a straightened position. DISCUSSION: Lemmel syndrome is characterized by obstructive jaundice caused by periampullary duodenal diverticulum (PAD) compressing the intra-pancreatic part of the CBD with resultant upstream dilatation of the extra- and intra-hepatic bile ducts. PAD is a pseudo-diverticula consisting of an extraluminal out-pouching of duodenal mucosa and lacks a muscularis layer. PAD develops within a 2-3 cm radius from the ampulla of Vater. Periampullary duodenal diverticuli are mostly asymptomatic and majority are diagnosed incidentally. When inflamed, they can cause pancreaticobiliary complications such as obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, pancreatitis, and stone formation. They are diagnosed on imaging such as CT scan, MRCP, and barium studies, which can show lateral compression of the distal CBD by the diverticulum. ERCP with sphincterotomy and biliary stent placement has shown to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality, although diverticulectomy remains standard of care for PAD. Lemmel syndrome is rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis for obstructive jaundice in patients with a periampullary duodenal diverticulum.

1389 Unusual Presentation of an Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct (IPNB) Masquerading as Mirizzi Syndrome Correctly Diagnosed With SpyGlass Cholangioscopy

INTRODUCTION: Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is relatively rare in the Western world with higher incidence reported in Far Eastern countries because endemic hepatolithiasis and clonorchiasis. We describe an unusual presentation of the tumor masquerading as Mirizzi syndrome. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 64-year-old lady with a history of cholelithiasis presented to the hospital with acute onset of severe epigastric and right upper quadrant pain with associated symptoms of nausea and vomiting. She was afebrile and was noted to have epigastric and right upper quadrant tenderness. She had abnormal liver enzymes with AST of 958, ALT of 994, alkaline phosphatase of 170 and bilirubin of 1.5 that increased to 3.9. An ultrasound revealed cholelithiasis and a positive sonographic Murphy's sign. There was intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal dilation. Debris was noted within a 9 mm diameter bile duct. A HIDA scan revealed non-visualization of the gallbladder at 4 hours compatible with acute cholecystitis/cystic duct obstruction. MRI with gadolineum and MRCP revealed a 17 mm irregular shaped filling defect within the cystic duct with extension into the junction of the common hepatic and common bile duct most consistent with a large stone, Mirizzi syndrome to be considered. It also revealed cholelithiasis and gallbladder wall edema consistent with acute cholecystitis. A ERCP was performed that revealed a filling defect causing obstruction at the CHD/CBD/cystic duct junction thought to be caused by a large stone impacted within the cystic duct. A sphincterotomy was performed and multiple balloon sweeps were done without retrieval of a stone. A 10 F/9 cm size plastic stent was placed with complete resolution of her symptoms. She was scheduled for A SpyGlass cholangioscopy for further evaluation and possible electrohydraulic lithotripsy/stone extraction. SpyGlass cholangioscopy interestingly revealed a tumor occluding the cystic duct and extending into the CHD and CBD causing luminal narrowing. The tumor had frond-like papillary projections characteristic of an IPNB. Biopsies obtained with SpyBite biopsy forceps confirmed IPNB. The patient underwent tumor resection along with cholecystectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy with excellent recovery. DISCUSSION: Peroral cholangioscopy with biopsies provided a definite diagnosis in this patient with an acute Mirizzi syndrome like presentation of IPNB leading to appropriate surgical management.

ZrO2 Ferroelectric FET for Non-volatile Memory Application

We demonstrate for the first time ZrO2 ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) for embedded non-volatile memory applications. Multiple sweeps of polarization versus voltage measurement demonstrate that a metal/ZrO2/Ge capacitor is entirely free of wake-up effect and has significantly improved fatigue characteristics compared to a HfZrOx control device. Thanks to relatively small remnant polarization and a high-quality ZrO2/Ge interface, up to 107 cycles program/erase endurance, 10 ns program/erase speed, and >10-year data retention at 85 °C are achieved.

Characterizing the Temperature Effects on Rutting and Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Principle

Abstract The objective of this article is to investigate the effects of temperature on rutting and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt binders based on the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). In this study, the TTSP approach was employed to interpret the results of multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests for both neat and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)–modified asphalt binders. The higher stress level of 3.2 kPa in the standard MSCR test procedure was extended to 10 and 15 kPa to verify the stress sensitivity of the nonrecoverable compliance (Jnr). A loading duration of 5 minutes in the standard LAS test was extended to 10 and 15 minutes to develop the fatigue failure criterion at different conditions. The results demonstrate that the time-strain curves of the neat binder during the MSCR tests under different temperatures can be unified into a single strain master curve using the TTSP shift factors, based on which the predictive Jnr showed good agreement with the measured values. This TTSP-based analysis approach does not work well for the MSCR results of the SBS-modified binder at high temperatures. However, the fatigue failure criterion determined from the LAS tests under different temperatures was verified to be successfully constructed into a single failure criterion according to the TTSP approach for both the neat and SBS-modified binders. Therefore, only an additional caution is raised for the TTS-based analysis on rutting resistance of the modified binder in a high temperature range.