Multiple Statistical Tests Research Articles

The role of entrepreneurial leadership in achieving strategic excellence an analytical study of the opinions of a sample of college council members at private universities in the Erbil city

The research aims to determine the availability of the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership and the dimensions of strategic excellence from the point of view of a sample of members of college councils in private universities in the Erbil city, in addition to analyzing the relationship and impact of entrepreneurial leadership represented by its dimensions (Creativity, risk taking, proactiveness, independence) in the dimensions of strategic excellence represented by (Leadership excellence, individual excellence, cultural excellence, service excellence). The general framework of the research was represented in the research problem, which was defined by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the independent variable (entrepreneurial leadership) and the dependent variable (strategic excellence). For this purpose, a hypothetical chart was designed that expresses three main hypotheses, and to ensure their validity, they were subjected to multiple statistical tests. The questionnaire was used as a means of obtaining data. The research adopted the descriptive analytical method, where the main and sub-variables were described, to analyze the relationships and influence between the two variables. The research population was represented by all members of the college councils in the private university colleges in the Erbil city, whose number was determined according to the data and statistics of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and their number reached (117), and (58) members were chosen from them to represent the research sample. The hypotheses were tested through a set of analyzes and statistical tests using the computer program (SPSS Ver.26). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of positive ethical relationships at a high level between the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership and strategic excellence at the macro and micro levels. This confirms the benefit of colleges in private universities from employing the dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership in adopting the dimensions of strategic excellence, in addition to the presence of a positive effect on statistically significant levels of the entrepreneurial leadership variable in the strategic excellence variable, according to what was produced by the analysis indicators at the macro and micro levels. The research presented a set of proposals, the most important of which is the necessity of investing in the strong relationship between the two variables and directing this relationship towards serving the colleges under research.

PENGARUH HARGA JUAL DAN SYARAT KREDIT TERHADAP PENJUALAN KREDIT PT HOME CREDIT INDONESIA CABANG SURABAYA

As the economy changes after the pandemic storm in all countries, especially Indonesia, many parties move very quickly, everyone must survive to survive, from national business corporations to small and medium class MSMEs to develop their businesses. The development of the business provides significant benefits for the company or business, which has an impact on increasing company profits. The company's goal is to sell goods to consumers and users both directly and digitally, so it is necessary to carry out effective and efficient sales. Sales usually consist of sales of goods and services, both cash and credit. Research conducted by Syarial, (2015), shows that the results of his research have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, in this case researchers purchase using credit sales. The rise of credit sales in various regions both online and offline, many people from various walks of life to follow the latest trend. Technological advances have made many digital platforms appear. One that is widely used because of the convenience provided is the sales application. Because of this phenomenon, researchers are interested in examining Credit Sales at PT Home Credit Indonesia Surabaya branch studied through credit prices and credit terms. The purpose of this thesis is to find out the selling price, credit interest rate affects the credit sales of PT Home Credit Indonesia Surabaya branch, Validity test, reliability test, multiple linear regression statistical test, F test, and t test are used in this influence research, a non- experimental quantitative research method. The results found that credit sales (Y) were influenced by selling price (X1) and credit terms (X2), and both variables were influenced by credit sales (Y) if tested simultaneously.

STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE TAX RATIO THROUGH DIGITAL ECONOMY TAXATION: REVIEW OF LESSONS FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES

This study aims to investigate the effect of tax increase strategies on the Tax Revenue Ratio, moderated by the Digital Economy in Indonesia. The data used is panel data consisting of 60 observations over a specific period. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression methods and other statistical tests to examine the research hypotheses. The analysis results indicate that, although there are initially intriguing indications, there is insufficient statistical evidence to support a significant effect of the tax increase strategy on the Tax Revenue Ratio within the context of the sample studied. Similarly, the Digital Economy does not appear to have a significant influence on the Tax Revenue Ratio. Additionally, there is no significant moderating effect of the Digital Economy on the relationship between the tax increase strategy and the Tax Revenue Ratio. Nonetheless, this study's findings provide valuable insights for further understanding the dynamics between tax strategies, the digital economy, and the Tax Revenue Ratio. The policy implications of these findings underscore the need for further research and a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the Tax Revenue Ratio in Indonesia, particularly in facing the challenges and opportunities of the continuously evolving digital economy. Keywords: Tax Increase Strategy, Digital Economy, State Tax Revenue, Tax Policy, Digital Economy Dynamics

Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Komunikasi Interpersonal Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai di Kantor Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

This study aims to analyze the effect of work environment and interpersonal communication on employee job satisfaction at the Office of Education and Culture (DISDIKBUD) of East Kalimantan Province. The problems raised include whether the work environment and interpersonal communication have a significant effect on employee job satisfaction, both individually and simultaneously. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection through a survey involving 71 respondents of DISDIKBUD employees. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression statistical tests to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. The results showed that work environment and interpersonal communication have a significant influence on employee job satisfaction. Statistical tests indicate that both variables, both individually and simultaneously have a significant impact on job satisfaction. The coefficient of determination and the correlation coefficient indicate that variations in job satisfaction can be explained by both variables and show a strong relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Factors Mediating Lung Cancer in Never Smokers Identified from Epidemiologic Analysis

Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers (LCINS) is one of the leading causes of cancer patient deaths in the United States. Unlike lung cancer onset by cigarette smoking, LCINS is not as readily understood and research on the subject has been conflicting. Thus, early diagnosis and prevention are key in reducing mortality among LCINS patients. In this study, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) dataset contains more than 155,000 participants and over 36,000 never-smokers. Data from more than 5,000 patients with LCINS were analyzed using R and Excel software to determine risk factors of LCINS. The factors analyzed for predictive power in LCINS incidence were age, height, weight, body mass index, race, income, family history, and secondary smoke exposure. Multiple statistical methods, including t-tests, ANOVA tests, and logistic regression, were implemented to assess each factor. Through comparison and corroboration of results from these statistical methods, age and race were identified as the key factors that had statistically significant evidence as potential influences in LCINS incidence. This was indicated by strong positive correlation between age/race and the predicted probability of LCINS development with a statistically significant p value. Other physical characteristics did not appear to have a significant impact on the likelihood of developing LCINS. In addition, the statistical method that provided the most information regarding a factor’s power was logistical regression due to the binomial outcome of whether or not a patient has LCINS. It enables a deeper elucidation of how individual factors influence the probability of LCINS development. These results provide valuable insights into demographic risk factors for LCINS and lay the groundwork for future investigations, potentially including the application of advanced analytical techniques such as deep learning algorithms to explore additional predictive factors for LCINS and other lung cancer subtypes.

Disparate and parallel craniofacial climatic adaptations in native populations of Asia, North America, and South America.

Understanding the impact that climate had in shaping cranial variation is critical for inferring the evolutionary mechanisms that played a role in human diversification. Here, we provide a comprehensive study aiming to analyze the association between climate and cranial variation of high latitude populations living in temperate to cold environments of Asia, North America, and South America. For this, we compiled a large morphometric dataset (N = 2633), which was combined with climatic and genomic data. We tested the influence of climate on the facial skeleton, nasal protrusion, and cranial vault and through multiple statistical tests at two geographical scales: intracontinental and intercontinental. We show that populations living in cold areas share a morphological pattern characterized by an increase in nasal height, facial and orbital heights and widths, a decrease in facial protrusion, and larger, longer, and lower cranial vaults. There are also distinctive features; populations from north Asia present the tallest noses, largest faces, and cranial vaults of the whole sample. Nasal breadth dimensions show small values in Asians, large values in South Americans, and non-significant changes in arctic North America. The morphological pattern in populations living at high latitude may be the result of parallel adaptation, as supported by physiological, morphometric, ecological, and genetic explanations, while the differences in magnitude and phenotypic expression could be due to the diverse population histories, severity of climate, and cultural strategies. Overall, our study shows that climate is a relevant factor shaping modern human morphology and it should be considered when studying modern human evolution and diversification.

Hybrid Quantum or Purely Classical? Assessing the Utility of Quantum Feature Embeddings

Background As graph datasets—including social networks, supply chains, and bioinformatics data—grow in size and complexity, researchers are driven to search for solutions enhancing model efficiency and speed. One avenue that may provide a solution is Quantum Graph Learning (QGL), a subfield of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) that applies machine learning inspired or powered by quantum computing to graph learning tasks. Methods We reevaluate Quantum Feature Embeddings (QFE), a QGL methodology published by Xu et al. earlier this year. QFE uses Variational Quantum Circuits to preprocess node features and then sends them to a classical Graph Neural Network (GNN), with the goal of increasing performance and/or decreasing total model size. Xu et al. evaluated this methodology by comparing its performance with the performance of variously-sized classical models on the benchmark datasets PROTEINS and ENZYMES, and they report success. Our core methodology and learning task remain unchanged. However, we have made several changes to the experimental design that enhance the rigor of the study: 1) we include the testing of models with no embedder; 2) we conduct a thorough hyperparameter search using a state-of-the-art optimization algorithm; and 3) we conduct stratified five-fold cross-validation, which mitigates the bias produced by our small datasets and provides multiple test statistics from which we can calculate a confidence interval. Results We produce classical models that perform comparably to QFE and significantly outperform the small classical models used in Xu et al.’s comparison. Notably, many of our classical models achieve this using fewer parameters than the QFE models we trained. Xu et al. do not report their total model sizes. Conclusion Our study sheds doubt on the efficacy of QFE by demonstrating that small, well-tuned classical models can perform just as well as QFE, highlighting the importance of hyperparameter tuning and rigorous experimental design.

Subperiosteal abscess volume; an objective indication for surgical management in pediatrics.

Subperiosteal abscess (SPA) can lead to devastating morbidity and mortality. Prompt management is important; however, the choice of management route is controversial. This study investigates factors associated with surgical management and defines a cut-off abscess volume prompting surgical intervention. SPA cases presented to King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC) from 2014 to 2023 were reviewed. The surgical approach was studied in association with factors including age, gender, symptoms and signs, laboratory results, computed tomography (CT) characteristics, medications, and surgical approach. Multiple statistical tests were used for analysis, including student t-test, chi-square, multiple logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Patients were managed medically (n = 14, 45.16%) or surgically (n = 17, 54.84%). The average duration of antibiotics was 15 days. Superior SPA favors surgical management (OR = 6.722, CI [1.332-33.913], p = 0.029), along with the use of steroids (OR = 5.625, CI [0.915-34.572], p = 0.049), and abscess volume (OR = 10.003, CI [1.418-70.540], p < 0.001). However, the only factor attributing to a surgical decision on multivariate logistic regression analysis was abscess volume (OR = 5.126, CI [1.023-25.694], p = 0.047). SPA volume of ≥ 0.648ml strongly prompts surgical management, with a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 71.4% (p = 0.000). SPA volume increases the likelihood of surgical intervention by five times, especially when abscess volume is ≥ 0.648ml.

Copeptin associates with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients on maintenance hemodialysis

BackgroundEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) necessitating hemodialysis pose substantial cardiovascular risks, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a leading cause of mortality. Biomarkers like copeptin have emerged as potential indicators of cardiovascular stress and prognosis in CKD populations. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prognostic value of copeptin in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among hemodialysis patients, alongside traditional cardiac biomarkers. MethodsESRD patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were enrolled. Copeptin levels were measured, and patients were followed for MACEs, defined as cardiovascular deaths, myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure-related hospitalizations. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate the association between copeptin and outcomes, adjusting for relevant covariates. ResultsAmong 351 patients followed for a median of 22.7 months, elevated copeptin levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACEs (HR 1.519, 95 % CI 1.140 to 2.023; p = 0.00425). Copeptin demonstrated predictive capability across multiple statistical tests (Log-rank p = 0.024; Gehan p < 0.001; Tarone-Ware p < 0.001; Peto-Peto p = 0.027), although significance was attenuated in pairwise comparisons post-adjustment for multiple testing. Combining copeptin with NT-proBNP or hs-cTnT further enhanced risk stratification for MACEs. ConclusionElevated copeptin levels independently predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Integrating copeptin with traditional cardiac biomarkers may refine risk stratification and guide personalized therapeutic strategies in this high-risk population.

Assessment of sustainability in cocoa farms in Ecuador: application of a multidimensional indicator-based framework

ABSTRACT Cocoa is one of Ecuador’s main export products. Over the last decades, cocoa production in the country has increased considerably, making it the largest producer of cocoa in Latin America. However, this increase has been accompanied by environmental degradation, endangering the sustainability of cocoa cultivation. This study utilizes an innovative indicator-based framework to evaluate the sustainability performance of fine flavour and CCN-51 cocoa farms in Ecuador, across economic, social, environmental, nutrition and health, and governance dimensions. Data were collected from 169 farms in Manabí Province and multiple statistical tests were employed to discern sustainability scores. The results highlighted significant differences in sustainability between the two cocoa production systems, influenced by factors such as ethnicity, age, and level of education. A 53% variation in sustainability scores between the fine flavour and CCN-51 cocoa farms was identified. The association of lower sustainability scores with limitations of physical and financial capital provides insights for enhancing sustainable cocoa farming in Ecuador.

Overlap between COPD genetic association results and transcriptional quantitative trait loci.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple genetic loci associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). When integrated with GWAS results, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies can provide insight into biological mechanisms involved in disease by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contribute to whole gene expression. However, there are multiple genetically driven regulatory and isoform-specific effects which cannot be detected in traditional eQTL analyses. Here, we identify SNPs that are associated with alternative splicing (sQTL) in addition to eQTLs to identify novel functions for COPD associated genetic variants. We performed RNA sequencing on whole blood from 3743 subjects in the COPDGene Study. RNA sequencing data from lung tissue of 1241 subjects from the Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC), and whole genome sequencing data on all subjects. Associations between all SNPs within 1000 kb of a gene (cis-) and splice and gene expression quantifications were tested using tensorQTL. In COPDGene a total of 11,869,333 SNPs were tested for association with 58,318 splice clusters, and 8,792,206 SNPs were tested for association with 70,094 splice clusters in LTRC. We assessed colocalization with COPD-associated SNPs from a published GWAS[1]. After adjustment for multiple statistical testing, we identified 28,110 splice-sites corresponding to 3,889 unique genes that were significantly associated with genotype in COPDGene whole blood, and 58,258 splice-sites corresponding to 10,307 unique genes associated with genotype in LTRC lung tissue. We found 7,576 sQTL splice-sites corresponding to 2,110 sQTL genes were shared between whole blood and lung, while 20,534 sQTL splice-sites in 3,518 genes were unique to blood and 50,682 splice-sites in 9,677 genes were unique to lung. To determine what proportion of COPD-associated SNPs were associated with transcriptional splicing, we performed colocalization analysis between COPD GWAS and sQTL data, and found that 38 genomic windows, corresponding to 38 COPD GWAS loci had evidence of colocalization between QTLs and COPD. The top five colocalizations between COPD and lung sQTLs include NPNT , FBXO38 , HHIP , NTN4 and BTC . A total of 38 COPD GWAS loci contain evidence of sQTLs, suggesting that analysis of sQTLs in whole blood and lung tissue can provide novel insights into disease mechanisms.

How mobility pattern shapes the association between static green space and dynamic green space exposure

Greenspaces are crucial for enhancing mental and physical health. Recent research has shifted from static methods of assessing exposure to greenspaces, based on fixed locations, to dynamic approaches that account for individual mobility. These dynamic evaluations utilize advanced technologies like GPS tracking and remote sensing to provide more precise exposure estimates. However, little work has been conducted to compare dynamic and static exposure assessments and the effect of individual mobility on these evaluations. This study delves into how greenspaces around homes and workplaces, along with mobility patterns, affect dynamic greenspace exposure in Hong Kong. Data was collected from 787 participants in four communities in Hong Kong using GPS, portable sensors, and surveys. Using multiple statistical tests, our study revealed significant variations in participants' daily mobility patterns across socio-demographic and temporal factors. Further, using linear mixed-effects models, we identified complex and statistically significant interactions between participants’ static greenspace exposure and their mobility patterns. Our findings suggest that individual mobility patterns significantly modify the relationship between static and dynamic greenspace exposure and play a critical role in explaining socio-demographic and temporal context differences in the relationship between static and dynamic greenspace exposure.

SeDPGK: Semi-supervised software defect prediction with graph representation learning and knowledge distillation

Context:Constructing an effective defect prediction model relies on a substantial number of labeled program modules. Unfortunately, program module labeling is often time-consuming and error-prone. Semi-supervised software defect prediction (SSDP) can alleviate this issue by incorporating some labeled modules and the remaining unlabeled modules from the same project. Objective:However, previous SSDP methods ignore the significant influence of dependencies between software modules. The potential of knowledge distillation in leveraging labeled instances to guide the learning process and effectively utilizing information from unlabeled instances to improve SSDP performance has not been fully investigated. Method:We propose a novel approach SeDPGK. Specifically, to exploit the graph-structured knowledge, we first construct the program dependence graph to extract control and data dependencies among modules. Then we use graph neural networks (GNNs) to learn the graph representation of the module relationships and encode with the statement semantics of abstract syntax tree and traditional static features for diversity. Second, we integrate multiple GNNs jointly trained as teacher models to ensemble various styles of graph-based networks and generate trustworthy labels for unlabeled modules. Further, to preserve the teacher model’s sufficient structure and semantic knowledge, we adopt a trainable label propagation and multi-layer perception as the student model and mitigate the differences between the teacher and student models using two widespread knowledge distillation functions. Results:We conducted our experiments on 17 real-world projects. The experimental results show that SeDPGK outperforms semi-supervised baselines with an average improvement of 16.9% for PD, 42.5% for FAR, and 8.9% for AUC, respectively. Moreover, the performance improvement is consistently significant across multiple statistical tests. Conclusion:The effectiveness of SeDPGK comes from the aggregation of the different GNNs with heterogeneity. Moreover, the graph structure and semantic features hidden behind the source code play a crucial role in the distillation framework.

EVALUASI IKLIM KESELAMATAN KERJA DIVISI PRODUKSI BERBASIS INSTRUMEN KUESIONER NOSACQ-50 DI PT MNM

One way to improve occupational safety and health is to establish a culture of safety within the workplace. PT MNM is an international company that has established a safety culture through management and employee commitment. This research aims to evaluate the work safety climate in the bagging division using a multiple linear regression based on a statistical approach. NOSACQ-50 was used as a questionnaire instrument, accompanied by seven independent and one dependent variable. The population involved in this research was 36 Bagging workers in the Production Department. Once the validity, reliability, and normality tests were conducted, the data was calculated using multiple linear statistical hypothesis tests. The research results show that four independent variables significantly influence work safety climate. Namely management empowerment (X1), safety management empowerment (X2), safety management justice (X3), communication and work safety training, and trust in competition for work safety from colleagues (X6). In addition, the three remaining dimensions whose results do not significantly influence the work safety climate. Namely variables of worker commitment to safety (X4), worker safety priorities and not tolerating danger risks (X5), and trust in the effectiveness of the safety system (X7). The final results show that three insignificant variables can improve safety culture.

Assessing the Determinants of the Usage of Contraceptive in Family Planning in Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Contraceptive use is pivotal for managing birth rates, particularly in regions with high fertility such as Pakistan. This study highlights the role of family planning in controlling population growth by assessing the determinants affecting contraceptive usage in Punjab, a province characterized by diverse demographic and socio-economic conditions. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the impact of education, age, residential area, residential status, and media access on contraceptive use among ever-married women in Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: Data from the 'Annual Contraceptive Performance Report 2019-20' by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics were analyzed. A total of 78,563 ever-married women were sampled using random stratified techniques. Multiple statistical tests, including logistic regression, chi-square, and independent sample t-tests, were applied to identify key factors influencing contraceptive usage. Results: Educational level, residential area, status, wealth index quintiles, and media access were significantly associated with contraceptive use across Punjab. Statistical analysis showed that women's age and the number of children significantly affected contraceptive use. Key predictors identified include media access, reproductive history, and residential characteristics, with media access and residential area being particularly impactful. Conclusion: This study confirms that socioeconomic and demographic factors significantly influence contraceptive usage in Punjab. Enhanced focus on education and targeted media campaigns could improve family planning outcomes. Effective interventions should consider local cultural and social contexts to increase contraceptive uptake.

The Impact of Protein Glycosylation on the Identification of Patients with Pediatric Appendicitis.

The identification of pediatric appendicitis is challenging due to the lack of specific markers thereby several factors are included in the diagnostic process such as abdominal pain, ultrasonography and altered laboratory parameters (C reactive protein, absolute neutrophil cell number and white blood cell number). The glycosylation pattern of serum N-glycome was analyzed in this study of 38 controls and 40 patients with pediatric appendicitis. The glycans were released by enzymatic deglycosylation followed by fluorescent labeling and solid-phase extraction. The prepared samples were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass-spectrometric detection. The generated data were analyzed by multiple statistical tests involving the most important laboratory parameters as well. Significant differences associated with the examined patient groups were revealed suggesting the potential use of glycosylation analysis supporting the detection of pediatric appendicitis.

Investigating the Relationship between the Position of Married People in the Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, with Life Expectancy and the Desire to have Children

Background The difference in life expectancy and willingness to have children among married people is influenced by the different positions of people in the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Aim The current research was conducted to determine the relationship between the position of married people in the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs with their life expectancy and desire to have children. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling on 140 married people in the general population of Khaf City in 2022. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS-22 statistical software, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression statistical tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results The highest average score of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs was related to the level of basic needs (5.45±4.85), and the lowest average was related to the level of self-actualization needs (2.09±5.55). The average score of life expectancy and willingness to have children in the studied subjects was 25.41±6.62 (moderate) and 18.38±6.38 (low), respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs on life expectancy and the desire to have children in the studied subjects (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion Basic needs are the most important needs of couples and they can directly affect life expectancy and the desire to have children. Therefore, the basic needs must be prioritized in the country's plans so that after the basic needs are met, conditions are created to improve life expectancy and the desire to have children.

Vertebral Bone Density Variations in Scoliotic vs. Non-Scoliotic Juveniles, and Its Implications for Schmorl’s Node Development: A CT-Based Analysis Using the New Mexico Decedent Image Database

Scoliosis, characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, is predominantly idiopathic, underscoring the need to delve into its underlying causes for effective treatment and preventive strategies. This study investigates a potential correlation between scoliosis and Schmorl’s nodes (intervertebral disc herniations) influenced by Wolff’s law, which posits that bones adapt to external pressures. We analyzed CT scans from 108 juvenile decedents, including 56 with scoliosis and 52 without. After running multiple statistical tests, there was no significance between the mean bone density when compared to having scoliosis. An independent t-test provided a t-value of 0.041, which, when compared to the original significance level of 0.05, is statistically significant, although weak. When compared to the Bonferroni correction level of 0.008, it throws out the significance to give a result of not being statistically significant. It was the same in the cases of L3 (t = 0.103), L2 (t = 0.084), and L1 (t = 0.053). If compared to the regular significance level of 0.05, T12 (t = 0.012) and T11 (t = 0.042) had weak significance, but that was then excluded when the Bonferroni correction was applied. When looking at any significance of densities in different vertebral regions, the results from a one-way ANOVA (p-value = 0.213) suggest that it is likely that the results are due to random variability or chance, and that there is no statistical significance. With a value of 0.273 from a Chi-squared (χ2)/Fisher’s exact test, it suggests that there is no statistically significant correlation or difference between the variables of scoliosis and Schmorl’s nodes. The general pattern seems to follow that as the spine ascends, the density increases, and this is true in both scoliotic and non-scoliotic individuals. As a whole, it is evident that those with scoliosis have a lower vertebral density than those without, in all of the vertebral regions. There is, however, a weak negative linear relationship between bone density and age in both scoliotic and non-scoliotic individuals. A p-value of −0.229 obtained from a Pearson correlation coefficient analysis in non-scoliotic individuals, as well as a p-value of −0.069 in scoliotic individuals, was obtained. Overall, the findings of this study are comparable to some existing studies on similar topics, but there are few results that hold statistical significance and so this would be interesting to research further, potentially using a different dataset or a larger sample size that is more representative.

The marbling of carcases is determined more by the characteristics of the animals themselves than by farming practices

Improved marbling could be of great benefit to the beef industry, responding more effectively to consumer preferences and increasing the market value of the product. To identify the management elements that could determine the degree of marbling of carcases, 128 cows were collected on six different farms, each using different breeding and feeding practices. Multiple statistical tests were carried out to determine whether marbling was more influenced by animal characteristics than by management practices. As expected, within the same farm, the practices used to finish the cows were the same from one animal to the next. We confirm that there was indeed a general level of marbling per farm (highly marbled animals coming from farms ‘used’ to producing highly marbled animals), without being able to determine the weight of genetic choices or feeding and management practices in this determinism. However, we were able to establish that very high marbled carcases came from heavier slaughtered animals and were associated with (1) management that maximised finishing times and time spent on grass (during the animal’s life) and (2) finishing diets rich in maize (grain or silage) and containing flax. The practices and performances associated with low and medium marbling carcases were difficult to separate using the indicators available in this study but were opposite to those of high marbling carcases. This ‘overall level of marbling’ on the farm makes it possible to prioritise the practices that favour or do not favour the development of marbling on the carcase, and allows to formulate advice to breeders to increase the marbling of their carcases. However, there are still grey areas to be covered to effectively achieve a maximum success rate, which will require further work and a more detailed characterisation of the practices and genetic orientations of the animals.

The Influence of Organizational Culture and Remuneration on Employee Performance at the Ministry of Health's Health Polytechnic in Surabaya

Employee performance can be seen as a service provided by individuals or groups within an institution to fulfill service needs. The aim is to enhance the welfare of the institution and the target served. In government institutions, remuneration is an inseparable aspect. This research aims to analyze the influence of organizational culture and remuneration on employee performance at the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health in Surabaya. The research method used is quantitative descriptive, with data analysis employing multiple linear regression statistical tests, classic assumptions, hypothesis testing, and determination coefficient. The sampling technique involved simple random sampling with a total of 81 respondents employed at the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health in Surabaya.