Multiple Regression Estimation Research Articles

Board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility

Based on a total of 1,590 listed non-financial firms on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the Taipei Exchange (formerly the Over The Counter securities market) covering the period of 2007~2020, this study examines whether firm's performance on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is affected by corporate board gender diversity. Based on the Upper Echelons Theory, the Agency Theory and the Resource Dependence Theory, increasing the number of female director to achieve higher level of gender diversity brings forth traits such as compassion, kindness, helpfulness, empathy, interpersonal sensitivity, a willingness to nurture, and a greater concern for others' well-being. These traits help firms form policies that prioritize stakeholders' welfare. Moreover, board gender diversity corresponds to a more diverse and broad background, understanding and experience of business operations, enabling firms to better understand where the key interest groups they face are and what they value. This allows firms to make more effective and better-performing decision in CSR. Through correlation analysis and multiple regression estimation, the principal outcome shows that greater degree of board gender diversity is associated with better CSR performance, confirming the hypothesis that a more gender diversified board enhances the efficiency of monitoring and advising function of board and then forming corporate strategies and implementations toward a better stakeholders’ management.

The Factors Affecting Poverty in Malaysia: Macroeconomic Perspectives

The poverty issue is important because it is the first goal of the SDG in Malaysia. Since income level is not a reliable indication of poverty because it does not consider someone to be living in poverty if their income is below the poverty line. Based on previous literature, the researcher recognises the deficiency. Due to a lack of data and studies from earlier studies and literature reviews in Malaysia, it is still unclear how inflation, unemployment, and economic growth are affected by poverty. Therefore, this paper provides the conceptual review on how the macroeconomic factors affect the poverty incidence in Malaysia. However, the study examines the association between poverty which inflation, unemployment and economic growth using multiple regression estimators. Results show that inflation, unemployment and economic growth has a positive significant relationship with poverty incidence in Malaysia.

PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN, DISIPLIN DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA DOSEN FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of leadership, discipline and motivation on lecturer performance at FKIP HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar University. With a sample of 53 Permanent Foundation Lecturers. The tool used is a questionnaire. All questionnaires tested are valid and reliable. This research is descriptive explanatory, namely research that aims to explain the position of the variables studied and the relationships between the variables. The leadership coefficient gives a value of 0.316, which means that if leadership gets better assuming other variables remain constant, lecturer performance will increase. The discipline coefficient gives a value of 0.343, which means that if discipline is higher, assuming other variables remain constant, lecturer performance will increase. The Motivation coefficient gives a value of 0.222, which means that if motivation becomes stronger assuming other variables remain constant, lecturer performance will increase. The results of the research show that the three independent variables (Leadership, Discipline and Motivation) have a positive and significant influence, both partially and simultaneously on the dependent variable (Lecturer Performance). Regression analysis is used to test the hypothesis regarding the partial influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable . Based on multiple regression estimates with the SPSS program, the results obtained are Y = 0.316 X1 + 0.343 X2 + 0.222 X3. From the results of the regression calculations, it can be seen that the coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) obtained is 0.57 or 57%.

Mathematical Modeling Using Multiple and Fully-Connected Linear Regressions

This article is devoted to the synthesis of traditional multiple linear regression models with fully connected linear regression models. It has been noted that these models, in a certain sense, complement each other — the disadvantages of multiple regression are compensated by the fully connected one, and the disadvantages of the fully connected one are compensated by the multiple one. Multiple regression estimates with partial multicollinearity of factors are unstable, and with complete multicollinearity they do not exist at all. There are no obstacles to the use of fully connected regression in such conditions, and its estimates, on the contrary, do not exist in the complete absence of linear dependence between factors. The estimated fully connected regression is an equation of a line in space, as opposed to a multiple regression, which is a hyperplane in space, so you can find estimates of a fully connected regression with only two observations at your disposal. An algorithm for estimating fully connected regressions using the maximum likelihood method is considered. Based on a sample size of 21, a multiple and fully connected linear regression of passenger rail traffic in the Irkutsk region was constructed, containing 23 input variables. During the construction process, it was possible to cope with multicollinearity and ensure protection of all input variables in the model. The constructed multiple and fully connected regression is adequate and fully satisfies the substantive meaning of the problem being solved, therefore its interpretation is given. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that a combination of multiple and fully connected regressions can be very effective in solving data analysis problems.

The Association Between Trajectories of Perceived Unmet Needs for Home and Community-Based Services and Life Satisfaction Among Chinese Older Adults: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Resilience.

This study examined whether trajectories of perceived unmet needs for Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) were associated with life satisfaction among Chinese older adults and whether the association was moderated by psychological resilience. Data came from five waves (2005-2018) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Latent class growth analysis revealed three distinct trajectories of perceived unmet HCBS needs: "increasing" (n = 977, 36.24%), "persistent" (n = 570, 21.14%), and "decreasing" (n = 1149, 42.62%). Multiple regression estimates showed that the increasing group was associated with lower life satisfaction, and the association was moderated by psychological resilience, especially for older adults who were male, living in rural, and oldest-old. Results indicate that inequalities in cumulative exposure to perceived unmet HCBS needs may further lead to increasing inequalities in life satisfaction. Interventions focused on minimizing the provision-need gap of HCBS and enhancing personal resilience should be considered to improve the life satisfaction of older adults.

Is capital structure associated with corporate social responsibility?

Based on a total of 1,590 listed non-financial firms on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the Taipei Exchanges covering the period of 2007 ~ 2020, this study examines whether a firm's capital structure is affected by its corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. While existing research has explored the impact of a firm’s CSR performance on various financial and non-financial consequences, this study argues that firm engaging in CSR is putting greater emphasis on the financial and bankruptcy risks arising from the use of debt financing and to maintain firm’s sustainability, firm with better CSR performance tends to reduce the use of debt. Through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression estimation, principal outcome shows that firm with better CSR performance tends to use less debt financing and inter-temporally reduce the use of debt.

EXTERNAL AUDIT ATTRIBUTES AND INCOME SMOOTHING OF LISTED BANKS IN NIGERIA

The present study seeks to examine the effect of external audit attributes on income smoothing-INSM in listed deposit money banks in Nigeria covering a study period of ten (10) years spanning from 2012 to 2021 over ten (10) banks. The regressed is income smoothing measured by loan loss provision while the regressor is external audit attributes measured by Audit Firm Size (AFS), Non-audit Service Fees (NASF), Audit Tenure (ATN), and Joint Audit (JOA). The study covered ten selected deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NEG) as at 31st December 2021 while data were collected from the annual reports of the selected banks. Further, the ex-post facto research design was used and emphases were laid on banks’ data. The study adopted panel data multiple regression estimation technique while data were analyzed through the Eviews-9 statistical package for data analysis. The study reported that, Audit Firm Size (AFS) exerted a negative significant effect on INSM of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Meanwhile, Non-audit Service Fees (NASF) and Audit Tenure (ATN) exerted a positive significant effect on INSM of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. However, Joint Audit (JOA) exerted a negative yet minimal effect on ISMN of quoted banks in Nigeria in. Hence, the paper concludes that, external audit attributes have mixed effects on ISMN tendencies of bank managers in Nigeria. As such, bank owners must ensure that they engage the services of credible auditing firms with track records of delivering reports that show the actual situation of the bank. Meanwhile, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) should have stiffer penalty for bank managers/auditing firms caught engaging in the act of ISMN.
 Keywords: External Audit Attributes, Audit Firm Size (AFS), Non-audit Service Fees (NASF), Audit Tenure (ATN), and Joint Audit (JOA), Income Smoothing.

CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS (CEED) AND CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIAN TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY

The telecom industry has explored numerous media channels to expand their customer base. Endorsement of celebrities is one of such channels. The paper examined the influences of celebrity endorsement on customer buying behaviour in the Nigeria telecommunication industry. The attributes of celebrity used in the study include: trustworthiness, expertise and attractiveness. To achieve this, hypotheses were drawn in relation to the selected attributes on consumer buying behaviours of telecom products in Benin City and Auchi metropolis in Edo State, Nigeria. A sample size of 374 customers was selected using the judgmental sampling techniques. Structured questionnaire were used as the instrument of data collection while data collected were analyzed using OLS multiple regression estimation techniques. The results show that: trustworthiness of celebrity has positive effects on behaviour of consumers; also, celebrity expertise has positive effects on buying behaviour of consumers (coefficient 0.681 & significance of 0.000), the study therefore concludes that, endorsement of celebrities are veritable strategy for achieving product acceptance among the consumers of telecommunication products. The celebrities used for endorsing telecomm products have both influential and preferential impact on consumers’ purchase of telecom products. The study therefore recommends that, Telecom firms should always endeavour to produce quality products that will foster trust and believability to both the fans and their customers.
 Keywords: Endorsement, Celebrity, Buying Behaviour, Customers, Product.

Curriculum Construction Practice of Ideological and Political Education Based on the IPO Model

Abstract This paper establishes the teaching quality evaluation model and index system of ideological and political education with quality products as the core. This method was used to investigate 1140 college students in 10 universities. The results show that college students ignore intrinsic motivation and goals and lack ideal thinking in learning quality. In terms of course quality, there are some problems: the overall level of students’ investment in the course is not high, and their satisfaction with the course teaching is not high. The results of empirical analysis show that the multiple linear regression estimation based on the IPO method can better resist outliers and get a better prediction effect.

Gender Responsive: Inequality Development in Islands Bali, Indonesia

Aims: Sustainable development goals do not focus on the economy alone, but also on gender equality. Since Indonesia implemented regional autonomy (1999), it is hoped that the development goals will be realized. However, the facts show that income and gender inequality still exists. The Province of Bali is also faced with this problem. Therefore, this study aims to determine trends and analyze the effect of development inequality as measured by Gini Ratio, Gross Regional Domestic Product at constant prices (GRDP-cp), on gender inequality as measured by the human development index (HDI) and development index gender (IPG).
 Study Design: This Study used a quantitative descriptive method.
 Place and Duration of Study: Regional Province of Bali as the location of the study. The Province of Bali is one of 33 Provinces in Indonesia. The Province of Bali consists of small islands namely Bali Island, Nusa Penida Island and several others having an area of 5,632.82 square kilometers. Administratively, Bali Island consists of eight regencies, one city area.
 Methodology: This study aims to determine the trend of the gini ratio, GRDP-cp, human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) and also analyze the relationships that influence each of these variables. The approach used in this research is quantitative with secondary data in the form of panel data obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for period (2010 - 2017) are used in the analysis. This data is sourced from the annual reports of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of the regencies / cities and the Province of Bali. Several statistical models are applied in accordance with the objectives of the study, consisting of graphs, linear and nonlinear trend models and multiple linear regression estimation models. The method used to analyze gender responses: development inequality in Bali is panel data regression.
 Results: Gini ratio (GR) has a positive and significant effect at a significance level of 5 percent, towards the gender development index (GDI), GRDP-cp has a positive and significant effect at the 5 percent significance level, towards the growth of the gender development index (GDI), The human development index (HDI) has a positive and significant effect at the 5 percent significance level, on the gender development index (GDI).
 Conclusion: Human development that leads to gender equality at the Regency/Municipality level in the Province of Bali continues to progress until the end of 2017, and if the conditions of the regional economy are able to be maximally improved then the success of sustainable human development is not impossible to achieve and, However, until now the facts show that the results of development achieved at the Regency/Municipality level in Bali Province still have income and gender inequalities, although it has been attempted to be minimized by various policies carried out by the government. Some areas of development in this area that still need to be completed are income and gender inequalities in the fields of economics, and education.

Board characteristics and firm value: The moderating role of capital adequacy

The global financial crisis increased corporate world uncertainties. Therefore, to meet these challenges, firms take a more proactive approach to tackling various corporate governance and firm value initiatives and policies. This study aims to explore the moderating effect of capital adequacy on the relationship between board characteristics and the firm value of listed banks in Pakistan. To obtain a more robust empirical model and results, this study incorporates moderator and control variables. This study is based on half-yearly secondary data of 560 sample observations from 2009 to 2021. Multiple regression and panel data estimation techniques were employed for the analysis. The study used firm value as a dependent variable, proxied by Tobin’s Q, along with five independent variables, one moderating variable, and two control variables. The results of this study indicate that a higher capital adequacy ratio (CAR) increases firm value and has a moderating effect on board characteristics and firm value. Low proportions of women and independent directors on board affect firm value. The presence of risk management and audit committees in listed Pakistani banks, on the other hand, increases firm value. The banks in Pakistan have no problem with CEO duality. The study also found that bank size has a positive relationship with firm value, while bank age has a negative relationship with firm value.

Relationship between financial risks and firm value: A moderating role of capital adequacy

The study of firm value and financial risks became more important after the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, as the required risk was mismanaged, resulting in a deterioration in firm value. It is important to study the relationship between financial risks and firm value. This study aims to examine the moderating effect of capital adequacy on the relationship between financial risks and the firm value of listed banks in Pakistan. This study is based on half-yearly secondary data of 560 sample observations from 2009 to 2021. Multiple regression and panel data estimation techniques were employed for the analysis. The study used firm value as a dependent variable, proxied by Tobin’s Q, along with five independent variables and one moderating variable. The results of this study indicate that a higher capital adequacy ratio (CAR) increases firm value and has a moderating effect on financial risks and firm value. Nonperforming loans, net interest margin, and cost income ratio are found to have a significant negative relationship with firm value. The study concludes that the stock prices of listed banks in Pakistan are declining persistently, which causes the stock’s worth to shift from being inflated to being undervalued.

HOW DO EMPLOYEE SALARY/BENEFITS AND CSR/ESG PERFORMANCE AFFECT EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE-EVIDENCE FROM STEEL INDUSTRY LISTED FIRMS IN TAIWAN

ABSTRACT Based on the data of 45 listed firms in the steel industry on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and the Taipei Exchange Market from 2000 to 2020, this study examines how employee’s salary/benefits and firm’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance affect employee productivity and firm performance. Employee salary/benefits is measured by the salary/benefits per employee, the ratio of salary/benefits to net sales, and the ratio of salary/benefits to net income. CSR is measured by social contribution value, social return on assets and social contribution value per share, current CSR performance, cumulative CSR performance and repeated CSR performance. Employee productivity is measured by net sales per employee, gross profit per employee, after tax net income per employee, and yearly change in market value of common equity per employee. Firm performance is measured by return on assets, return on equity, earnings per share, annualized gross stock return, annualized excess stock return, and Tobin's q. Through correlation analysis and multiple regression estimation, evidence shows that larger employees salaries/benefits and better CSR performance are associated with superior performance on employee productivity and firm performance. Additional tests through various dimensions on CSR performance and ESG ratings show similar outcomes. Keywords Employee Salary/Benefits, CSR, ESG, Employee Productivity, Firm Performance

The Intention to Use Digital Banking Services among Gen Z in Indonesia Based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)


 As information technology advances, societal demands rise, and smartphone features and sophistication rise along with them, banks must adapt to meet the current demand. For Indonesians, who are accustomed to use cash, digital banking will become new digital transformation. There is no information available on the variables that might affect Indonesians’ behavior intentions about using digital banking services. In particular, among generation Z in Indonesia following the COVID-19 outbreak, this research seeks to investigate the connection between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and self-efficacy in consumers' intention for using digital banking services based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). For the survey data gathered from 150 generation Z, multivariate data analysis approaches (reliability and validity test, multiple linear regression, collinearity analysis, and path estimations) are utilized. The results of this study's analysis demonstrate that perceived usefulness indicates a great influence on the attitude and intention to use digital banking services, compared to the perceived ease of use and self-efficacy. Therefore, for customers to completely comprehend the advantages associated with using digital banking services, it is critical to boost their perception of the usefulness of the services in their daily life.

Impact of Crude Oil Shrinkage on Stock Market Returns in Nigeria

This study investigated impact of Crude Oil shrinkage (COS) on stock market returns (SMRs) in Nigeria. The study spanned for a period of twenty-one years (2000-2020). The SMRs which was proxy by market capitalization while COS which was proxy with CO price, inflation rate, balance of trade and exchange rate. The specific objectives are: the connection between the CO price and SMRs in Nigeria; the connection between Nigeria's SMRs and inflation rate; the co-existence between the balance of trade and SMRs and the link in Nigeria between the exchange rate and SMRs. The data was sourced from CBN Statistical Bulletin 2020. The study employed time-series data. OLS multiple regression estimation technique was used, normality test, serial correlation test, and Heteroskedasticity test with the aid of E-views 9.0 statistical software. The results revealed that; CO price has a P-value 0.002<0.05; inflation rate has a P-value of 0.000<0.05; balance of trade has a P-value of 0.04<0.05 while exchange rate has a p-value of 0.000<0.05. Considering that all of the independent variables' p-values are significant, are less than 5% significant level, the study concluded that COS has a crucial and positive effect on SMRs in Nigeria. The report proposed that the Nigerian government judiciously use oil revenue to favourably impact the economy, to adapt SMRs shakes it won't hurt the economy so harshly because the resources were used properly when it was thriving.

The effect of equalization of public health services on the health China's migrant population: Evidence from 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey.

China has implemented an equalization of public health Services policy for migrants in 40 pilot cities since 2013. The main objective of this study is to explore the effect of this migrant-based reform policy on the health status of the migrant population in China. Using the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), we included 152,000 migrants aged 15 years or over in 2018. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect socio-economic information and self-reported health status. The Associations between the equalization of public health services and health status were estimated using Multiple regression estimation models and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methods. Public health equalization reform in China has a significant and positive effect on the health status of the migrant population (β = 0.033, p < 0.001). Compared to males, higher income, under 60 years of age, inter-provincial mobility, and migrants those already living in urban areas, the equalization of public health Services had shown more significant positive effects on the groups who were inter-provincial migration (β = 0.055, p < 0.001), females (β = 0.055, p < 0.001), having low-income (β = 0.077, p < 0.001), aged over 60 years old (β = 0.191, p < 0.001), and living in rural areas (β = 0.038, p < 0.001). And multiple robustness tests prove that the above results are reliable. Our findings confirmed the positive health effect of the equalization of public health services reform on china's migrant population, especially among vulnerable groups such as those in low income groups, in rural areas and females. And we recommend that it is necessary to further promote the practices and experiences of the pilot cities. First, strengthen health education for the mobile population and improve their health literacy. Second, further increase the financial investment to improve the coverage of public health services and the equity in resource allocation among regions. Last, strengthen the information-based management of the migrant population and prevent and control infectious diseases.

The Effect of Audit Opinion, Solvency and Profitability on Audit Delay in Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aims to examine the effect of audit opinion, solvability and profitability on audit delay in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample in this study were all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In sampling, the author uses a purposive sampling technique, namely the sampling method using certain criteria. Data obtained from the publication of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses as many as 53 sample with multiple linear regression estimates. The results of the study found that the profitability variable had a negative and significant effect on audit delay, while audit opinion and solvability had not effected on the audit delay variable.

Effects of contingencial aspects on the level of internal control adopted by banking institutions listed in Brazil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3)

The purpose of this article was to verify how contingency aspects affect the level of internal control adopted by 19 banking institutions listed on B3, from 2013 to 2021; which resulted in 171 observations per variable. The data on the level of internal control (dependent variable) were constructed based on the internal mechanisms viewed from the point of view of good Corporate Governance practices of the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance (IBGC), being the same obtained in the Reference Forms of the companies, via the B3 website. On the other hand, data on organizational (or contingency) aspects, independent variables, size, age of the organization, diversification of credit products, corporate structure and geographic expansion, were obtained from the Economatica® database, in the registration and Reference Forms and in the Explanatory Notes of banking companies, available on the B3 website. From the multiple regression estimation for panel data, through the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) model, it was observed that age and geographic expansion are not significant to explain the level of internal control, but the size, diversification of credit products and the corporate structure of banking institutions are. However, only the corporate structure is significantly negative. Thus, these results demonstrate that the size and diversification of credit products make banking activities complex and voluminous, justifying the search for more internal controls, but also point out that the different geographical and cultural contexts of banking units can compromise the adoption of managerial controls.

Carbon accounting, management quality, and bank performance in East Africa

Does it pay to report green activities? This question has dominated academic discussion and has further spiraled into the industry. Questions exist about the value relevance of carbon accounting, given that such practice is voluntary and consumes resources. The question becomes more legitimate when banks whose activities do not negatively affect the environment adopt carbon accounting. Given this perplexing phenomenon, the study examined the impact of carbon accounting on the performance of banks in East Africa. Moreover, the effect of management quality on such a relationship was analyzed. The study relied on eight years of integrated, sustainability, and annual reports of 79 banks in East Africa, collecting the carbon accounting data. A multiple regression estimation technique was employed to estimate the models. The study demonstrated that carbon reporting had a negative and insignificant relationship with the financial performance of banks. In addition, the study showed that management quality turned the relationship between carbon disclosure and firm performance positive, suggesting that the banks with high quality of management benefited financially from carbon reporting. The study concludes that carbon accounting does not benefit East African banks. However, banks that had high quality of management financially benefited from carbon accounting. The significant implication of these results is that banks can benefit from adopting carbon accounting but only when they have high management quality. This study contributes to the debate on the conflicting empirical findings on the value relevance of carbon accounting in Africa, which is scarce.

Women in Flower Farms: The Impact of Flower Growing on Gender Roles in Uganda

The study recognised the obvious impact of survival pressures and work dynamics on gender roles in society and thus assessed the impact of flower growing on gender roles in rural communities. Using a mixed methods research approach, the study focussed on Wagagai and Fiduga farms in Uganda due to their vast sizes and high employment levels compared to related farms. Data was collected using both primary (questionnaire, interviews, FGDs and observation) and secondary (documentary review). A sample of 362 participants (322 questionnaires and 40 interviews) were purposively selected. Thematic and content analysis techniques were utilised in qualitative data analysis while descriptive statistics (mean, Std. Dev, multiple regression and impact estimation techniques) were utilised in quantitative data analysis. From the field findings, it was established that with the increased absence of women at home due to work engagements in flower farms, men were increasingly engaging in home care duties. This is against a widely held ethnic practice and norm as well as cultural dictate that men should not be in the kitchen. Study findings further revealed that, there was an increased feeling among men that by employing more women, flower farms were systematically destroying the bond that had kept families together in their local communities. This was supported by evidence of sizeable number of single mothers working in flower farms. The study recommended that there should be increased counselling of couples regarding the changing nature of gender roles.