Multiple Regimes Research Articles

ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A TRANSNATIONAL APPROACH

Human rights have an environmental dimension because of their purpose and subject matter. Human rights are influenced by the environment in two ways: directly, when a damaged or polluted environment prevents someone from exercising that right; or indirectly, when poor environmental circumstances make it more difficult for a government to uphold and safeguard the rights of its population. When a person or group of people asserts that their legally protected human rights have been violated by the environmental degradation or the government's inability to redress it, then a legal claim may be framed on these rights. This Article will describe environmental dynamics of human rights. It will also provide a brief assessment of a few notable examples from multiple human rights regimes in the field.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems in conflict regions: evidence from Ukraine

Entrepreneurship is a productive force of innovation and economic development. However, in post-conflict regions, there is a greater challenge in allocating entrepreneurial talent to productive entrepreneurship. In this study, we examine the entrepreneurship ecosystem, which is built on the “bottom-up” principles to understand whether its pillars can facilitate productive entrepreneurship in two Ukrainian regions shaken by multiple revolutions and regime change. We introduce a model that puts entrepreneurial conditions in cities and formal institutional changes to a competitive test. Building on the regional entrepreneurship literature, we perform an empirical study in a developing country to reveal what drives productive entrepreneurship in post-conflict regions with entrepreneurship culture, formal networks, debt and equity financing emerging as important determinants of productive entrepreneurship. The effect of formal institutions is significant but highly correlated with rent-seeking behavior of government and corruption. Our analysis suggests that the entrepreneurial conditions in regions focusing on the bottom-up processes of supporting entrepreneurship should work better to enhance productive entrepreneurship activity in a post-conflict region.

Multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation heatmaps for time series analysis

Complex systems in biology, climatology, medicine, and economy hold emergent properties such as non-linearity, adaptation, and self-organization. These emergent attributes can derive from large-scale relationships, connections, and interactive behavior despite not being apparent from their isolated components. It is possible to better comprehend complex systems by analyzing cross-correlations between time series. However, the accumulation of non-linear processes induces multiscale structures, therefore, a spectrum of power-law exponents (the fractal dimension) and distinct cyclical patterns. We propose the Multifractal detrended cross-correlation heatmaps (MF-DCCHM) based on the DCCA cross-correlation coefficients with sliding boxes, a systematic approach capable of mapping the relationships between fluctuations of signals on different scales and regimes. The MF-DCCHM uses the integrated series of magnitudes, sliding boxes with sizes of up to 5% of the entire series, and an average of DCCA coefficients on top of the heatmaps for the local analysis. The heatmaps have shown the same cyclical frequencies from the spectral analysis across different multifractal regimes. Our dataset is composed of sales and inventory from the Brazilian automotive sector and macroeconomic descriptors, namely the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Nominal Exchange Rate (NER), and the Nominal Interest Rate (NIR) from the Central Bank of Brazil. Our results indicate cross-correlated patterns that can be directly compared with the power-law spectra for multiple regimes. We have also identified cyclical patterns of high intensities that coincide with the Brazilian presidential elections. The MF-DCCHM uncovers non-explicit cyclic patterns, quantifies the relations of two non-stationary signals (noise effect removed), and has outstanding potential for mapping cross-regime patterns in multiple domains.

Diving into a dead-end: asymmetric evolution of diving drives diversity and disparity shifts in waterbirds.

Diving is a relatively uncommon and highly specialized foraging strategy in birds, mostly observed within the Aequorlitornithes (waterbirds) by groups such as penguins, cormorants and alcids. Three key diving techniques are employed within waterbirds: wing-propelled pursuit diving (e.g. penguins), foot-propelled pursuit diving (e.g. cormorants) and plunge diving (e.g. gannets). How many times diving evolved within waterbirds, whether plunge diving is an intermediate state between aerial foraging and submarine diving, and whether the transition to a diving niche is reversible are not known. Here, we elucidate the evolutionary history of diving in waterbirds. We show that diving has been acquired independently at least 14 times within waterbirds, and this acquisition is apparently irreversible, in a striking example of asymmetric evolution. All three modes of diving have evolved independently, with no evidence for plunge diving as an intermediate evolutionary state. Net diversification rates differ significantly between diving versus non-diving lineages, with some diving clades apparently prone to extinction. We find that body mass is evolving under multiple macroevolutionary regimes, with unique optima for each diving type with varying degrees of constraint. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of highly specialized lineages during the ongoing sixth mass extinction.

Ensemble Meta-Labeling

This study systematically investigates different ensemble methods for meta-labeling in finance and presents a framework to facilitate the selection of ensemble learning models for this purpose. Experiments were conducted on the components of information advantage and modeling for false positives to discover whether ensembles were better at extracting and detecting regimes and whether they increased model efficiency. The authors demonstrate that ensembles are especially beneficial when the underlying data consist of multiple regimes and are nonlinear in nature. The authors’ framework serves as a starting point for further research. They suggest that the use of different fusion strategies may foster model selection. Finally, the authors elaborate on how additional applications, such as position sizing, may benefit from their framework.

Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Gas-Liquid Flows in a Diverging Horizontal Channel Using a Hybrid Multiphase Approach

Abstract Centrifugal pumps conveying gas–liquid flows are often designed based on pure liquid flows due to limited understanding of gas formations within a gas–liquid flow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide insights into the flow characteristics, yet standard multiphase models are not able to describe a wide range of spatial scales. In this study, a hybrid multiphase approach for turbulent flows based on an Eulerian-Eulerian solver with volume-of-fluid (VOF) enhancements is applied, which can handle multiple flow regimes (continuous gas/liquid, disperse bubbles) at once. Large eddy simulations (LES) of gas–liquid-flows through a diverging horizontal channel (diffuser) are performed to evaluate the possibilities and limitations of this approach. Three representative cases, each containing different flow characteristics, are computed using a fixed bubble size approach. The results show that the hybrid approach is able to capture all flow characteristics and predict the gas void size and position precisely. However, it can be observed that the performance of the approach significantly depends on the specified bubble size.

Extreme Optical Anisotropy in the Type-II Dirac Semimetal NiTe2 for Applications to Nanophotonics

Compared to artificial metamaterials, where nano-fabrication complexities and finite-size inclusions can hamper the desired electromagnetic response, several natural materials like van der Waals crystals hold great promise for designing efficient nanophotonic devices in the optical range. Here, we investigate the unusual optical response of NiTe$_2$, a van der Waals crystal and a type-II Dirac semimetal hosting Lorentz-violating Dirac fermions. By {\it ab~initio~} density functional theory modeling, we show that NiTe$_2$ harbors multiple topological photonic regimes for evanescent waves (such as surface plasmons) across the near-infrared and optical range. By electron energy-loss experiments, we identify surface plasmon resonances near the photonic topological transition points at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequencies $\approx 0.79$, $1.64$, and $2.22$ eV. Driven by the extreme crystal anisotropy and the presence of Lorentz-violating Dirac fermions, the experimental evidence of ENZ surface plasmon resonances confirm the non-trivial photonic and electronic topology of NiTe$_2$. Our study paves the way for realizing devices for light manipulation at the deep-subwavelength scales based on electronic and photonic topological physics for nanophotonics, optoelectronics, imaging, and biosensing applications.

Determination of Optimal Shot Peen Forming Patterns Using the Theory of Non-Euclidean Plates

Abstract We show how a theoretical framework developed for modeling nonuniform growth can model the shot peen forming process. Shot peen forming consists in bombarding a metal panel with multiple millimeter-sized shots that induce local bending of the panel. When applied to different areas of the panel, peen forming generates compound curvature profiles starting from a flat state. We present a theoretical approach and its practical realization for simulating peen forming numerically. To achieve this, we represent the panel undergoing peen forming as a bilayer plate, and we apply a geometry-based theory of non-Euclidean plates to describe its reconfiguration. Our programming code based on this approach solves two types of problems: it simulates the effect of a predefined treatment (the forward problem) and it finds the optimal treatment to achieve a predefined target shape (the inverse problem). Both problems admit using multiple peening regimes simultaneously. The algorithm was tested numerically on 200 randomly generated test cases.

In the middle of things: the political economy of labour beyond the market

AbstractWhile legal analyses of political economy typically centre on events and processes within the market, this discussion argues that contemporary dilemmas requires attention to labour and productive activity at its edges and beyond. Questions surrounding labour provide an unparalleled vantage point from which to assess how groups are differentially situated within the economy, especially at moments of economic crisis and transformation. The constitutive role of law in market relations, in turn, makes legal analysis fundamental to understanding how risks and rewards at work are distributed.Reflecting on the role of macroeconomic governance to work, evident in times of crisis in particular, and drawing upon concepts and tools developed within critical legal thought, this paper analyses two sites of labour, unpaid household care work and informal labour, that are at the centre of distributive struggles around work now. As the historical separation of the household and market labour discloses, transformations of legal form, and classification played a critical role in the simultaneous production of waged labour and valueless care. Similar processes are underway in labour markets now; thus, understanding the legal constitution of value and of work itself remains central to questions of inequality now.Bargaining analysis as well as taxonomies of family law suggest the significance of a wide range of legal rules and their interaction to labour market outcomes and the position of workers. The analysis of informal work points in a similar direction, as contract, competition, and corporate law and beyond are all implicated in the growth of informality and precarity at work. Finally, uncovering the legal foundations of racial fragmentation at work requires attention to multiple legal regimes as well as the conceptual and ideological commitments that sustain them. All engage questions about the role, and transformation, of legal form, classification and consciousness within contemporary political economy.

What is the role of disturbance in catalyzing spatial shifts in forest composition and tree species biomass under climate change?

Mounting evidence suggests that climate change will cause shifts of tree species range and abundance (biomass). Abundance changes under climate change are likely to occur prior to a detectable range shift. Disturbances are expected to directly affect tree species abundance and composition, and could profoundly influence tree species spatial distribution within a geographical region. However, how multiple disturbance regimes will interact with changing climate to alter the spatial distribution of species abundance remains unclear. We simulated such forest demographic processes using a forest landscape succession and disturbance model (LANDIS-II) parameterized with forest inventory data in the northeastern United States. Our study incorporated climate change under a high-emission future and disturbance regimes varying with gradients of intensities and spatial extents. The results suggest that disturbances catalyze changes in tree species abundance and composition under a changing climate, but the effects of disturbances differ by intensity and extent. Moderate disturbances and large extent disturbances have limited effects, while high-intensity disturbances accelerate changes by removing cohorts of mid- and late-successional species, creating opportunities for early-successional species. High-intensity disturbances result in the northern movement of early-successional species and the southern movement of late-successional species abundances. Our study is among the first to systematically investigate how disturbance extent and intensity interact to determine the spatial distribution of changes in species abundance and forest composition.

Subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate beneath the Jiamusi Block: Constraints from the Late Triassic–Late Jurassic sedimentary records in the eastern Jiamusi Block

The Jiamusi Block is a crucial geological unit joining multiple tectonic regimes, including the Late Palaeozoic Palaeo‐Asian Ocean and the superposition of the Early Mesozoic Palaeo‐Pacific tectonic domain. However, the duration of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate subduction beneath the Jiamusi Block has long been controversial. In this paper, we focus on clastic rocks from the Nanshuangyashan and Yunshan formations on the east margin of the Jiamusi Block and use the modal analysis of sandstones and detrital zircon U–Pb dating to trace the subduction history of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate. Our analysis results suggest that the two groups of samples are characterized by a high content of monocrystalline quartz and a low content of lithic and feldspar, indicating that the sedimentary provenances were stable continental blocks and magmatic arcs. The detrital zircon ages of the Nanshuangyashan Formation have a major peak at ca. 245 Ma and two secondary peaks at ca. 470 and 228 Ma, respectively. The Yunshan Formation has a major peak at ca. 494 Ma and a secondary peak at ca. 265 Ma. The provenances of the Nanshuangyashan Formation were attributed to the Jiamusi Block, Khanka Block, and a Late Triassic magmatic arc. Similarly, the provenances of the Yunshan Formation were attributed to the Jiamusi and Khanka blocks. Detrital zircon analysis results show that the eastern margin of the Jiamusi Block was in the same back‐arc basin settings in the Late Triassic and the Late Jurassic. Thus, we propose that the eastern margin of the Jiamusi Block had been affected by the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate subduction in the Late Triassic and had continued to the Late Jurassic.

Membrane assisted reactive crystallization with multiple interfacial flow regimes for effective mass transfer control

Herein, membrane-assisted reactive crystallization (MARC) with effective interfacial flow regimes was proposed to achieve the effective mass transfer control during reactive crystallization. Three tube-shell side solution systems (EtOH-H2O, Butanol-H2O and H2O-H2O) were chosen to form different flow regimes on the membrane surface, including the microscale liquid layer and the uniform droplets. The fundamental mechanisms of ‘rising and falling tide’ phenomenon, and flexible layer thickness control were uncovered. A force analysis model was established to illustrate the transition behavior of the droplet and liquid layer on the membrane surface. Molecular simulations additionally demonstrated that MARC implemented various ion diffusion conditions in different solution systems. Compared to the conventional reactive crystallization, MARC with multiple flow regimes can achieve effective control of CaCO3 crystal size ranging from 700 nm to 3 μm and obtain uniform size distribution (coefficient of variation less than 15.1 %), which shed light on the advanced material manufacture with reactive crystallization process.

Molecular-Level Insights into Phosphorus Transformation Mechanisms in Entisol Soils under Multiple Long-Term Fertilization Regimes

Improving phosphorus (P) fertilization strategies benefits mitigating future global P shortage and reducing legacy P loss risk in agricultural lands. In this study, the molecular transformation mechanisms of P in Entisol soils under multiple long-term fertilization regimes including PK; NK; NPK; NPK with pig manure (NPKM); and NPK with rice straw return (NPKS) were investigated by sequential fractionation (SF), synchrotron-based P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (P-XANES) and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (P-NMR) spectroscopy. Compared with conventional NPK fertilization, a higher accumulation of total P occurred in soils under the PK, NPKM and NPKS treatments. By SF, there were relatively higher contents of NaHCO3-extracted inorganic P (Pi) fractions for the soils under PK (52.5 mg/kg) and NPKM (35.5 mg/kg) fertilization relative to the NPK (23.3 mg/kg) treatment. Consistently, P-XANES analysis revealed that there was a higher proportion of brushite, as a bioavailable P form, in soil under the PK and NPKM treatments compared with the NPK treatment, indicating higher P availability in the Entisol soils under PK and NPKM fertilizations. By P-NMR, long-term PK fertilization resulted in relatively a higher ratio of orthophosphate diesters to orthophosphate monoesters after correction compared with the NPK fertilization, which strongly suggested that N deficiency enhanced the biodegradability of soil organic P (Po) pools, thus providing new molecular-level insights into soil Po transformation. Collectively, these results, obtained from a long-term experimental study, facilitates the comprehensive understanding of P availability and transformation mechanisms in Entisol soils under multiple fertilization regimes, and thus benefits the improvement of fertilization strategies in agricultural soils.

The Regulatory Space of Baseball: Is Global Regulation Needed to Govern the International Movement of Players?

Occupying baseball’s regulatory space are multiple regimes that govern global labour mobility and the international transfer of amateur and professional players. Professional leagues are the key regulatory actors in this space, non-state actors responsible for establishing the controls on a player’s labour mobility within the league and to foreign competitions. The dominant regulator in baseball is Major League Baseball (‘MLB’) that acts as a de facto international sports federation and custodian of baseball. This article uses regulatory space theory to explore how globalisation forced the increased interaction between professional baseball leagues around the world. Despite the subsequent accelerated evolution of the rules and processes governing the international movement of professional baseballers, the global regime primarily consists of bilateral player agreements involving either MLB or Nippon Professional Baseball (‘NPB’) and other professional leagues in Latin America and Asia. This article will analyse how this system of regulation created numerous problems in the recruitment and movement of amateur and professional players, most notably an exploitative labour system in Latin America that potentially violates various international human rights laws and led to the human trafficking of Cuban baseball players. In response to these regulatory failures the authors propose a number of urgent reforms to ensure the global regulation of labour mobility in baseball facilitates the movement of players in line with international human rights through a global player transfer system that includes independent dispute resolution and that is operated by an independent global regulator.

Revisiting Diagrams of Ice Growth Environments

Abstract Ice habit diagrams published prior to 2009—and many since—do not accurately describe in situ observations of ice shapes as a function of temperature and moisture. Laboratory studies and analysis of field observations by Bailey and Hallett in a series of papers in 2002, 2004, and 2009 corrected several errors from earlier studies, but their work has not been widely disseminated. We present a new, simplified diagram based on Bailey and Hallett’s work that focuses on several ice growth forms arising from the underlying surface processes by which mass is added to a crystal: tabular, columnar, branched, side branched, two types of polycrystalline forms, and a multiple growth regime at low ice supersaturations. To aid interpretation for a variety of applications, versions of the ice growth diagram are presented in terms of relative humidity with respect to water as well as the traditional formats of relative humidity with respect to ice and vapor density excess. These diagrams are intended to be understandable and useful in classroom settings at the sophomore undergraduate level and above. The myriad shapes of pristine snow crystals can be described as the result of either a single growth form or a sequence of growth forms. Overlays of data from upper-air soundings on the ice growth diagrams aid interpretation of expected physical properties and processes in conditions of ice growth.

The evolution of monetary rules with financial stability considerations

ABSTRACT In this study, we estimate and investigate the evolution of monetary rules in China and the United States in the 21st century. Our goal is to examine whether financial stability has been taken into consideration in the decision-making of monetary policy. By proposing a new method, we estimate the structural breaks, split the entire time period into multiple monetary regimes, and estimate an extended Taylor rule with financial stability considerations and its evolution over time. Our findings show that China’s monetary policy emphasized the financial stress of the U.S. immediately before and during the 2008 global financial crisis. However, the coefficient for the U.S. financial stress has decreased since then, which shows a weaker concern on this index, and instead, the Chinese policymakers are emphasizing stronger on their domestic financial market.

SAM1 domain of SASH1 harbors distinctive structural heterogeneity

The sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains are among the most versatile protein domains in biology, and the variety of the oligomerization states contribute to their diverse roles in many diseases. A better understanding of the structure and dynamics of various SAM domains will provide a scientific basis for drug development targeting them. Here, we used SEC-MALS, HPLC, NMR, and other biophysical techniques to characterize the structural features and dynamics of the SAM1 domain in SASH1. SASH1 is a scaffold protein belonging to the same family as SASH3. Unlike the dimerization seen in SASH3′s SAM domain, our SEC-MALS and SE-HPLC showed that SAM1 exists primarily as a less compact monomer with a minor oligomer. NMR assignment, relaxation, and exchange experiments revealed the presence of both a disordered monomer and a more structured oligomer with multiple timescale exchange regimes in solution. Mutagenesis and SE-HPLC showed that D663A/T664K substitutions in SAM1 increased its oligomerization. In sum, this study is the first to characterize a disordered structure for a SAM domain, provides additional evidence and framework for the diversity of SAM domains, and identifies a region in SAM1 as a potential starting point to further characterize the structural mechanism of oligomerization of the domain.

Quantitative analysis of diffusion regimes in iron ore with low field NMR

SUMMARY The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques allows in situ characterization of geophysical properties such as moisture content, permeability and wettability. However, the accuracy and applicability of such measurements is limited by internal magnetic field gradients which are a consequence of magnetic susceptibility differences at solid–fluid interfaces. Such effects are particularly prominent in iron ore rock samples which contain ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic mineralogy leading to high magnetic susceptibility. Multiple echo time Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) NMR pulse sequences are commonly used to capture the influence of internal gradients, with the intention of deconvoluting diffusion in effective internal gradients (geff) from true transver relaxation (T2). The interpretation of such measurements is complicated by the presence of multiple diffusive regimes: the short-time (ST), motionally averaged and localization regimes respectively. We introduce a new model for diffusive NMR signal attenuation, called the multiregime model which is intended to better capture diffusive behaviour across the three regimes. The multiregime model is compared against previous methods for quantifying diffusive decay (the ST only and generalized inversion models). Multi-echo measurements of iron ore samples are fit with each model in order to quantify 2-D T2–geff distributions. The resulting distributions demonstrate how the multiregime model can provide insight into the relative influence of the different diffusive regimes in a given sample. This assists in understanding the influence of diffusive decay on measurement accuracy, for example the increased measurement error with increasing prevalence of the localization regime. The multiregime model provides a key step in accurately segregating surface relaxation and diffusive relaxation, which is crucial for accurately estimating pore size distributions, permeability and wettability in high magnetic susceptibility samples using NMR.

Policy mixes for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions: An analysis of six European countries and the European Union

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are multifunctional and cost-effective innovations delivering urban sustainability, but they are not yet mainstream in urban development. This can be explained by persistent structural conditions in the urban infrastructure regime, resulting in barriers such as lack of collaborative governance, inadequate knowledge and limited funding availability. In this paper we argue that (supra)national governments could play an important role in breaking down these barriers by employing policy instruments and strategically combining these into policy mixes targeting multiple regime structures. By means of an empirical analysis across six European countries and the European Union (EU), we provide an overview of regulatory, financial and soft (supra)national policy instruments supporting urban NBS mainstreaming and how these are combined in policy mixes across cases. In addition, we investigate policy mix comprehensiveness by mapping the extent to which these target each of the relevant urban infrastructure regime structures underpinning barriers to urban NBS mainstreaming. We demonstrate that, with the exception of the EU, none of the studied cases employs a fully comprehensive policy mix. We conclude that by strategically adopting policy instruments with the aim of crafting a comprehensive policy mix, obstacles in pathways to urban NBS mainstreaming could be overcome.

Phenomenology and dynamics of competitive ecosystems beyond the niche-neutral regimes

Structure, composition, and stability of ecological populations are shaped by the inter- and intraspecies interactions within their communities. It remains to be fully understood how the interplay of these interactions with other factors, such as immigration, controls the structure, the diversity, and the long-term stability of ecological systems in the presence of noise and fluctuations. We address this problem using a minimal model of interacting multispecies ecological communities that incorporates competition, immigration, and demographic noise. We find that a complete phase diagram exhibits rich behavior with multiple regimes that go beyond the classical "niche" and "neutral" regimes, extending and modifying the "rare biosphere" or "niche-like" dichotomy. In particular, we observe regimes that cannot be characterized as either niche or neutral where a multimodal species abundance distribution is observed. We characterize the transitions between the different regimes and show how these arise from the underlying kinetics of the species turnover, extinction, and invasion. Our model serves as a minimal null model of noisy competitive ecological systems, against which more complex models that include factors such as mutations and environmental noise can be compared.