Multiple Reasons Research Articles

Yield Constraints of Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and Possible Management Strategies: A Review

The Sikkim Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important fruit crops of Sikkim for ages. The valleys of the Tista and Rangeet rivers and their tributaries of Sikkim and the adjoining Darjeeling district of West Bengal offer an ideal Himalayan climate for the cultivation of Sikkim Mandarin. Analysis shows that during 2020-21 Sikkim produced 26.65 MT of mandarin from 13.26 thousand hectares of land with a productivity of 2.01MT /ha. It was seen that there had been an increase of 1.68-thousand-hectare area in 2020-21 from 2014-15 producing an additional 7.66MT. However, while area and production have increased, productivity has plummeted by 38.69 per cent over the period from 2014-15 to 2020-21. Due to multiple reasons, poor returns from the citrus orchards have ushered farmers' unwillingness to invest in mandarin. The constraints like declining soil productivity and non-adherence to soil amelioration measures, the incidence of pests and diseases like the fruit fly, and citrus dieback etc, and lack of marketing channels and proper storage as well as preservation units are a few to name. There is a need of increasing productivity to maintain the glory of the species. The major strategy/approach would be to manage the basic problem which is the nutritional management of the cropping area. Studying the soil and scientifically managing it alone may wipe -off basic problems like the incidence of some pests and diseases and soil nutrient depletion. Taking other appropriate measures to control pests and diseases should be the next important strategy. Finding the loopholes in the storage and marketing of Sikkim Mandarin and defining appropriate strategies to mitigate those remain the major scope of this study. This review is based on available secondary data and observations made on farm visits.

Treatment adherence in patients without ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome.

Despite progress during the last decades, patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remain with a high residual risk due to multiple reasons. Optimal medical treatment (OMT) provides a decrease of recurrent ischemic events after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Therefore, treatment adherence results crucial to reduce further outcomes after the index event. No recent data are available in Argentinian population; the main objective of our study was to evaluate the adherence at 6 and 15 months in post non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NST-ACS) consecutive patients. Secondary objective was to evaluate the relationship of adherence with 15-month events. A prespecified sub-analysis in the prospective registry Buenos Aires I was performed. The adherence was evaluated using the modified Morisky-Green Scale. A number of 872 patients had information about adherence profile. Of them 76.4% were classified as adherents at month 6 and 83.6% at 15 (P=0.06). We did not find any difference in baseline characteristic between the adherent and non-adherent patients at 6 months. The adjusted analysis showed that non-adherent patients had a rate of ischemic events at 15th month of 20% (27/135) vs. 11.5% (52/452) in adherent patients (P=0.001). The bleeding events defined were of 3.6% in the non-adherent group vs. 5% in the adherent group without a statistical difference (P=0.238). Adherence to treatment is still a major issue as almost 25% of patients should be considered as non-adherent to OMT. No clinical predictor of this phenomenon was identified but our criteria were not exhaustive. Good adherence to treatment was highly associated to a reduction of ischemic events, whereas no impact on bleeding events was found. These data support a better network and collaboration with shared decision between healthcare professionals with patients and family members to improve acceptance and adherence to optimal medical strategies.

A Comparative Study of the Multiplicity of Causes in Civil Liability in Cyberspace in Iranian and Russian Law

One of the new manifestations of civil responsibility is the harmful behavior of a person or persons in the context of cyberspace, which ultimately leads to material and moral harm in this cyberspace. This research, which is prepared and organized in a descriptive-analytical way, the topics discussed have been centered around the answer to the question that basically, how is the civil liability for multiple reasons realized in the virtual space and what are the points of commonality and difference between the laws of Iran and the laws of Russia in this regard. The results and findings of the research in this regard confirm that in Iranian law, considering that there is no specific mechanism for the occurrence of civil liability in the virtual space, relying on the general and traditional doctrines of civil liability, with regard to the element of fault, responsibility can be held and imposed it equally or jointly on several grounds, but in Russian law, there is a separate mechanism regarding financial and moral civil responsibility in cyberspace, which due to the strict approach of this country towards cyberspace, assigns a kind of responsibility even in the assumption of no fault, it will impose civil responsibility on the perpetrator of the damage, while in the case of multiple causes, like in some other European countries such as Germany and France, joint and several liability has been given a higher price.

Reconstructing an Epidemic Outbreak Using Steiner Connectivity

Only a subset of infections is actually observed in an outbreak, due to multiple reasons such as asymptomatic cases and under-reporting. Therefore, reconstructing an epidemic cascade given some observed cases is an important step in responding to such an outbreak. A maximum likelihood solution to this problem ( referred to as CascadeMLE ) can be shown to be a variation of the classical Steiner subgraph problem, which connects a subset of observed infections. In contrast to prior works on epidemic reconstruction, which consider the standard Steiner tree objective, we show that a solution to CascadeMLE, based on the actual MLE objective, has a very different structure. We design a logarithmic approximation algorithm for CascadeMLE, and evaluate it on multiple synthetic and social contact networks, including a contact network constructed for a hospital. Our algorithm has significantly better performance compared to a prior baseline.

Sharing Quality Information in New Digital Systems: Management Considerations.

Health information technology is often assumed to improve healthcare. However, expectations of health information technology are seldomly met in full for multiple reasons. While the implementation of health information technology, is increasingly being investigated and evaluated, less attention has been paid to the preceding choices made by key people on how to share relevant information in new HIT systems. This study brings to light the central considerations exercised by key people in charge of managing the process of how to share information through locally developing new digital systems for quality information management. The multiple decisions revolved around three main considerations: user conditions and role, integration into local setup, and resources. Weighing the cost benefit balances of these perspectives are likely to influence subsequent access to and use of high-quality information in public healthcare and are therefore central to the management of effective health information technology.

DUAL MOBILITY CUP CEMENTED INTO POROUS TRABECULAR METAL SHELL DURING REVISION TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA) is a challenging procedure when we speak about acetabular defects and recurrent instability. There are multiple reasons like the number of previous revisions, implant position, bone quality, patient characteristics and etc. Managing acetabular defects with porous trabecular metal augments has excellent survivorship, but when addressing instability, there are some unsolved issues. Management options include the use of large femoral heads, constrained acetabular liners, and dual mobility cups (DMC). These cups have increased jump distance and reduced likelihood of dislocation while not relying on locking mechanisms, therefore are the preferred option in RTHA. We present single-center series of 13 patients undergoing revision THA with a specific DMC cemented into a newly implanted or well-fixed trabecular metal (TM) revision shell. All patients underwent cementation of a single specific cemented DMC design (Novae Stick, SERF, Decines, France) in a Trabecular Metal Revision Shell (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN, US). The mean follow-up is 15,2 months, and there were no dislocations of the implanted DM cups. The mean HHS improved significantly from 35.9 (range 15–80) preoperatively to 80.1 (range 64-93) postoperatively (p = 0.001). The results of this small clinical series demonstrate that cementing a DMC in a well-fixed TM revision shell leads to no dislocation or dissociation of the cement interface and acetabular construct loosening in the short term.

Kinetics of substitutional Xe and self-interstitial Mo in γ U–10Mo: a molecular dynamic study

Diffusion is one among multiple reasons responsible for the micro-structural changes instigating substantial alterations in the macroscopic properties of materials. Simulating irradiation effects offers necessary insights into the production of radiation damages and their impact on different characteristics of nuclear fuels. Atomistic simulations were performed to obtain the migration energy and diffusion pre-factor of a single Xenon (Xe) substitutional as a function of percent atomic vacancies concentration in γ Uranium 10 wt% Molybdenum (γ U–10Mo). We observed a decrease and an increase in the migration energy and diffusion pre-factor respectively with an increase in the population of vacancies which proved that vacancy diffusion is a true mechanism of Xe in metals. Nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations were involved to obtain the migration energy of a self-interstitial Mo for intra- and inter-planar transitions. We observed the migration energy of Mo substantially higher than that of Xe which indicated that Xe is more mobile than Mo in bcc γ U–10Mo.

Colonization of new nesting areas could provide climate refuge to loggerhead turtles under climate change

Climate change can impact regional and global biodiversity for multiple reasons. In sea turtles, changes in local climate at nesting beaches can affect egg and hatchling survival and primary sex ratios. Sea turtles could respond to climate change by occupying new nesting areas. The recent increase in sporadic nesting in the western Mediterranean may indicate colonization of new nesting beaches. We assessed the suitability of a western area, the Balearic Islands (∼1500 km from current nesting grounds) as climate refuge for loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) under current (2015–2017) and climate change scenarios to the mid (+40 years) and end (+80 years) of the 21st century. Using a correlative approach based on air and sand temperatures, we predicted nest temperatures and sex ratios for 19 beaches. Most beaches could provide viable temperatures and predominantly produce male hatchlings under all scenarios. Sex ratio projections were male-biased but with an increasing female ratio throughout time. Although mean sex ratio under the +80 years scenario was still male-biased, the warmest beaches could provide female-biased ratios, which are similar to those estimated for current nesting sites. The Balearic Islands could function as climate refuge for loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean because temperatures could favor embryo viability and a male sex ratio. However, a nesting population may not be established until the percentage of female hatchlings increases and turtles return to nest as adults. Conditions at sea should also favor survival of hatchlings and juveniles. Because western Mediterranean beaches are popular tourist destinations, active management may be needed to protect nesting populations.

Natural resources and economic performance: Understanding the volatilities caused by financial, political and economic risk in the context of China

China has seen its Economic Performance (EPRF) surge in recent years. However, it is in the interests of all the different stakeholders to a sustainable EPRF that does not strain the environment. Therefore, for multiple reasons, identifying factors that can disrupt their EPRF is of utmost importance. Hence, this research is focused on identifying the factors which can cause disruptions to the EPRF of China. This research uses bootstrap ARDL to investigate the empirical research to determine the relationship between Natural Resources (NTR), Political Risks (PRSK), Financial Risks (FRSK), and Economic risks (ERSK) on EPRF in the context of China. For this, the collected data comprised observations from 2005 to 2021. The relationship of NTR is found to be positive, whereas all three risks were found to have negative relationships with EPRF. Based on the findings, the first and foremost implication would be the stability of the economy, whereby there is a need to improve operational excellence by enhancing the production productivity by which the consumption efficiency of NTR will be improved.

Electrical stimulation in lower motoneuron lesions, from scientific evidence to clinical practice: a successful transition.

Long pulse stimulation in its application in everyday clinical practice still represents a challenge for many therapists and clinicians. It is often unclear how the intervention setup, in particular the parameters pulse width, frequency and amplitude, can influence muscle morphology. In addition, the cause of damage to the lower motoneuron can have multiple reasons and is not anatomically located at the same site. Given the large heterogeneity, it is essential to know the current options and limitations in order to carry out a targeted treatment. A retrospective data analysis of n=128 patients, seen at the Swiss Paraplegic Centre (SPC) in 2022, shows a broad variability in manifestation of lower motoneuron damage. Treatment examples based on different causes of lower motoneuron damage are shown and corresponding stimulation programmes are assigned, as well as the expected results in terms of stimulation duration, volume and configuration.

Preferential rabbit antibody responses to C-termini of NOTCH3 peptide immunogens

Antibodies raised in peptide-immunized rabbits have been used in biological research for decades. Although there has been wide implementation of this approach, specific proteins are occasionally difficult to target for multiple reasons. One consideration that was noted in mice is that humoral responses may preferentially target the carboxyl terminus of the peptide sequence which is not present in the intact protein. To shed light on the frequency of preferential rabbit antibody responses to C-termini of peptide immunogens, we present our experience with generation of rabbit antibodies to human NOTCH3. A total of 23 antibodies were raised against 10 peptide sequences of human NOTCH3. Over 70% (16 of 23) of these polyclonal antibodies were determined to be C-terminal preferring: NOTCH3 peptide-reactive antibodies largely targeted the terminating free carboxyl group of the immunizing peptide. The antibodies that preferred C-terminal epitopes reacted weakly or not at all with recombinant target sequences with extension the C-terminus that eliminated the free carboxyl group of the immunogen structure; furthermore, each of these antisera revealed no antibody reactivity to proteins truncated before the C-terminus of the immunogen. In immunocytochemical applications of these anti-peptide antibodies, we similarly found reactivity to recombinant targets that best binding to cells expressing the free C-terminus of the immunizing sequence. In aggregate, our experience demonstrates a strong propensity for rabbits to mount antibody responses to C-terminal epitopes of NOTCH3-derived peptides which is predicted to limit their use against the native protein. We discuss some potential approaches to overcome this bias that could improve the efficiency of generation of antibodies in this commonly utilized experimental paradigm.

Deciphering anti-infectious compounds from Peruvian medicinal Cordoncillos extract library through multiplexed assays and chemical profiling.

High prevalence of parasitic or bacterial infectious diseases in some world areas is due to multiple reasons, including a lack of an appropriate health policy, challenging logistics and poverty. The support to research and development of new medicines to fight infectious diseases is one of the sustainable development goals promoted by World Health Organization (WHO). In this sense, the traditional medicinal knowledge substantiated by ethnopharmacology is a valuable starting point for drug discovery. This work aims at the scientific validation of the traditional use of Piper species ("Cordoncillos") as firsthand anti-infectious medicines. For this purpose, we adapted a computational statistical model to correlate the LCMS chemical profiles of 54 extracts from 19 Piper species to their corresponding anti-infectious assay results based on 37 microbial or parasites strains. We mainly identified two groups of bioactive compounds (called features as they are considered at the analytical level and are not formally isolated). Group 1 is composed of 11 features being highly correlated to an inhibiting activity on 21 bacteria (principally Gram-positive strains), one fungus (C. albicans), and one parasite (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense). The group 2 is composed of 9 features having a clear selectivity on Leishmania (all strains, both axenic and intramacrophagic). Bioactive features in group 1 were identified principally in the extracts of Piper strigosum and P. xanthostachyum. In group 2, bioactive features were distributed in the extracts of 14 Piper species. This multiplexed approach provided a broad picture of the metabolome as well as a map of compounds putatively associated to bioactivity. To our knowledge, the implementation of this type of metabolomics tools aimed at identifying bioactive compounds has not been used so far.

Role of Measurable Residual Disease in Older Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

There is overwhelming evidence indicating that the use of measurable residual disease (MRD) as a biomarker provides critical prognostic information and that MRD may have a role in directing postremission decisions. There are a variety of assays for MRD assessment, such as multiparameter flow cytometry and molecular assessment of MRD, which present different characteristics in patients older than 60 years of age. Due to multiple reasons related to age, the progress of older adult AML patients is rarely investigated, especially with respect to MRD. In this review, we will clarify the characteristics of different assays for assessing MRD, focusing on its role as a risk-stratification biomarker to predict prognostic information and its role in optimal postremission therapy among older adult AML patients. These characteristics also provide guidance regarding the potential to apply personalized medicine in older adult AML patients.

Is every nurse a leader?

FigureThe adage that “every nurse is a leader” has been prevalent lately in opinion pieces and network conversations, revisiting a decades-old belief. Most say yes, some say maybe, and others assert all nurses should or even must be leaders. A dear colleague puts forward another possibility: every nurse can be a leader. Could all of these be true? Probably. We do know leaders aren't only those in formal positions as we see leadership in many forms at every level, but we could also argue that a title doesn't make anyone a leader either. Can you be a leader without followers or without influence? I don't think so, do you? Personally, I love leading, and I like following just as much depending on the circumstances. Scope of leadership influence could be at the point of care advocating for a patient or family and/or in the community, at micro- to macroorganizational levels, or even in government. It could be locally, nationally, or globally. Nurse influencers are all over social media whether you agree with their messages or not. It's all leadership, and the resulting followership determines the influence. It's not about “style,” although task-oriented leadership practice is just as undesirable as task-oriented clinical practice. Tim Porter O'Grady has been preaching about complexity leadership for years, making the strong case that leadership (whether positional, professional, or as an expert) must face constantly changing dynamics to be effective. Maybe that makes the concept of every nurse being a leader even more complex, but in our healthcare reality, all agree that nurses face constantly changing headwinds from the beside to the boardroom. Every patient, family, team, service line, department, healthcare system, nursing school, and on and on, have different forces involved in every situation. Leadership in a complex world is, well, complex. And possible at every conceivable level. So how do we help nurses lead, and help each other as well? It starts in the preparation of new nurses at the academic level, which is supported by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing's core competencies. That's obviously not enough. We must be role models and expect leadership in the form of escalation, advocacy, critical thinking, teaching, professional contributions, and more starting at onboarding, which isn't possible without a psychologically safe environment. Perhaps we should do more to recognize, facilitate, and publicize leadership and innovation exemplars big and small; that can be inspirational, begetting more of the same. Even more critical, nurses must be willing and able. It's hard to believe a licensed professional RN would be unwilling or unable, but we've all seen it in practice—it's possible. And not acceptable from a role expectations perspective at the point of care and onward. In a Nurse Leader article this year, Godsey and Hayes gave multiple reasons for rebranding nurses as leaders, different from the public perception of nurses solely as caring healthcare workers following physicians' orders. This is our place in society considering our value and impact on healthcare in this country. And we haven't even touched on “nurses on boards,” taking this to yet another level. That brings us full circle. It seems that all nurses can be leaders, are expected and need to be leaders, and our public persona should be that we are leaders. We must use our influence to encourage and uphold nurse leadership in all its forms. It's who we are.Figure[email protected]

Comparing the effect of animal and plant-based yogurt extracts on enamel demineralization: an in vitro study.

Yogurt, due to its rich casein phosphopeptide (CPP) content could promote remineralization of enamel. Contrary to the age-old usage of animal milk based yogurt, vegan dairy products are gaining momentum due to multiple reasons. Considering this change, the aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro effect of animal and plant-based yogurt extracts on demineralization of enamel. Enamel windows were prepared on the crowns of sixty premolar teeth using nail paint. Teeth were divided into four groups of fifteen each and were treated with distilled water, demineralizing agent, solution with a mixture of demineralizing agent and yogurt supernatants, respectively for 96 hrs. Quantitative analysis was done using EDXRF (baseline and postexperimental calcium and phosphorus content). Additionally, confocal microscopic analysis was performed to assess the extent of demineralization. The animal-based yogurt (Group III) had the highest post experimental calcium value (mean±SD=81.15±5.02) and positive percentage of change in calcium level (15%; P=0.007) among the groups. This was followed by plant-based yogurt (Group IV) (mean calcium= 76.18±5.12; positive percentage change =8.11%; P=0.003). Animal based yogurt could provide higher protection against enamel demineralization when compared to plant-based yogurt.

Molecular Docking and Pharmacoinformatics Studies Reveal Potential Phytochemicals against Target TNIK Receptors in Colorectal Cancer

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and can occur due to multiple reasons, one being induced by constitutive activation of the Wnt pathway. Traf2‐ and Nck‐interacting kinase (TNIK), the regulatory component of the Wnt pathway is responsible for the increase in the infiltrative capability of cancerous cells in CRC. The purpose of this study was to identify a phytochemical that could act as a drug to combat CRC by targeting TNIK. The TNIK model was docked against a dataset of 5000 phytochemicals using Molecular Operating Environment software which revealed seven‐candidate phytochemicals namely Berbamine, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Nimbothalin, Blepharocalyxin E, Rutin, BYCHRKNAQYPJPR‐DAZOONRXSA‐N and Blepharocalyxin B as potential inhibitor of TNIK. The Berbamine, Nimbothalin, and Epigallocatechin Gallate were selected for MD simulation study ascribed to sound pharmacokinetic features and propitious ADMET properties. Further studies are required to scrutinize these phytochemicals as a mainstream drug for TNIK in colorectal cancer.

Exocrine pancreatic cancer - what is new in the update of the S3 guideline?

In 2020, worldwide 495,773 people were diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 466,003 patients died from pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer ranks 13th among cancer diagnosis and is the 7th most common cause of cancer-related deaths 1.In Germany, each year approximately 10,000 people develop pancreatic cancer and around the same number of patients die from this disease 2. The relative 5-year survival rate is only 10%. The majority of patients die within the year of diagnosis.Incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer have continuously increased over the recent years. There are multiple reasons for this finding: pancreatic cancer occurs more frequently in older patients which leads to a higher incidence in an aging society. There are no effective screening and early detection measures for sporadic pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage where the tumor is no longer amenable to curative treatment. Furthermore, the majority of pancreatic cancers is per se likely to constitute a disseminated disease, even if initial imaging suggests a localized, surgically amenable disease. This is reflected by the high rate of early metastases and the small number of patients with long-term survival after surgery with curative intent.The S3 guideline exocrine pancreatic cancer aims to present the available evidence on epidemiology, molecular alterations, diagnostics, surgical and non-surgical treatment as well as palliative measures in order to support all those involved in the treatment of this tumor and to improve the care of patients.To better address this need, the S3 guideline was updated again in 2022 and also changed to a living guideline with regular updates to further improve the timeliness of the guideline.

Modeling and Bayesian inference for processes characterized by abrupt variations

Abrupt variations are often observed in the datasets of chemical processes but they have not been well studied in the literature. This paper proposes a method of modeling and estimating systems characterized by abrupt (impulsive) changes. Abrupt changes may be due to multiple reasons such as disturbances, capacity change, etc. All these cases result in signals that appear to have sudden jumps. But mixed with these jumps are the other dynamic variations characterizing the regular dynamics of the process. For effective modeling, it is important to capture both the jumps and the regular dynamic variations. This paper proposes to model such behavior through a dynamic latent variable (LV) model. The resulting model has two types of LVs characterizing the abrupt and the regular variations. These two behaviors are modeled using a Cauchy and a Gaussian dynamic model respectively. The inference of the LVs and model parameters is done in the variational Bayesian framework.

0222 University students procrastinate going to bed for multiple reasons that result in shorter sleep on school and non-school nights

Abstract Introduction Bedtime procrastination occurs when individuals go to bed later than they intended despite knowing that there may be negative consequences. The prevalence, drivers, and consequences of bedtime procrastination on daily sleep behavior are poorly understood. In university students, (1) we measured the frequencies and reasons for going to bed later than intended, and (2) we tested the hypothesis that bedtime procrastination results in shorter sleep on school nights but not non-school nights. Methods University students living in a residential college (n=109) completed daily sleep diaries for 2 weeks during their school semester. Each morning, students indicated if they went to bed later than they intended and the associated reasons. Sleep parameters included bedtime, wake-up time, and nocturnal time in bed for sleep. Simple effect sizes were used to compare mean differences in sleep behavior on nights with versus without bedtime procrastination. Results Students went to bed later than they intended on approximately half of all nights, irrespective of whether they had school the next day (school nights, 56.6%; non-school nights, 51.6%). On school and non-school nights with bedtime procrastination, time in bed was shorter by about 45 min (school nights: mean difference=-0.74h, 95% CI= -0.97h to -0.53h; non-school nights: mean difference=-0.79h, 95% CI=-1.01h to -0.58h). The most common reason for bedtime procrastination was “lost track of time” (34.9%), which was reported nearly twice as often compared with “wanted some me time” (19.5%), “wasn’t tired yet” (16.7%), “engaging in social leisure activities in person” (15.2%), and “engaging in social leisure activities online” (13.6%). The largest decrease in time in bed was observed when bedtime procrastination occurred due to in-person social activities (mean difference=-1.23h, 95% CI=-1.49h to -0.97h). Conclusion University students living in a residential college frequently engaged in bedtime procrastination on school and non-school nights, resulting in shorter nocturnal sleep opportunities. Losing track of time was the most common reason, suggesting that interventions for improving sleep in these students should emphasize self-regulation and time management skills. Our findings also suggest a strong social component of bedtime procrastination. Support (if any) Ministry of Education, Singapore (MOE2019-T2-074)

Deep convolutional neural network algorithm for the automatic segmentation of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers.

This study aimed to develop an algorithm to automatically segment the oral potentially malignant diseases (OPMDs) and oral cancers (OCs) of all oral subsites with various deep convolutional neural network applications. A total of 510 intraoral images of OPMDs and OCs were collected over 3 years (2006-2009). All images were confirmed both with patient records and histopathological reports. Following the labeling of the lesions the dataset was arbitrarily split, using random sampling in Python as the study dataset, validation dataset, and test dataset. Pixels were classified as the OPMDs and OCs with the OPMD/OC label and the rest as the background. U-Net architecture was used and the model with the best validation loss was chosen for the testing among the trained 500 epochs. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) score was noted. The intra-observer ICC was found to be 0.994 while the inter-observer reliability was 0.989. The calculated DSC and validation accuracy across all clinical images were 0.697 and 0.805, respectively. Our algorithm did not maintain an excellent DSC due to multiple reasons for the detection of both OC and OPMDs in oral cavity sites. A better standardization for both 2D and 3D imaging (such as patient positioning) and a bigger dataset are required to improve the quality of such studies. This is the first study which aimed to segment OPMDs and OCs in all subsites of oral cavity which is crucial not only for the early diagnosis but also for higher survival rates.