Multiple Rainbow Research Articles

Behavioral Response of Multiple Rainbow Trout to Vertically Suspended Environmental Enrichment

Vertically suspended environmental enrichment improves the rearing performance of fish during aquaculture production, but the reason for this improvement is unclear. This study documented the behavior of groups of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as indicated by their in-tank location preferences, in response to vertically suspended structure. The location of both experienced and naïve fish (with or without prior exposure to vertically suspended enrichment) in both barren and enriched tanks was recorded. In-tank locations were significantly different for experienced fish in both barren and enriched tanks but were similar for naïve fish. When observations were combined for both the presence and absence of enrichment, naïve fish locations were significantly different from experienced fish. Locations were also significantly different for all fish in enriched compared to barren tanks. These results indicate that trout location is influenced by the presence of vertically suspended environmental enrichment and that learning from prior experience with enrichment occurs.

Rainbow Perfect and Near-Perfect Matchings in Complete Graphs with Edges Colored by Circular Distance

Given an edge-colored complete graph Kn on n vertices, a perfect (respectively, near-perfect) matching M in Kn with an even (respectively, odd) number of vertices is rainbow if all edges have distinct colors. In this paper, we consider an edge coloring of Kn by circular distance, and we denote the resulting complete graph by K●n. We show that when K●n has an even number of vertices, it contains a rainbow perfect matching if and only if n=8k or n=8k+2, where k is a nonnegative integer. In the case of an odd number of vertices, Kirkman matching is known to be a rainbow near-perfect matching in K●n. However, real-world applications sometimes require multiple rainbow near-perfect matchings. We propose a method for using a recursive algorithm to generate multiple rainbow near-perfect matchings in K●n.

Integrated spatial multiomics reveals fibroblast fate during tissue repair

In the skin, tissue injury results in fibrosis in the form of scars composed of dense extracellular matrix deposited by fibroblasts. The therapeutic goal of regenerative wound healing has remained elusive, in part because principles of fibroblast programming and adaptive response to injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a multimodal -omics platform for the comprehensive study of cell populations in complex tissue, which has allowed us to characterize the cells involved in wound healing across both time and space. We employ a stented wound model that recapitulates human tissue repair kinetics and multiple Rainbow transgenic lines to precisely track fibroblast fate during the physiologic response to skin injury. Through integrated analysis of single cell chromatin landscapes and gene expression states, coupled with spatial transcriptomic profiling, we are able to impute fibroblast epigenomes with temporospatial resolution. This has allowed us to reveal potential mechanisms controlling fibroblast fate during migration, proliferation, and differentiation following skin injury, and thereby reexamine the canonical phases of wound healing. These findings have broad implications for the study of tissue repair in complex organ systems.

Michael Scot and the Four Rainbows

We apply a physical and historical analysis to a passage by the medieval scholar Michael Scot concerning multiple rainbows, a meteorological phenomenon whose existence has only been acknowledged in recent history. We survey various types of physical models to best decipher Scot’s description of four parallel rainbows as well as a linguistic analysis of Scot’s special etymology. The conclusions have implications on Scot’s whereabouts at the turn of the 13th century.

Polarization-resolved simulations of multiple-order rainbows using realistic raindrop shapes

This paper presents selected results of a simulation study of the first five (primary–quinary) rainbow orders based on a realistic, size-dependent shape model for falling raindrops, taking into account that the drops’ bottom part is flattened to higher degree than the dome-like top part. Moreover, broad drop size distributions are included in the simulations, as it is one goal of this paper to analyze, whether the predicted amplification and attenuation patterns for higher-order rainbows, as derived from previous simulations with monodisperse drop sizes, will still be pronounced under the conditions of natural rainfall. Secondly, deviations of the multiple rainbow orders’ polarization state from the reference case of spherical drops are discussed. It is shown that each rainbow order may contain a small amount of circularly polarized light due to total internal reflections. Thirdly, it is investigated, how the conditions that generate twinned primary rainbows will affect the higher orders. For the simulations, geometric-optic ray tracing of the full Stokes vector as well as an approximate approach using appropriately shifted Debye series data is applied.

Multiple rainbow at Loch Aline, Isle of Lewis

WeatherVolume 68, Issue 1 p. E2-E2 Inside Cover Photograph Multiple rainbow at Loch Aline, Isle of Lewis First published: 04 January 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2078Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume68, Issue1January 2013Pages E2-E2 RelatedInformation

The effect of parity conservation on the spin–orbit conserving and spin–orbit changing differential cross sections for the inelastic scattering of NO(X) by Ar

The fully Λ-doublet resolved state-to-state differential cross sections (DCSs) for the collisions of NO(X, (2)Π, v = 0, j = 0.5) with Ar have been shown to depend sensitively on the conservation of the total parity of the NO molecular wavefunction. Parity changing collisions exhibit a single maximum only in the DCS, while parity conserving transitions exhibit multiple rainbow peaks. This behaviour is shown to arise directly from the constructive or destructive interference of collisions impacting on the two pointed ends and on the flatter middle of the NO molecule. A simple hard shell, four path model has been employed to determine the relative phase shifts of the paths contributing to the scattering amplitude. The model calculations using the V(sum) potential, together with the results of a quasi-quantum treatment, provide good qualitative agreement with the experimental spin-orbit conserving (ΔΩ = 0) DCSs, suggesting that the dynamics for all but the lowest Δj transitions are determined largely by the repulsive part of the potential. The collisions leading to spin-orbit changing transitions (ΔΩ = 1) have been also found to be dominated by repulsive forces, even for the lowest Δj values. However, they are less well reproduced by hard shell calculations, because of the crucial participation of the V(diff) potential in determining the outcome of these collisions.

Rainbows from inhomogeneous transparent spheres: a ray-theoretic approach

A ray-theoretic account of the passage of light through a radially inhomogeneous transparent sphere has been used to establish the existence of multiple primary rainbows for some refractive index profiles. The existence of such additional bows is a consequence of a sufficiently attractive potential in the interior of the drop, i.e., the refractive index gradient should be sufficiently negative there. The profiles for which this gradient is monotonically increasing do not result in this phenomenon, but nonmonotone profiles can do so, depending on the form of n. Sufficiently oscillatory profiles can lead to apparently singular behavior in the deviation angle (within the geometrical optics approximation) as well as multiple rainbows. These results also apply to systems with circular cylindrical cross sections, and may be of value in the field of rainbow refractometry.

Synthesizing monochromatic 3-D images by multiple-exposure rainbow holography with vertical area-partition approach

We report for the first time the theoretical analysis and experimental results of a white-light reconstructed monochromatic 3-D image synthesizing tomograms by multiple rainbow holography with vertical-area partition (VAP) approach. The theoretical and experimental results show that 3-D monochromatic image can be synthesized by recording the master hologram by VAP approach without any distortions either in gray scale or in geometrical position. A 3-D monochromatic image synthesized from a series of medical tomograms is presented in this paper for the first time

A crossed molecular beam apparatus using high-resolution ion imaging

A new crossed molecular beam apparatus with a high-resolution ion imaging detector is described. Two pulsed supersonic molecular beams are crossed at right angles in a vacuum of 10−7 Torr. The collision region is irradiated with a tunable laser pulse that ionizes the scattered particles state selectively. The generated ions are accelerated by stacked electrodes in a two-dimensional (2D) space focusing mode that increases the velocity resolution of the apparatus. A cylindrical hexapole deflector is placed in the middle of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer to compensate the center-of-mass velocity of the ions and to direct them to the center of the 2D imaging detector. Real-time image processing of the charge coupled device camera signal eliminates blurring of the image detector. The performance of the apparatus was examined by observing the inelastic scattering of NO+Ar at a collision energy of 66 meV. The observed multiple rainbow peaks clearly demonstrate the high performance of the apparatus.

Experimental and model angular distributions of one- and two-electron capture processes in 0.5-20 eV/u Ar4+-Ar collisions.

We have measured and calculated state-resolved angular distributions of one- and two-electron-capture processes in 0.5--20 eV/u ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{4+}$-Ar collisions. The experimental energy-gain spectra show single-electron capture to six unresolved 4p LS terms, while no trace of a 4s population was found for laboratory collision energies below 200 eV. Semiclassical trajectory calculations, using a seven-channel Landau-Zener model for the probability flux on the multivalued deflection functions, show that the oscillations in the experimental 4p angular differential cross section are due to multiple rainbow scattering and that interference effects play a limited role. Experimental and calculated 4p angular distributions compare nicely over the whole energy range. For energies above 150 eV, true double-capture and transfer ionization with angular distributions consistent with a two-step electron-transfer process appear within the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} experimental acceptance.

Multiple rainbow singularities in product rotational distributions of exothermic collisions: A probe for the P4 anisotropy of the system Ar(1S0)+N2(C3 Pi u).

The effect on product rotational distributions of the energy released during exothermic processes is investigated with the model of collisions with a rigid, anisotropic shell. With increasing exothermicity, rotational-rainbow maxima become apparent in model integral cross sections for rotational excitation, due to the increasing importance of the final-state repulsion with respect to that in the initial state. Such rainbow maxima are expected to occur in product distributions of excitation transfer, chemical reactions, and dissociation processes. Two different rotational-rainbow maxima can appear even for homonuclear product molecules when the interaction potential contains substantial anisotropy described by a fourth-order Legendre polynomial ${P}_{4}$. This type of anisotropy can explain the bimodal rotational distribution of the product ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(C) of the exothermic excitation-transfer collision ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathrm{*}}$${(}^{3}$${\mathrm{P}}_{0}$,2)+${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(X), with an energy release \ensuremath{\Delta}E=701 and 521 meV for the $^{3}\mathrm{P}_{0}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{P}_{2}$ states, respectively, as measured by Nguyen and Sadeghi at a temperature of 90 K (=11 meV). The scaling of the rainbow positions with the exothermicity is reproduced. The best agreement with the experimental data is obtained with a ratio of anisotropy parameters ${c}_{4}$/${c}_{2}$=1.8. Such anisotropy may be caused by the promotion of a 2${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{u}$ electron to a 2${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{g}$ orbital when going from the X to the C state of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. .AE

Multiple-collision rotational rainbow effect in molecule-surface scattering

Classical calculations of molecular scattering from smooth surfaces show that multiple rainbow spikes in the rotational intensities may occur where the peaks correspond, respectively, to single, double, etc. collisions of the molecule with the repulsive potential. Unlike single collision rainbows, this effect may cause multiple peaks even for homonuclear diatomics.

Classical surface scattering computations; Rainbows and energy exchange

Computational techniques (a “response-function” method and a molecular dynamics procedure) for classical calculations of atom-surface scattering are described. The methods are illustrated by calculations for a model of neon scattering from the silver (111) surface. Calculations for clamped and initially stationary lattices show complex classical rainbow effects with multiple rainbows due to scattering from different regions of the crystal surface. These effects are not destroyed by inelasticity or energy exchange with cold crystals. Calculations at higher temperatures show, however, that thermal effects do smear out the rainbow effects and lead to rather featureless angular distributions similar to those observed experimentally for this system.

Multiple rainbows from single drops of water and other liquids

The scattering of light by spherical drops and the theory of rainbows are reviewed in detail to predict the angular positions of rainbows from single drops. The angular positions of the first 13 rainbows of water, observed from a drop suspended in a student spectrometer, were compared to these theoretical positions. Since the rainbows were dependent on the refractive index, the positions shifted with drops of other fluids having other refractive indices. Light corn syrup yielded 11 rainbows, including the 17th-order one. The light emerging from the drops was white except for the multicolors of the rainbows and the faint blue of the rays that had been nearly tangentially incident to the drops. With a hand-held polarized filter, all of the observed rainbows appeared to be polarized parallel to the plane of incidence. Using the 6328-Å light from a student He–Ne laser, one of the interference patterns composing all natural rainbows was created and photographed. The angular positions of the principal maxima of this pattern differed from the theoretical rainbow positions predicted by geometrical optics by amounts dependent on the drop radius.