Multiple Orders Research Articles

Stabilizing hydrogen-mediated sextuple bonds by quintuple superatomic bonding and a bond.

Multiple bond orders of four and five are frequently obtained for d-block elements. However, compounds with sextuple bonding (2σ, 2π, and 2δ), for instance, Cr2, Mo2 and W2, are less stable and trapped only in the gas phase or inert matrices, probably resulting from large repulsion of two σ-type (σs and ) orbitals within the same zone. Herein, a superatomic bonding model is proposed to describe experimentally synthesized bridging hydride compounds. We theoretically predicted four unprecedented quintuple bridging hydride species with large EHL values, among which [(Cp)2Sc2(μ-H)5]- and [(Cp)2Mn2(μ-H)5]- (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) contain quintuple superatomic bonding (σ, 2π, and 2δ). In particular, two other species, [(Cp)2Ti2(μ-H)5]- and [(Cp)2V2(μ-H)5]+, were found to feature stable hydrogen-mediated sextuple bonding comprising a quintuple superatomic delocalized bond and an extra localized bond. Thereinto, the superatomic σs bond disperses to the outer space for better overlap with the orbitals of bridging H atoms, thus leaving the inner regions with low electron densities and providing adequate space for the bond. These two quintuple bridging hydride compounds are verified to have thermal stability by molecular dynamics simulations and expected to provide an effective strategy to synthesize molecules with stable hydrogen-mediated sextuple bonding under normal experimental conditions.

SEBM: Scaling Event Based Models to Predict Disease Progression via Implicit Biomarker Selection and Clustering.

The Event Based Model (EBM) is a probabilistic generative model to explore biomarker changes occurring as a disease progresses. Disease progression is hypothesized to occur through a sequence of biomarker dysregulation "events". The EBM estimates the biomarker dysregulation event sequence. It computes the data likelihood for a given dysregulation sequence, and subsequently evaluates the posterior distribution on the dysregulation sequence. Since the posterior distribution is intractable, Markov Chain Monte-Carlo is employed to generate samples under the posterior distribution. However, the set of possible sequences increases as ! where is the number of biomarkers (data dimension) and quickly becomes prohibitively large for effective sampling via MCMC. This work proposes the "scaled EBM" (sEBM) to enable event based modeling on large biomarker sets (e.g. high-dimensional data). First, sEBM implicitly selects a subset of biomarkers useful for modeling disease progression and infers the event sequence only for that subset. Second, sEBM clusters biomarkers with similar positions in the event sequence and only orders the "clusters", with each successive cluster corresponding to the next stage in disease progression. These two modifications used to construct the sEBM method provably reduces the possible space of event sequences by multiple orders of magnitude. The novel modifications are supported by theory and experiments on synthetic and real clinical data provides validation for sEBM to work in higher dimensional settings. Results on synthetic data with known ground truth shows that sEBM outperforms previous EBM variants as data dimensions increase. sEBM was successfully implemented with up to 300 biomarkers, which is a 6-fold increase over previous EBM applications. A real-world clinical application of sEBM is performed using 119 neuroimaging markers from publicly available Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data to stratify subjects into 6 stages of disease progression. Subjects included cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). sEBM stage is differentiated for the 3 groups . Increased sEBM stage is a strong predictor of conversion risk to AD for MCI subjects, as verified with a Cox proportional-hazards model adjusted for age, sex, education and APOE4 status. Like EBM, sEBM does not rely on apriori defined diagnostic labels and only uses cross-sectional data.

High Precision and Large Dynamic Range Measurement of Laser Triangulation Displacement Sensor Using Diffraction Grating

The conventional laser triangulation displacement sensor (LTDS) is difficult to achieve large dynamic range and high precision measurement simultaneously, since LTDS is affected by factors such as limited detector size, nonlinear input and output variables, laser power fluctuation, speckle noise, electronic noise, etc. Given the above background, we proposed a modified LTDS using a diffraction grating to improve the dynamic range and precision simultaneously. Different from the conventional LTDS, the modified LTDS generates more than one spots on the image sensor, thereby the displacements with different ranges can be obtained from the multiple order diffraction spots. Ultimately, the dynamic range and measurement accuracy will be improved simultaneously by integrating these displacements. In this paper, the principle of the modified LTDS for large dynamic range and high precision measurement is described in detail, and we verified the validity and effectiveness of this idea through the experiment. Compared with the traditional LTDS, the experimental results show that the linearity of the modified LTDS is improved by a factor of 1.5685 and the dynamic range is improved 1.2986 times as well as maintaining the same linearity.

Effective Scheduling of Multi-Load Automated Guided Vehicle in Spinning Mill: A Case Study

In the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS), where material processing is carried out in the form of tasks from one department to another, the use of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) is significant. The application of multiple-load AGVs can be understood to boost FMS throughput by multiple orders of magnitude. For the transportation of materials and items inside a warehouse or manufacturing plant, an AGV, a mobile robot, offers extraordinary industrial capabilities. The technique of allocating AGVs to tasks while taking into account the cost and time of operations is known as AGV scheduling. Most research has exclusively addressed single-objective optimization, whereas multi-objective scheduling of AGVs is a complex combinatorial process without a single solution, in contrast to single-objective scheduling. This paper presents the integrated Local Search Probability-based Memetic Water Cycle (LSPM-WC) algorithm using a spinning mill as a case study. The scheduling model’s goal is to maximize machine efficiency. The scheduling of the statistical tests demonstrated the applicability of the proposed model in lowering the makespan and fitness values. The mean AGV operating efficiency was higher than the other estimated models, and the LSPM-WC surpassed the different algorithms to produce the best result.

Rational solutions of an extended (2+1)-dimensional Camassa-Holm- Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in liquid drop

<abstract><p>This paper investigates rational solutions of an extended Camassa-Holm-Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which simulates dispersion's role in the development of patterns in a liquid drop, and describes left and right traveling waves like the Boussinesq equation. Through its bilinear form and symbolic computation, we derive some multiple order rational and generalized rational solutions and analyze their dynamic features, such as the connection between rational solution and bilinear equation, scatter behavior, moving path, and exact location of the soliton. The obtained solutions demonstrate two wave forms: multi-lump and multi-wave that consist of three, six and eight lump waves or two, three and four line waves. Moreover, different from the multi-wave solitons, stationary multiple dark waves are presented.</p></abstract>

The Tribonacci-type balancing numbers and their applications

N this paper, we define the Tribonacci-type balancing numbers via a Diophantine equation with a complex variable and then give their miscellaneous properties. Also, we study the Tribonacci-type balancing sequence modulo m and then obtain some interesting results concerning the periods of the Tribonacci-type balancing sequences for any m. Furthermore, we produce the cyclic groups using the multiplicative orders of the generating matrices of the Tribonacci-type balancing numbers when read modulo m. Then give the connections between the periods of the Tribonacci-type balancing sequences modulo m and the orders of the cyclic groups produced. Finally, we expand the Tribonacci-type balancing sequences to groups and give the definition of the Tribonacci-type balancing sequences in the 3-generator groups and also, investigate these sequences in the non-abelian finite groups in detail. In addition, we obtain the periods of the Tribonacci-type balancing sequences in the polyhedral groups (2, 2, n), (2, n, 2), (n, 2, 2), (2, 3, 3), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 5).

Optimising order picking efficiency in a warehouse and distribution centre: A flexible flow shop scheduling approach

The scheduling of order-picking problems is a critical aspect of warehouse and distribution centre operations. The efficient execution of order picking requires determining the sequence in which it is needed to pick items from storage locations, as well as the assignment of employees to different picking tasks. In this paper, we present an approach to optimise the process using the Flexible Flow Shop Scheduling Problem (FFSSP), which encompasses multiple order fulfilment stages performing a set of operations on various machines (groups of employees) assigned to the picking stages (e.g., order creating, product collection, quality control, packing, shipment). The aim of the study was to determine the sequence of operations on the machines to minimise the order completion time while taking into account the available resources. We used IBM'sCP Optimizer. The computational experiments showed, on the one hand, the advantages of solver usage for relatively small instances providing optimal solutions, while on the other hand, it demonstrated its disadvantages as for 11 large instances from 24, optimal solutions were not found. Moreover, in 6 cases from 24 ones, the solution which was found was 94% worse than the optimal one.

The Impact of Consolidating On-Demand Food Delivery on Sustainability: A Simulation Study

Abstract On-demand food delivery services have transformed the food industry, offering customers a convenient way to order their favorite food from restaurants and have it delivered to their doorstep. However, the increased number of delivery vehicles has led to higher costs, traffic congestion, and carbon emissions. To tackle these negative impacts, consolidating the delivery process by combining multiple orders from different restaurants to various customers has been suggested. This study evaluates the sustainability impact of direct versus consolidated orders in the on-demand food delivery sector. To achieve the objective, we used an agent-based simulation model based on real delivery data from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Our simulation results indicate that due to constraints in time windows and routing complexity, only a small portion of all orders can be consolidated. But where consolidation is feasible, it can benefit businesses and the environment by reducing costs for customers, increasing drivers’ productivity, and reducing carbon emissions. The downside is that it may result in a longer customer waiting time. These findings provide valuable insights for businesses and policymakers seeking to promote sustainable practices in the on-demand food delivery sector.

A quantum algorithm for computing multiplicative order of integers modulo a prime

One of the challenging problems in number theory is to compute efficiently multiplicative order of integers modulo a prime. This problem was listed under open problems in the number theoretic complexity II proposed by Leonard M. Adleman and Kevin S.McCurley in 1994. This paper offers a polynomial-time quantum algorithm for computing the order k = min {x|x∈, ax ≡ 1(modp)}, if p∈ Primes and gcd(a,p) = 1, where a, p∈, and it requires 2 (1) 2 ((log p) +O )  quantum operations.

Managing and Controlling Project Changes in Post Conflict Countries the Case of Liberia

Ineffective change management and control practices in donor and government-funded projects served as the major impediment to meeting project completion timelines and possible project failures. Project management professionals globally have attributed multiple requests for cost, scope, or schedule changes to classical project management issues, including cost overruns, schedule overruns, and scope creeps when managing traditional-driven projects. In post-conflict countries, including Liberia, multiple change requests or variation orders are prevalent in various types of projects often driven by political interests, corruption, and other fraudulent practices. In this paper, the author examined some critical change management and control issues, especially regarding little or non-existent institutional framework for change control as well as the lack of a structural and systematic approach for managing and controlling changes during project implementation. To mitigate these situations, the author proffered recommendations aimed at helping project organizations minimize budget and schedule overruns due to scope creep as well as project delays resulting from unregulated change management and control practices in Liberia.

Genome size does not influence extinction risk in the world's amphibians

AbstractVariation in genome size spans multiple orders of magnitude among animals. Despite the longstanding debate regarding the adaptive value or costs of genomic complexity, genome size has been proposed to influence extinction risk under the rapidly changing environments of the Anthropocene.The main hypothesis suggests that genome enlargement increases the accumulation of deleterious mutations while reducing rates of organismal growth and development. These combined effects of larger genome size are predicted to trigger population declines that can lead to extinction, especially under rapidly changing environments that disrupt demographic resilience.Comparative evidence from terrestrial plants and across vertebrates has provided mixed support for this hypothesis. However, large‐scale comparative studies based on explicit phylogenetic approaches remain lacking. Using a global‐scale amphibian dataset and two recognised proxies of extinction risk (International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN conservation categories and population trends), we test the prediction that genomes are larger (as estimated by C‐value) in species facing extinction risk. We combine these analyses with life‐history traits widely known to be implicated with extinctions (body size, fecundity), along with a range of environmental factors.Our phylogenetic analyses consistently failed to identify an effect of genome size on either of the two proxies for extinction risk. The only consistent predictor of extinction risk observed across models performed for amphibians combined and for orders separately was decreasing geographical range size. We also identified a role for larger body size, decreasing range of environmental temperature (for anurans) and increasing levels of UV‐B radiation (for salamanders) as drivers of increasing threat.Our study provides no support for the prediction that species with larger genomes suffer heightened risk of extinction. We discuss some fundamental limitations underlying the genome size‐extinction hypothesis, and suggest that it is not a promising avenue to elucidate the causes of biodiversity declines in the Anthropocene.Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.

Experimental realization of short-wavelength infrared half wave retarder fabricated from ZnO single crystal plates

With increasing interest in studying fundamental phenomena at near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) frequencies, it is essential to find optical devices which can alter polarization state in the NIR and SWIR radiation range. However, simple optical components such as wave plates capable of generating and controlling polarization sates in the NIR and SWIR radiation are rare. Therefore, our use of channelled spectra of polarized white photons is reported to extract the dispersion of the phase birefringence Δnp(λ) of the 112‾0 and 11‾00 plates of ZnO single crystal acting as multiple order wave plates. The phase birefringence Δnp(λ) of the 112‾0 and 11‾00 ZnO plates was extracted using a calculation procedure named the wavenumber difference method. The correctness of the birefringence data obtained was also confirmed by recalculating the plate thickness using the Jones matrix technique. Furthermore, the birefringence group velocity factor of the 112‾0 and 11‾00 ZnO plates was also extracted from the channelled spectra of polarized white photons using simple method. For both 112‾0 and 11‾00 ZnO plates, a broad spectral full width at half maximum (FWHM) is observed in SWIR region (1100–2500 nm), therefore, 112‾0 and 11‾00 ZnO plates can act as if they are functioning as a zero-order wave plate.

1047: THE USE OF VISUAL ANALYTICS TO MONITOR PICU PATIENT TRANSFER ORDERS TO ACUTE CARE

Introduction: Timely transfers from the PICU to acute care are essential to improve patient flow and admission readiness. To improve the patient transfer flow, the QI team needed objective data. We created a dashboard to monitor the transfer orders time of the day and when the actual transfer occurs. Methods: We developed a visual dashboard using the Tableau (version 2020.4.5). The tool tracks the patient transfer orders from the PICU to the general and surgical ward. The transfer orders are monitored daily, from 7 am until 12 am hourly and from 12 am to 6 am as one value. The transfer order to transfer start time is monitored and reported as average and median values. The data can be filtered by transfer order date, transfer destination, and transfer order to transfer start. When a patient has multiple transfer orders, we choose the one closest to the 24 hours before the transfer. The data is presented in separate graphs for transfer orders before noon and before 2 pm since it was the target that the QI team is focused on monitoring and improving. These graphs have on the y-axis the percentage of transfer orders and on the x-axis the weekly date. The average, the 2SD, the overall, and the slope is calculated and expressed linearly. The transfer orders by the hour are calculated as a percentage of the total count, with the total count on the axis and the hour on the x-axis. The transfer order transfer starts in minutes and is calculated monthly. Results: We obtained baseline results which helped to develop strategies to improve the time for patient transfer orders. Our PICU baseline percentage of patient transfer orders before noon was 33.5 %, and before 2 pm, 44%. By the end of the six-month period with PDSA improvement cycles, our noon transfer orders increased to 50% and 75% by 2 pm. Conclusions: We used visual analytics to monitor the PICU transfer orders, focused on the percentage of transfer orders before noon and 2 pm and the time from transfer order to transfer start. The visual analytics helped the team to establish baseline data and monitor over time the results after the implemented changes. After obtaining the data, the QI team created a transfer process map and recognized different areas for improvement. The team implemented a systematic approach for changes that we can monitor in real-time.

Existence and uniqueness results for fractional boundary value problems with multiple orders of fractional derivatives and integrals

In this article, we study boundary value problems for fractional differential equations with multiple orders of fractional derivatives and integrals, in both fractional differential equation and boundary conditions. Existence and uniqueness results are obtained using Sadovskii’s fixed point theorem. Finally, numerical examples are provided to confirm the applicability of obtained theoretical results.

Comparison of contact metals evaporated onto monolayer molybdenum disulfide

Understanding and improving the contact resistance of two-dimensional materials for the fabrication of next-generation devices is of vital importance to be able to fully utilize the new physics available in these materials. In this work, eight different contact metals (Ag, Au, Cr, Cu, In, Mo, Ni, and Ti) have been investigated using the same sample of monolayer MoS2. Through the fabrication and testing of multiple, identically sized field-effect transistor devices per contact metal, we compensate for large variability in electrical properties of as-grown chemical vapor deposition MoS2 and deduce the relative performance of each metal. The general trend of lower work function metals having lower contact resistance holds with In, Ag, and Ti performing the best of the metals tested. Our results are compatible with recent research suggesting that the contact resistance in undoped, monolayer MoS2 is dominated by a lateral junction resistance, and we provide context for how this manifests in device-to-device variation. Multiple orders of magnitude differences in contact resistance are observed between metals and can be explained by this lateral barrier operating in the thermionic-field emission regime.

Weight enumerators of all irreducible cyclic codes of length n

Let [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] are distinct odd primes, be an integer and [Formula: see text] be a finite field of order [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. We determine the weight enumerators of all irreducible cyclic codes of length [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] when multiplicative order of [Formula: see text] modulo [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text].

Computing Shor’s algorithmic steps with interference patterns of classical light

When considered as orthogonal bases in distinct vector spaces, the unit vectors of polarization directions and the Laguerre–Gaussian modes of polarization amplitude are inseparable, constituting a so-called classical entangled light beam. Equating this classical entanglement to quantum entanglement necessary for computing purpose, we show that the parallelism featured in Shor’s factoring algorithm is equivalent to the concurrent light-path propagation of an entangled beam or pulse train. A gedanken experiment is proposed for executing the key algorithmic steps of modular exponentiation and Fourier transform on a target integer N using only classical manipulations on the amplitudes and polarization directions. The multiplicative order associated with the sought-after integer factors is identified through a four-hole diffraction interference from sources obtained from the entangled beam profile. The unique mapping from the fringe patterns to the computed order is demonstrated through simulations for the case N=15.

Comparison of Statistical Estimators for Estimating the Orders of Markov Chains

High order discrete Markov chain is essential to analyze the dependency structure of data sets. To apply Markov chain correctly, even though the true order is an unknown parameter, statisticians have developed multiple order estimators. It is natural to identify the strongest order estimators under different parameter combinations. Aim for evaluating the performance of estimators, we study four of them in this paper: Akaike information criteria (AIC), Bayesian information criteria (BIC), Maximal fluctuation estimation method (PS), and approximate χ 2 − distribution method (Dk ). We simulated Cr × C transition matrices to generate word-count-based Markov sequences with the most straightforward initial distribution. We found PS and Dk give more accurate discrete Markov order estimation. Although AIC and BIC are commonly applied, their performances are not the most accurate. The accuracy declines approximately exponentially as the Markov model gets more complex, i.e. r ≥ 1 and C ≥ 3. AIC’s accuracy is higher when the Markov chain length is relatively small, but Dk yields a slightly higher accuracy under the same setting. PS give a more reasonable estimation when Markov order is the variable, i.e. 1 ≥ r ≥ 3. Dk gives more reasonable estimations when the length L and alphabet size C are variable, i.e. 150 ≥ L ≥ 800 and 3 ≥ C ≥ 5.

Convex Optimization for Parameter Synthesis in MDPs

Probabilistic model-checking aims to prove whether a Markov decision process (MDP) satisfies a temporal logic specification. The underlying methods rely on an often unrealistic assumption that the MDP is precisely known. Consequently, parametric MDPs (pMDPs) extend MDPs with transition probabilities that are functions over unspecified parameters. The parameter synthesis problem is to compute an instantiation of these unspecified parameters such that the resulting MDP satisfies the temporal logic specification. We formulate the parameter synthesis problem as a quadratically constrained quadratic program, which is nonconvex and is NP-hard to solve in general. We develop two approaches that iteratively obtain locally optimal solutions. The first approach exploits the so-called convex–concave procedure (CCP), and the second approach utilizes a sequential convex programming (SCP) method. The techniques improve the runtime and scalability by multiple orders of magnitude compared to black-box CCP and SCP by merging ideas from convex optimization and probabilistic model-checking. We demonstrate the approaches on a satellite collision avoidance problem with hundreds of thousands of states and tens of thousands of parameters and their scalability on a wide range of commonly used benchmarks.

An explanatory model for the burial of fines in the sandy seabed of the southern North Sea

The amount of suspended fines in the southern North Sea strongly depends on their exchange with the sandy seabed. This exchange is governed by resuspension of fines during storms, followed by burial in the week thereafter. Despite its importance for fine sediment dynamics, the burial of fines into a sandy seabed is currently not well understood. This paper presents a mechanistic conceptual model, explaining how the interaction of migrating small ripples and larger megaripples can bury fine sediment in a sandy seabed shortly after storms. The burial process consists of four phases forming a dynamic cycle. A storm stirs up the bed, remobilising fines, while forming megaripples. After the storm, fines can settle again depositing atop the sandy seabed. Interaction between bedforms of different scales is then crucial to bury fines 1–2 dm within the seabed. Megaripples formed during storms gradually adjust to calmer conditions in the waning of storms. During this adjustment period, fines are buried by current-induced ripples in the troughs of the former megaripples. Field measurements collected in 2017 corroborate this conceptual model, showing fines in distinct patches, both horizontally and vertically. Furthermore, fines are found up to 10–15 cm in the seabed shortly after storms. The data further reveal how fine sediment occurrences on and within the seabed vary strongly over multiple length scales. They both vary on the mega-scale (kilometres) and on the micro-scale (metres-centimetres). As the micro-scale is multiple orders of magnitude smaller than the scale on which hydro-morphological models operate, parameterisations are required to aggregate the effect of burial in numerical models.