Multiple Occupation Research Articles

Narrow-band red-emitting KZnF3:Mn4+fluoroperovskites: insights into electronic/vibronic transition and thermal quenching behavior

An in-depth study on a new red-emitting KZnF3:Mn4+fluoroperovskite reveals the electronic/vibronic transition, the local coordination environment, the multiple crystallographic site occupation, and the thermal quenching behavior, of Mn4+.

Deregulating planning control over Britain’s housing stock

PurposeTo apply path dependence theory and analysis to the regulatory framework for private-rented housing in Britain, especially affecting houses in multiple occupation (HMOs) and addressing the increased involvement of the planning system through planning use classes, permitted development rights and Article 4 directions.Design/methodology/approachThis paper identifies critical junctures in primary and secondary legislation for housing and planning and analyses individual local authority responses in planning policy documents and tribunal decisions.FindingsThe rise of the HMO reflects wider changes in society leading to new forms of household and inter-generational inequalities. Local authority discretion and locked-in responses have resulted in different regulatory regimes for housing and planning, recently favouring existing communities of owner-occupiers against HMO residents, seen as transient populations not committed to the neighbourhood.Research limitations/implicationsPotential for further research on demographics and household formation, and on reviewing planning and appeal decisions involving HMOs.Originality/valueThe research is apparently the first specifically addressing planning regulation of the HMO from a path dependence perspective, in the context of planning protection of the single-family dwelling house and marginalization of other forms of housing.

Extending exchange symmetry beyond bosons and fermions

We study quantum many-body states of immanons, hypothetical particles that obey an exchange symmetry defined for more than two participating particles. Immanons thereby generalize bosons and fermions, which are defined by their behavior under pairwise symmetric and anti-symmetric exchange processes. The scalar product of two many-body states with fermionic, bosonic or generalized exchange symmetry becomes the determinant, permanent or immanant of the matrix containing all mutual scalar products of the occupied single-particle states. As a measurable consequence, immanons are shown to obey a partial Pauli principle that forbids the multiple occupation of single-particle states above a certain threshold. The tendency to favor or oppose multiple occupation of single-particle modes, i.e. the degree of bunching, is the determinant, permanent or immanant of a hermitian positive semi-definite matrix. We exploit this identity to devise a Gedankenexperiment that corroborates the permanental dominance conjecture.

Tracing the gravitational potential using cosmic voids

The properties of large underdensities in the distribution of galaxies in the Universe, known as cosmic voids, are potentially sensitive probes of fundamental physics. We use data from the MultiDark suite of N-body simulations and multiple halo occupation distribution mocks to study the relationship between galaxy voids, identified using a watershed void-finding algorithm, and the gravitational potential $\Phi$. We find that the majority of galaxy voids correspond to local density minima in larger-scale overdensities, and thus lie in potential wells. However, a subset of voids can be identified that closely trace maxima of the gravitational potential and thus stationary points of the velocity field. We identify a new void observable, $\lambda_v$, which depends on a combination of the void size and the average galaxy density contrast within the void, and show that it provides a good proxy indicator of the potential at the void location. A simple linear scaling of $\Phi$ as a function of $\lambda_v$ is found to hold, independent of the redshift and properties of the galaxies used as tracers of voids. We provide an accurate fitting formula to describe the spherically averaged potential profile $\Phi(r)$ about void centre locations. We discuss the importance of these results for the understanding of the evolution history of voids, and for their use in precision measurements of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, gravitational lensing and peculiar velocity distortions in redshift space.

Making a House in Multiple Occupation a Home: Using Visual Ethnography to Explore Issues of Identity and Well-Being in the Experience of Creating a Home Amongst HMO Tenants

Housing research and sociological research on ‘home’ has under-explored Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs) as a form of specific and relatively marginalised housing tenure. In this paper we utilise data collected through participant photography and interviews with vulnerable HMO residents in a seaside town to explore their experiences of homemaking in HMOs. Drawing on literatures on home, identity and wellbeing we explore how HMO residents create a home in the space in which they live and how where they live simultaneously moulds their sense of identity. Our analysis is based upon interviews with, and photographs taken by, HMO residents. We highlight how home is created and experienced in a setting where basic levels of privacy can be hard to maintain, where space is constrained, and where residents would often prefer to live elsewhere. The meaning of ‘home’ in a HMO is influenced by personal histories and circumstances, by the normative attitudes towards housing in the UK, as well as by the space itself. The impact that living in a HMO might have on a tenant's identity and as a consequence their wellbeing is therefore highly contextual – not solely due to the characteristics of the property itself and the stigma some associate with this housing type but as an outcome of how the tenants relate to the property given their own preferences, conditioning and previous housing experience. There was variation in the extent to which respondents wanted their room to reflect, project or build their identity.

Maintenance of shared spaces: courtyards of Tbilisi

Purpose The courtyard dwellings of Tbilisi form a critical part of the city’s architectural identity. However, the multiple occupation of these buildings is blamed for confounding their prospects for repair and consequent valorisation as a World Heritage Site. Models for the shared ownership of residential blocks have been adapted globally. Some have established communal sources for rehabilitation and maintenance applicable to historic buildings. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relevance of such precedents to the complex and urgent context of Tbilisi’s threatened architectural heritage. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses existing literature and data to establish a hypothesis in support of adopting a collaborative approach for the maintenance and rehabilitation of shared buildings in a challenging and specific context. Using socio-economic data to characterise the occupants of such buildings and current critical sources, the paper investigates how existing collective communities can be empowered to capitalise from their unique social frameworks. Findings It finds evidence to support theoretical claims that there is scope for co-operative networks to flourish there. Research limitations/implications The paper is limited to a desktop analysis and relies upon available data and literature to draw its conclusions. Originality/value This paper addresses a critical problem in the formulation of conservation plans for Old Tbilisi, it tests the relevance of global exemplars for community repair programmes by reference to existing data for the care of the predominantly domestic architecture of Old Tbilisi at a time of rapid change.

Quem avalia resiliência e qual resiliência vale? Reflexões sobre a aplicação do Manual de Avaliação da Resiliência em uma fronteira Amazônica contestada

The Brazilian Amazon is a complex social-ecological system, the management of which includes diverse groups of social actors whose values and interests influence decision making and outcomes. Such management requires leaders who appreciate the multiple knowledge systems and historical land occupation trajectories that have shaped this region. Twenty-three emerging leaders from universities, government agencies, the private sector, and social movement organizations participated in a two-year Specialization Course in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Course participants applied the Resilience Assessment (RA) Workbook for Practitioners to analyze three livelihood sub-systems within the municipality of Cotriguacu. This paper offers reflections on the utility of the RA workbook as a tool for bridging multiple stakeholders’ knowledge, identities, power and interests in collaborative social-ecological management. Our experience points to the risks of conducting expert-led RAs in regions dominated by historical legacies of oppression, weak institutions, and limited governance.

The Big-Two Model of Personality and Work-Family Conflict

Personality traits can be categorized using a hierarchical structure in accordance with their correlations. Such hierarchy is derived by collecting more specific personality traits with similar underlying sources under a more general trait. Personality traits affect how people behave and perceive situations in multiple life domains. Prior research demonstrated the predictive value of the personality variables in multiple role occupation; however, most researchers have used the Big-Five personality traits. Therefore, the present study aims to discuss work-family conflict from the perspective of the Big-Two model of personality. The study sample included 250 participants. The study data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed by testing a structural equation model. The results showed that individuals who score high in stability experience greater work-family conflict, whereas individuals scoring high in plasticity experience less work-family conflict.

Nahal Ein Gev II, a Late Natufian Community at the Sea of Galilee.

The Natufian culture is of great importance as a starting point to investigate the dynamics of the transition to agriculture. Given its chronological position at the threshold of the Neolithic (ca. 12,000 years ago) and its geographic setting in the productive Jordan Valley, the site of Nahal Ein Gev II (NEG II) reveals aspects of the Late Natufian adaptations and its implications for the transition to agriculture. The size of the site, the thick archaeological deposits, invested architecture and multiple occupation sub-phases reveal a large, sedentary community at least on par with Early Natufian camps in the Mediterranean zone. Although the NEG II lithic tool kit completely lacks attributes typical of succeeding Pre Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) assemblages, the artistic style is more closely related to the early PPNA world, despite clear roots in Early Natufian tradition. The site does not conform to current perceptions of the Late Natufians as a largely mobile population coping with reduced resource productivity caused by the Younger Dryas. Instead, the faunal and architectural data suggest that the sedentary populations of the Early Natufian did not revert back to a nomadic way of life in the Late Natufian in the Jordan Valley. NEG II encapsulates cultural characteristics typical of both Natufian and PPNA traditions and thus bridges the crossroads between Late Paleolithic foragers and Neolithic farmers.

Coastal Occupations in Tierra del Fuego, Southernmost South America: A Late Holocene Hunter‐Gatherer Context at Marazzi 2

This paper focuses on the late Holocene occupation of hunter‐gatherers at the Marazzi 2 site located on the northwestern steppe of Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Our aim is to understand stratigraphy, formation processes, and pedogenesis with respect to human occupation over the last 3000 years. Based on archaeological excavations on a fluvial terrace of the Torcido River, we integrate soil micromorphology, mineralogy, geochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, and geomorphology, as well as the micro‐ and macrofrequency distributions of archaeological material. A micro‐taphonomical perspective is also applied to anthropogenic components recorded in sedimentary thin sections. We discuss various events in the interplay between soil development and human occupation through time. Marazzi 2 was witness to aggradation and pedogenesis with an episode of surface stability coincident with a phase of more intense human occupation at about 860 BC. Taphonomic analysis suggests that there are multiple occupation events mixed together, probably by biomechanical processes, resulting in a palimpsest with poor temporal resolution.

Control and care: landlords and the governance of vulnerable tenants in houses in multiple occupation

Houses in multiple occupation (HMOs) in which tenants share facilities are housing an increasing proportion of vulnerable adults who have limited affordable housing options. However, knowledge about how these types of property are managed is limited. In this paper, we examine the governance function of HMO landlords from the perspective of landlords/landlord agents and the tenants that live within their properties. The landlord exercises control through formal and informal risk assessment of tenants and close surveillance of them. These control mechanisms may also involve direct or indirect provision of support and care to some tenants. This illustrates the complex relationship between care and control and the extent to which both are integral to the housing management of vulnerable tenants living in HMOs. We suggest that this dual function calls for a critical examination of what constitutes a ‘good landlord’.

Fundamental aspects of deuterium retention in tungsten at high flux plasma exposure

An effect of enhanced trapping of deuterium in tungsten at high flux was discovered. It was shown analytically and confirmed experimentally that the deuterium trapping in a presence of high density of defects in tungsten (W) depends on the ion energy and ion flux. Newly developed analytical model explains experimentally observed discrepancy of deuterium trapping at radiation-induced defects in tungsten at different ion fluxes that significantly improves a prediction of hydrogen isotope accumulation in different plasma devices, including ITER and DEMO. The developed model can be used for many system of hydrogen in a metal in both normal and extreme environments (high fluxes, elevated temperatures, neutron irradiation, etc.). This new model allows, for the first time, to validate density function theory (DFT) predictions of multiple occupation of a defect with deuterium against experimental data that bridge the gap in length and time scale between DFT calculations and experiments. By comparing first-principle calculations based on DFT and semi-empirical “adsorption model,” it was proved that the mechanism of hydrogen isotope trapping in a vacancy cluster is similar to a chemisorption on a surface. Binding energies of deuterium with different types of defects in W were defined. Moreover, the surface barrier of deuterium to be chemisorbed on a clean W surface was found to be less than 1 eV and kinetics of deuterium release is limited by de-trapping from defects rather than to be limited by surface effects.

Mental health and houses in multiple occupation

Purpose – Previous research has established that there is a relationship between housing and mental health, however, understanding about how and why housing affects mental health is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to address this deficit by focusing on the experiences of residents of houses in multiple occupation (HMOs). Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 HMO residents who were asked about their housing career and experience of living in a HMO. Participants were recruited with assistance from community organisations and landlords. Findings – The physical properties and social environment of the property, as well as personal circumstances experienced prior to the move into the property, all influenced how mental health was affected. The authors identify and discuss in detail three key meditating factors: safety, control and identity which may affect how living in the property impacts the mental health of tenants. Practical implications – Good property management can lessen the potential harmful effects of living in a HMO. However, poorly run properties which house numerous vulnerable people may increase the risk of poor mental health due to attendant high levels of stress and possible risk of abuse. Originality/value – Based on the reports of HMO residents, the authors outline the key mediating processes through which living in HMOs may affect mental wellbeing, as well as illuminating the potential risks and benefits of HMOs, an overlooked tenure in housing research.

Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on empowerment of tribal women: a study in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh

Empowerment is a multidimensional social process that helps people to gain control over their own lives. Women empowerment generally refers to the process by which women enhances their power to take control over decisions that shape their livesin relation to access to resources participation in decision making and control over distribution benefits. Tribal women are the back bone of the tribal economy of Bastararea. Krishi Vigyan Kendra is one of the grassroot level agency which is engaged for upliftment of tribal women. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bastar had played significant role in improving the conditions of tribal women. The study was conducted in Bastar district. A total sample of 300 respondents was selected i.e. 150 beneficiaries and 150 nonbeneficiaries through population proportionate to sample size from six blocks representing 24 villages. A pre tested interview schedule was administered to 300 respondents. Relevant data on socio-personal, economic, psychological, and communication variables were collected. Difference between overall empowerment of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries was worked out. It was concluded that majority of the respondents were middle aged, belonged to Muriya sub caste, illiterate, had joint family, married, involved in multiple occupation, small farmers with small land holdings, possessed kuchha house. The respondents belong to BPL category had 'medium' level of social participation, material possession, risk preference, self esteem, and extension contact, the respondent had 'high' level of mass media exposure and information seeking behaviour. Association with selected variables was calculated. There was significant difference between the extent of empowerment of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. In the documented programmes of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, it was found that in all the activities tribal women had participated. The activities of Krishi Vigyan Kendra had significant impact on the empowerment of the tribal women and they improved their skill, enhanced their income, upgraded technical knowledge and empowered them socially and economically.

Helium bubble nucleation and growth in α-Fe: insights from first–principles simulations

We have carried out a first-principles study on the nucleation and early-stage growth of He bubbles in Fe. The energetics, atomic and electronic structure of He-vacancy complexes, involving both a monovacancy and a nine-vacancy cluster, are examined. Based on the energetics, we then perform thermodynamics analysis to gain deeper insights into He bubble nucleation and growth. We have determined the energy cost for the nucleation of He bubbles and found that up to eight He atoms can be trapped at a single vacancy. In order to capture more He atoms, the vacancy has to emit Frenkel pairs to release the substantial stress building on the surrounding Fe lattice. Compared to the monovacancy, the nine-vacancy cluster has a lower energy cost for He bubble nucleation and growth. He atoms at the vacancy repel the surrounding electronic charge and redistribute it on the neighboring Fe atoms. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that He chemical potential provides a driving force for He bubble nucleation and growth. There are two critical He chemical potentials that are of particular importance: one of them marks the transition from single He occupation to multiple He occupation at a monovacancy while the other sets off He-induced superabundant vacancy formation.

Multiple Site Occupation of Flexible Polymeric Compounds in Cocrystals of Syndiotactic Polystyrene

Abstract To confirm that long flexible polymeric compounds are capable of forming cocrystals with syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) by occupying more than one cavity in the crystalline lattice, the complexation of sPS with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ethers of molecular weight 2000 (PD2000) was carried out through an additive-assisted guest-exchange procedure. The X-ray fiber and powder diffraction and IR spectrum of sPS films treated by the procedure showed that the original guest chloroform was completely substituted with PD2000, keeping the basic structure of the host sPS lattice. It has been clarified by gravimetric analysis and IR spectroscopy that the molar ratio of styrene monomer to PD2000 is 16, which can be justified only by assuming the multiple site occupation of PD2000 in the sPS complex. It is strongly suggested that longer flexible polymeric molecules can be introduced into sPS lattices in a similar manner.

Hominin multiple occupations in the Early and Middle Pleistocene sequence of Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain)

The archaeological site at Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain) contains a continuous archaeostratigraphic sequence that extends from the upper limit of the Jaramillo subchron (0.98 Ma) to the first half of the Middle Pleistocene (c. 0.6 Ma). Evidence of human occupation (lithic tools and cut-marks) has been identified in this sequence in the levels with reverse polarity from the Early Pleistocene (EVT7/4) and in the levels with normal polarity from the Middle Pleistocene (EVT3/2). In contrast to unit EVT7, which was excavated using an extensive archaeological methodology, the other levels were a rescue excavation. The latter yielded a reduced lithic assemblage, providing evidence of a multiple occupation sequence by hominins at Vallparadís. This evidence call into question the proposal that there was a gap in the hominin settlement before the appearance of Mode 2 technology in Europe, a hypothesis that is based on stratigraphic sequences such as Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Spain) and the mid Loire region (Massif Central, France). Regarding the Early Pleistocene lithic tools from unit EVT7 at Vallparadís, the upper phase of the sequence (EVT4/2) shows longer chaînes opératoires, an increase in size of the lithic artefacts and the selection of better quality raw materials, which in turn indicate changes in the source areas from which they were selected.

Multiple myeloma and occupation: A pooled analysis by the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium

Objective: We investigated occupational risk of multiple myeloma (MM) in a pooled analysis of five international case–control studies. Methods: We calculated the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval for selected occupations with unconditional regression analysis in 1959 MM cases and 6192 controls, by pooling study-specific risks using random-effects meta-analysis. Exposure to organic solvents was assessed with a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Results: Gardeners and nursery workers combined, most likely exposed to pesticides, showed a 50% increase in risk (OR=1.50, 95% CI 0.9–2.3), while other farming jobs did not. Metal processors (OR=1.55, 95% CI 0.9–2.3), female cleaners (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.0–1.8), and high level exposure to organic solvents (OR=1.38, 95% CI 0.96–1.8) also showed moderately increased risks. Conclusions: Additional case–control studies of MM aetiology are warranted to further investigate the nature of the repeatedly reported increase in MM risk in several occupational groups.

Vertical stacking of multiple highstand shoreline deposits from the Cretaceous to the present: facies development and preservation

ABSTRACT Cooper, J.A.G., Green, A.N. and Smith, A.M. 2013. BARDEX II: Vertical stacking of multiple highstand shoreline deposits from the Cretaceous to the present: facies development and preservation. A sequence of vertically stacked shoreline facies exposed by unprecedented water level lowering in Lake St Lucia, South Africa, records multiple occupation of the same shoreline (5–6m amsl) on at least eight occasions since the late Cretaceous. The sequence involves a basal wave-cut surface that is the outcrop of a regional unconformity cut into Late Cretaceous siltstone with occasional borings, representing a hardground (Facies 1). This is succeeded by a limestone unit indicative of sedimentation in a region of low terrigenous input quite different to today. This commences with a 10cm-thick unit comprising corals and giant clams that colonised the hardground as a shallow reef (Facies 2). The reef has an erosional upper surface that is overlain by a 30–50cm thick coquina (Facies 3) with characteristic sand-...

Law and localism: the case of multiple occupancy housing

This paper investigates how planning regulation constructs the local, encapsulating a locality and prioritising local decision making over regional and national scales. It draws on a case study of the regulation of multiple occupation to make three interrelated points. First, the analysis emphasises the plurality of ‘locals’ and the interrelationships between them. Secondly, the paper explains how the juridification of the local is required to make a locality legally visible. This operationalisation and construction of the local (legally, spatially and socially) must take place before the political logic of localism, the prioritisation of local decision making over other scales of governance, can take legal effect. Thirdly, the paper explains how, once the ‘local’ is legally constructed and can make decisions, this prioritisation of apparently neutral local expertise and knowledge can act to enclose the spatial and social with sometimes powerful exclusionary and regressive effects.