Multiple Messages Research Articles

Ambiguous Multi-Symmetric Scheme and Applications

This paper introduces and evaluates the performance of a novel cipher scheme, Ambiguous Multi-Symmetric Cryptography (AMSC), which conceals multiple coherent plain-texts in one cipher-text. The cipher-text can be decrypted by different keys to produce different plain-texts. Security analysis showed that AMSC is secure against cipher-text only and known plain-text attacks. AMSC has the following applications: 1) it can send multiple messages for multiple receivers through one cipher-text; 2) it can send one real message and multiple decoys for camouflage; and 3) it can send one real message to one receiver using parallel processing. Performance comparison with leading symmetric algorithms (DES, AES and RC6) demonstrated AMSC’s efficiency in execution time.

Power allocation and performance analysis of the collaborative NOMA assisted relaying systems in 5G

Serving multiple cell-edge mobile terminals poses multifaceted challenges due to the increased transmission power and interferences, which could be overcome by relay communications. With the recent advancement of 5G technologies, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been used at relay node to transmit multiple messages simultaneously to multiple cell-edge users. In this paper, a Collaborative NOMA Assisted Relaying (CNAR) system for 5G is proposed by enabling the collaboration of source-relay (S-R) and relay-destination (R-D) NOMA links. The relay node of the CNAR decodes the message for itself from S-R NOMA signal and transmits the remaining messages to the multiple cell-edge users in R-D link. A simplified-CNAR (S-CNAR) system is then developed to reduce the relay complexity. The outage probabilities for both systems are analyzed by considering outage behaviors in S-R and R-D links separately. To guarantee the data rate, the optimal power allocation among NOMA users is achieved by minimizing the outage probability. The ergodic sum capacity in high SNR regime is also approximated. Our mathematical analysis and simulation results show that CNAR system outperforms existing transmission strategies and S-CNAR reaches similar performance with much lower complexity.

Competition between Online Stock Message Boards in Predictive Power : Focused on Multiple Online Stock Message Boards

This research aims to examine the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards, namely, NAVER Finance and PAXNET, which are the most popular stock message boards in South Korea, in stock market activities. If predictive power exists, we then compare the predictive power of multiple online stock message boards. To accomplish the research purpose, we constructed a panel data set with close price, volatility, Spell out acronyms at first mention.PER, and number of posts in 40 companies in three months, and conducted a panel vector auto-regression analysis. The analysis results showed that the number of posts could predict stock market activities. In NAVER Finance, previous number of posts positively influenced volatility on the day. In PAXNET, previous number of posts positively influenced close price, volatility, and PER on the day. Second, we confirmed a difference in the prediction power for stock market activities between multiple online stock message boards. This research is limited by the fact that it only considered 40 companies and three stock market activities. Nevertheless, we found correlation between online stock message board and stock market activities and provided practical implications. We suggest that investors need to focus on specific online message boards to find interesting stock market activities.

La oratoria sagrada y la imagen ideal de la infancia

El artículo realiza un análisis del púlpito en el período colonial y postcolonial, como un espacio público desde donde se exponían múltiples mensajes, tendientes todos ellos a instruir a la feligresía sobre aspectos espirituales -ligados por ello al plan salvífico- pero también sobre prácticas y conductas en torno a arquetipos modélicos. En ese contexto, la predicación solía hacerse eco de aspectos relacionados con la existencia doméstica y la importancia de la familia en la educación de los niños.

Field Crickets Compensate for Unattractive Static Long-Distance Call Components by Increasing Dynamic Signalling Effort.

The evolution of multiple sexual signals presents a dilemma since individuals selecting a mate should pay attention to the most honest signal and ignore the rest; however, multiple signals may evolve if, together, they provide more information to the receiver than either one would alone. Static and dynamic signals, for instance, can act as multiple messages, providing information on different aspects of signaller quality that reflect condition at different time scales. While the nature of static signals makes them difficult or impossible for individuals to augment, dynamic signals are much more susceptible to temporary fluctuations in effort. We investigated whether male Texas field crickets, Gryllus texensis, that produce unattractive static signals compensate by dynamically increasing their calling effort. Our findings lend partial support to the compensation hypothesis, as males that called at unattractive carrier frequencies (a static trait) spent more time calling each night (a dynamic trait). Interestingly, this finding was most pronounced in males that called with attractive pulse characteristics (static traits) but did not occur in males that called with unattractive pulse characteristics. Males that signalled with unattractive pulse characteristics (duration and pause) spent less time calling through the night. Our correlative findings on wild caught males suggest that only males that signal with attractive pulse characteristics may be able to afford to pay the costs of both trait exaggeration and increased calling effort to compensate for poor carrier frequencies.

Online Algorithms for Information Aggregation From Distributed and Correlated Sources

There is a fundamental trade-off between the communication cost and latency in information aggregation. Aggregating multiple communication messages over time can alleviate overhead and improve energy efficiency on one hand, but inevitably incurs information delay on the other hand. In the presence of uncertain future inputs, this trade-off should be balanced in an online manner, which is studied by the classical dynamic TCP ACK problem for a single information source. In this paper, we extend dynamic TCP ACK problem to a general setting of collecting aggregate information from distributed and correlated information sources. In this model, distributed sources observe correlated events, whereas only a small number of reports are required from the sources. The sources make online decisions about their reporting operations in a distributed manner without prior knowledge of the local observations at others. Our problem captures a wide range of applications, such as in-situ sensing, anycast acknowledgement and distributed caching. We present simple threshold-based competitive distributed online algorithms under different settings of intercommunication. Our algorithms match the theoretical lower bounds in order of magnitude. We observe that our algorithms can produce satisfactory performance in simulations and practical testbed.

An Approach of Handling Packet Loss for Delay Sensitive Video Streaming in MANETs

Wireless communication networks became ubiquitous. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have become an exactly right option that can be chosen for on-demand infrastructure less communications. Besides the enhancements in Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) communications, more research can be done on these networks, if they have to be used for video streaming. The reason behind this is that, the Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) devices are resource constrained and thus efficient methods to support multimedia communications supporting video streaming is a defiance problem. This is because videos are delay sensitive and thus good quality streaming is inevitable. In the proposed work we use AODV protocol and an idea of Dynamic congestion detection and routing. In this work we define Signal to noise ratio threshold at nodes in all the previously visited paths from source to destination in order to identify the congestion level at the nodes dynamically and construct an optimal path for the transmission of video packets in Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) . This decreases the traffic which occurs due to multiple feedback messages from nodes in the network. Hence this approach decreases the loss of packets and this leads to the improvement in the performance.

A Buffer Scheduling Method Based on Message Priority in Delay Tolerant Networks

Routing protocols in delay tolerant networks usually utilize multiple message copies to guarantee the message delivery, in order to overcome unpredictable node mobility and easily-interrupted connections. A store-carry-and-forward paradigm was also proposed to further improve the message delivery. However, excessive message copies lead to the shortage of buffer and bandwidth. The spray and wait routing protocol has been proposed to reduce the network overload caused by the buffer and transmission of unrestricted message copies. However, when a node’s buffer is quite constrained, there still exist congestion problems. In this paper, we propose a message scheduling and drop strategy on spray and wait routing protocol (SDSRP). To improve the delivery ratio, first of all, SDSRP calculates the priority of each message by evaluating the impact of both replicating and dropping a message copy on delivery ratio. Subsequently, scheduling and drop decisions are made according to the priority. In order to further increase delivery ratio, we propose an improved message scheduling and drop strategy on spray and wait routing protocol (ISDSRP) through enhancing the accuracy of estimating parameters. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations based on synthetic and real traces in ONE. The results show that compared with other buffer management strategies, ISDSRP and SDSRP achieve higher delivery ratio, similar average hopcounts, and lower overhead ratio.

Co-designed radar-communication using linear frequency modulation waveform

As electromagnetic spectrum availability shrinks, there is growing interest in combining multiple functions, such as radar and communications signals, into a single multipurpose waveform. Historically mixed-modulation has used orthogonal separation of different message signals in different dimensions such as time or frequency. This research explores an alternative approach of implementing an in-band, mixed-modulated waveform that combines surveillance radar and communication functions into a single signal. The contribution of this research is the use of reduced phase-angle binary phase shift keying (BPSK) along with overlapped (channelized) spread-spectrum phase discretes based on pseudorandom noise sequences to encode multiple messages in a single pulse. The resulting mixed-modualted signal provides a low data rate communications message while minimizing the effect on radar performance. For the purpose of this research, radar performance will be evaluated in terms of power spectral density, matched filter auto-correlation for target detection, and the ambiguity function.

Integriteit in kwantitatief, empirisch onderzoek

Abstract Research integrity in quantitative, empirical studies: the perspective of researchers in language and communicationThe article by Hornikx and Batenburg (2016) invited researchers in language and communication to reflect on problems and possible solutions related to research integrity in conducting and reporting quantitative, empirical research. The reactions from colleagues in the field underline the problems that were described, and present a number of solutions to these problems. In general, these solutions can be summarized under the heading of meta-analytic thinking: one study does not provide a yes-or-no answer to a given answer; it should be designed to provide more robust results (e.g., through replications, multiple message designs), and should be reported in such a way as to be replicable in the research community (e.g., transparency, registration reports).

Design of Processing Element (PE3) for Implementing Pipeline FFT Processor

Multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. In communication, different multiplexing schemes are used. To achieve higher data rates, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used due to its high spectral efficiency. OFDM became a serious alternative for modern digital signal processing methods based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).The problems with Orthogonal subcarriers can be addressed with FFT in communication applications. An 8-bit processing element (PE3), used in the execution of a pipeline FFT processoris designed and presented in this paper. Simulations are carried out using Mentor Graphics tools in 130nm technology.

Physically enhanced secure wavelength division multiplexing chaos communication using multimode semiconductor lasers

A physically enhanced secure wavelength division multiplexing chaos communication scheme in virtue of the chaos synchronization of two multimode semiconductor lasers (MSLs) is introduced. In this scheme, two communicating MSLs are subjected to identical optical injections from a chaotic external-cavity MSL, and each mode of the communicating MSLs is used as a chaotic carrier. The messages are divided into a set of blocks, and these blocks are transmitted by different modes in different time slots, according to a pre-negotiated pattern. The numerical results indicate that high-quality chaos synchronization with a wide operation region and relatively strong frequency detuning tolerance can be achieved between the communicating MSL modes, which can afford multiple simultaneous bidirectional message transmissions. Moreover, because of the carrier-consumption competition in the MSL cavity, the peak average power ratios of the chaotic carriers are much larger and more widely distributed with respect to selected single-mode injection or feedback cases, which can obviously enhance the link security against the attack of linear filtering. Also, the carrier-consumption competition induces a cross talk between the transmission messages, which can greatly improve the link security when eavesdroppers adopt the synchronization utilization method to attack the public link. Furthermore, with the non-fixed wavelength transmission technology, the system security can also be further improved greatly. The proposed scheme provides a new way to implement high-speed multichannel chaos communication with high physically enhanced security.

An Epigenetics-Inspired DNA-Based Data Storage System.

Biopolymers are an attractive alternative to store and circulate information. DNA, for example, combines remarkable longevity with high data storage densities and has been demonstrated as a means for preserving digital information. Inspired by the dynamic, biological regulation of (epi)genetic information, we herein present how binary data can undergo controlled changes when encoded in synthetic DNA strands. By exploiting differential kinetics of hydrolytic deamination reactions of cytosine and its naturally occurring derivatives, we demonstrate how multiple layers of information can be stored in a single DNA template. Moreover, we show that controlled redox reactions allow for interconversion of these DNA‐encoded layers of information. Overall, such interlacing of multiple messages on synthetic DNA libraries showcases the potential of chemical reactions to manipulate digital information on (bio)polymers.

An Epigenetics‐Inspired DNA‐Based Data Storage System

AbstractBiopolymers are an attractive alternative to store and circulate information. DNA, for example, combines remarkable longevity with high data storage densities and has been demonstrated as a means for preserving digital information. Inspired by the dynamic, biological regulation of (epi)genetic information, we herein present how binary data can undergo controlled changes when encoded in synthetic DNA strands. By exploiting differential kinetics of hydrolytic deamination reactions of cytosine and its naturally occurring derivatives, we demonstrate how multiple layers of information can be stored in a single DNA template. Moreover, we show that controlled redox reactions allow for interconversion of these DNA‐encoded layers of information. Overall, such interlacing of multiple messages on synthetic DNA libraries showcases the potential of chemical reactions to manipulate digital information on (bio)polymers.

Study on the security of the authentication scheme with key recycling in QKD

In quantum key distribution (QKD), the information theoretically secure authentication is necessary to guarantee the integrity and authenticity of the exchanged information over the classical channel. In order to reduce the key consumption, the authentication scheme with key recycling (KR), in which a secret but fixed hash function is used for multiple messages while each tag is encrypted with a one-time pad (OTP), is preferred in QKD. Based on the assumption that the OTP key is perfect, the security of the authentication scheme has be proved. However, the OTP key of authentication in a practical QKD system is not perfect. How the imperfect OTP affects the security of authentication scheme with KR is analyzed thoroughly in this paper. In a practical QKD, the information of the OTP key resulting from QKD is partially leaked to the adversary. Although the information leakage is usually so little to be neglected, it will lead to the increasing degraded security of the authentication scheme as the system runs continuously. Both our theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the security level of authentication scheme with KR, mainly indicated by its substitution probability, degrades exponentially in the number of rounds and gradually diminishes to zero.

Design of additive homomorphic encryption with multiple message spaces for secure and practical storage services over encrypted data

Homomorphic encryption scheme is one of the useful tools for handling encrypted information in storage services. However, most of existing schemes have not been used in practical applications due to their inefficiency or lack of functionalities. For example, fully homomorphic encryption, which can provide arbitrary operations, is inefficient. On the other hand, other homomorphic encryptions, including additive homomorphic encryptions, which are efficient enough to be used in practice, are limited in operations for practical applications. In this paper, we devise a message-encoding technique which can split a message space of an additive homomorphic encryption into multiple sub-spaces for different messages. Our technique guarantees that we can deal with multiple sets of data (each data set is assigned to each sub-space), so that multiple data can be computed at once in an additive manner. Using our new technique, we construct two additive homomorphic encryptions with valuable properties. The first one is an additive homomorphic encryption scheme which can be used for evaluating some statistical information, such as the mean and the variance. To give a concrete scheme, we apply our technique to Paillier’s scheme which supports the additive homomorphism. Note that our scheme is the first additive homomorphic encryption which supports the evaluation of both the mean and the variance of encrypted data. We also give two modifications of the first application to improve its practicality. As the second application of our technique, we propose an additive homomorphic encryption scheme which can support the functionality of error detection in homomorphic operations. The second scheme is also designed based on Paillier’s scheme. Note that one of the remarkable advantages of our technique is that it can be applied to any additive homomorphic encryption for supporting the above-mentioned functionalities.

The Single-Uniprior Index-Coding Problem: The Single-Sender Case and the Multi-Sender Extension

Index coding studies multiterminal source-coding problems where a set of receivers are required to decode multiple (possibly different) messages from a common broadcast, and they each know some messages a priori. In this paper, at the receiver end, we consider a special setting where each receiver knows only one message a priori, and each message is known to only one receiver. At the broadcasting end, we consider a generalized setting where there could be multiple senders, and each sender knows a subset of the messages. The senders collaborate to transmit an index code. This work looks at minimizing the number of total coded bits the senders are required to transmit. When there is only one sender, we propose a pruning algorithm to find a lower bound on the optimal (i.e., the shortest) index codelength, and show that it is achievable by linear index codes. When there are two or more senders, we propose an appending technique to be used in conjunction with the pruning technique to give a lower bound on the optimal index codelength; we also derive an upper bound based on cyclic codes. While the two bounds do not match in general, for the special case where no two distinct senders know any message in common, the bounds match, giving the optimal index codelength. The results are expressed in terms of strongly connected components in directed graphs that represent the index-coding problems.

Radio Frequency Interference messages during breath testing of suspected impaired drivers using the Intoxilyzer® 5000C: A 13-year retrospective analysis

ABSTRACTRetrospective analysis of the incidence of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) exception messages obtained during testing of suspected impaired drivers on the Intoxilyzer® 5000C over a 13-year period (1997 to 2009) was examined in order to address concerns on the hypothetical impact of RFI on breath alcohol testing. RFI messages were rare, occurring in less than 0.48% (n = 128) of the 26,939 drivers tested. Multiple RFI messages were even more infrequent, occurring in only 10.2% of RFI-positive cases (n = 13). There was no significant effect of the incidence of RFI messages attributable to a particular testing location (p = 0.98), a specific instrument (p = 0.98), or year of testing (p = 0.99). In addition, the data show no evidence that hypothetical “undetected” RFI events, in addition to those already detected by the instrument, affected either the calibration check results or the subject breath tests in this study. Instruments are designed with an RFI detection system and shielding to protect the internal electronics against RFI. The breath testing procedure requiring two tests in good agreement (within 20 mg/100 mL truncated) is an additional safeguard against “undetected” RFI impacting the tests, and serves to increase the scientific confidence in the results obtained.

Message in a molecule.

Since ancient times, steganography, the art of concealing information, has largely relied on secret inks as a tool for hiding messages. However, as the methods for detecting these inks improved, the use of simple and accessible chemicals as a means to secure communication was practically abolished. Here, we describe a method that enables one to conceal multiple different messages within the emission spectra of a unimolecular fluorescent sensor. Similar to secret inks, this molecular-scale messaging sensor (m-SMS) can be hidden on regular paper and the messages can be encoded or decoded within seconds using common chemicals, including commercial ingredients that can be obtained in grocery stores or pharmacies. Unlike with invisible inks, however, uncovering these messages by an unauthorized user is almost impossible because they are protected by three different defence mechanisms: steganography, cryptography and by entering a password, which are used to hide, encrypt or prevent access to the information, respectively.

Signalling with a cryptic trait: the regularity of barred plumage in common waxbills.

Sexual signals often compromise camouflage because of their conspicuousness. Pigmentation patterns, on the contrary, aid in camouflage. It was hypothesized that a particular type of pattern—barred plumage in birds, whereby pigmented bars extend across feathers—could simultaneously signal individual quality, because disruptions of these patterns should be perceptually salient at close range and help assess plumage condition. Here we show that common waxbills (Estrilda astrild), which have extensive barred plumage, have more regular patterns as adults than as juveniles, and that adult males have more regular patterns than females. Both these differences are indicative of sexual signalling in species with conventional sex roles. More regular barred plumage was related to better body condition in adult males. Colour ornamentation traits were also related to aspects of quality, either the same as barred plumage (body condition) or a different one (good feather development), supporting both the ‘redundant message’ and the ‘multiple message’ hypotheses for the coexistence of multiple sexual signals. Although receiver responses to the regularity of barred plumage were not studied here, research on other species has shown that barred plumage can mediate social interactions. We conclude that using barred plumage as a signal of quality helps circumvent the functional compromise between camouflage and communication.