Multiple Leak Research Articles

Leak Location of Pipeline with Multibranch Based on a Cyber-Physical System

Data cannot be shared and leakage cannot be located simultaneously among multiple pipeline leak detection systems. Based on cyber-physical system (CPS) architecture, the method for locating leakage for pipelines with multibranch is proposed. The singular point of pressure signals at the ends of pipeline with multibranch is analyzed by wavelet packet analysis, so that the time feature samples could be established. Then, the Fischer-Burmeister function is introduced into the learning process of the twin support vector machine (TWSVM) in order to avoid the matrix inversion calculation, and the samples are input into the improved twin support vector machine (ITWSVM) to distinguish the pipeline leak location. The simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective than the back propagation (BP) neural networks, the radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, and the Lagrange twin support vector machine.

Airflow Error Measurement Due to Pneumotachograph Mask Rim Leaks

Airflow during speech production is recorded using a pneumotachograph system wherein typically a mask is placed upon the face. Accurate measures of airflow require mask calibration and a complete seal of the mask rim to the face. Literature frequently cites mask rim leaks as causing flow measurement inaccuracies, but quantitative studies of the inaccuracies are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of inaccuracy of flow measurement using a Glottal Enterprises aerodynamic system for a variety of mask rim leak conditions. Air was pushed and pulled through the Glottal Enterprises mask system over a wide range of airflow with leaks simulated by small metal tubes of various cross-sectional areas placed between the mask rim and a face-like calibration mold. Two leak locations, single versus multiple leaks, and two different leak tube geometries were used. Results suggest that (1) as leak area increases, the amount of leak flow increases; (2) the amount of flow leak is relatively independent of location; (3) given equivalent leak areas, multiple leak locations provide less leak flow; and (4) quasi-elliptical tubes were more resistive to airflow than rectangular tubes. A general empirical equation was obtained that relates the leak flow between the mask rim and the face, the size of the leak region, and the amount of the upstream airflow toward the mask: Leak(cm3/s) = 0.33 × Area(cm2) × Flow(cm3/s) for the range of ±2000 cm3/s. This equation may provide researchers and clinicians with a tool for generalizing airflow leak effects.

Leak identification in a saturated unsteady flow via a Cauchy problem

In this initial study, we propose a numerical method for identifying multiple leak zones in a saturated unsteady flow. Using the conventional saturated groundwater flow equation, the leak identification problem is modeled as a Cauchy problem for the heat equation and the aim is to find the regions on the boundary of the solution domain where the solution vanishes because the leak zones correspond to null pressure values. This problem is ill-posed and to reconstruct the solution in a stable way, we modify it and employ a previously proposed iterative regularizing method. In this method, mixed well-posed problems obtained by changing the boundary conditions are solved for the heat operator as well as for its adjoint to obtain a sequence of approximations to the original Cauchy problem. The mixed problems are solved using a finite element method and the numerical results indicate that the leak zones can be identified with the proposed method.

Collagen crosslinking in the management of leaking cystic blebs: a prospective study.

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of collagen crosslinking for leaking cystic blebs. A prospective study was conducted on subjects with cystic bleb leaks without indications for urgent surgical intervention. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin 0.1 % and ultraviolet A irradiation for 30 min was applied to the cystic bleb surface in five patients. Subjects were followed up for at least 20 weeks (mean: 35.5 ± 11.5 weeks) to monitor the length of time to the cessation of bleb leak, as well as visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and the presence of adverse effects arising from the treatment. Results showed that a single session of collagen crosslinking was effective in stopping cystic bleb leak. In two of the five subjects, the bleb leak subsided 1 week post-treatment, in one patient after 2 weeks, and in the two more complicated cases, after 4 weeks. This effect was maintained for a mean period of 33.5 ± 10.2 weeks after bleb leak cessation. Treatment was effective even in patients with friable conjunctiva following multiple surgical interventions and severe leak, although a longer period was needed for resolution of the bleb leak. The intraocular pressure and visual acuity were largely stable before and after treatment. No side effects or complications arose from this treatment. We recommend a trial of collagen crosslinking on leaking cystic blebs without indications for immediate surgical interventions. It is a relatively easy, non-invasive, pain-free, and potential repeatable procedure for treating leaking cystic blebs, with the aim of strengthening the underlying pathological conjunctiva.

Implication of Multiple Leak Tests and Impact of Rest Time on Avionic Hybrids

Since 2007 Northrop Grumman's Baltimore facility has leak tested Hybrid packages primarily through the Optical Leak method. The Optical Leak systems allow for individual part readings performed in parallel and they eliminate the need for separate fine and gross leak tests. As with most leak test operations, there are occasionally parts that need to be retested. One of the benefits of Optical Leak Test is that there is no exposure to liquids, greases, or other contaminates that may plug fine leaks. However, there is concern about the aggregate impact of re-leak testing, and interest in any time effects or “charging” that may occur from repeated test exposure. To investigate the impact of repeated test exposure and determine the effect on test results of retesting parts, NGES Baltimore performed testing on a dozen parts (both leakers and good seals) to measure the amount of distortion repeated testing generates. This paper describes the parts tested and the results from a series of tests spaced approximately 24 hours apart as well as tests performed immediately in conjunction – exposing the parts to repeated pressure cycling without a rest period for recovery. The results show that rapid, repeated testing will yield a slight worsening of the leak measurements (i.e. the test may falsely fail a good part), although the overall magnitude of the shift was not great. Allowing a rest time of 4x the test time worked as a rule of thumb for eliminating the “pressure-charging” effect of prior tests, and that testing performed on different days yielded very consistent results. The current method 1014 leak test MIL-STD-883 has specific guidance against retesting parts. At Northrop Grumman we believe there are instances in which retesting parts is useful, and have shown that with appropriate handling, retest will yield consistent results.

Magnetic resonance cisternogram with intrathecal gadolinium with delayed imaging for difficult to diagnose cerebrospinal fluid leaks of anterior skull base.

Workup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can be challenging. Patients with intermittent or infrequent clear rhinorrhea that cannot be collected, those with questionable or multiple skull-base (SB) defects on imaging, and those with previous SB surgery can present diagnostic dilemmas. In this patient population, radiologic studies that allow repeat imaging over hours to days can increase the diagnostic yield. We report our experience with magnetic resonance cisternogram with intrathecal gadolinium (MRCgGd) in this patient population. This study was a retrospective review of patients who underwent MRCgGd for workup of suspected CSF leaks at a tertiary care academic center. Over the past 3 years, 11 patients (10 females; mean age 50 years) underwent MRCgGd. Seven patients had suspected spontaneous CSF leaks from idiopathic intracranial hypertension and 2 had postsurgical defects. All patients had previous imaging that was indeterminate in localizing the site of the leak. Only 3 patients had positive beta-2 transferrin studies, all with multiple potential leak sites. MRCgGd confirmed the absence of leaks at 4 previously repaired SB defects, identified spinal canal leaks but no SB leaks in 2 patients (1 of whom had a nonleaking SB defect), and identified 5 patients with one or more SB leaks. Repeat imaging, from 30 minutes to 20 hours, was beneficial in identifying 4 leaks not confirmed in the immediate imaging, and ruling out leaks in 5 cases, therefore guiding further treatment. No complications occurred. MRCgGd is a useful diagnostic test in the workup of patients with difficult CSF leaks, with delayed imaging providing valuable diagnostic information.

Large-volume blood patch to multiple sites in the epidural space through a single-catheter access site for treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension can be a therapeutic challenge to the treating physician. In this study, we present our experience with the administration of a large-volume blood patch to multiple sites in the epidural space through a single-catheter access site. A retrospective review was conducted of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension who underwent a large-volume blood patch to multiple sites in the epidural space through a single-catheter access site from 2010 to 2012. Patient demographic data, clinical charts, indications for treatment, radiographic images, procedure notes, and postprocedure hospital course were reviewed. Overall, 9 patients were identified who underwent 20 blood patch procedures. Patients were selected to undergo the large-volume procedure either because they had a failed site-directed epidural blood patch or if imaging demonstrated multiple possible leak sites. There were 6 women and 3 men, with an average age of 33.5 years. The mean volume of blood injected per procedure was 54.1 mL (median=55 mL; range=38-70 mL). All patients had an orthostatic headache as one of their presenting symptoms; 22% also presented with neurocognitive decline and behavioral changes; 89% of patients had improvement or resolution of their symptoms; and 80% of patients who had a previously failed site-directed epidural blood or fibrin glue patch improved with a large volume catheter-directed blood patch. Our experience supports the use of a large-volume blood patch to multiple sites in the epidural space through a single-catheter access site for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Additionally, our results indicate a role for this procedure in refractory cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

Leak location of pipelines based on transient model and PSO-SVM

An improved and integrated approach of support vector machine and particle swarm optimization theory (PSO-SVM) is first used to detect the leak location of pipelines and overcome the problem of multiple leaks. The calibration and predictive ability of improved PSO-SVM is investigated and compared with that of other common method, back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Two conditions are evaluated. One with a leak involves a set of 20 samples, while another with two leaks has 127 samples. Both internal and external validations are performed to validate the performance of the resulting models. The results show that, for the two conditions, the values calculated by improved PSO-SVM are in good agreement with those simulated by transient model, and the performances of improved PSO-SVM models are superior to those of BPNN. This paper provides a new and effective method to inspect the multiple leak locations, and also reveals that improved PSO-SVM can be used as a powerful tool for studying the leak of pipeline.

Multiple paravalvular leak 17 years after a second mitral valve replacement

Paravalvular leak (PVL) after prosthetic valve implantation is a significant complication and it usually occurs early in the postoperative period. We report a case of multiple PVL 17 years after the second mitral valve replacement without evidence of infection. The valve sutures were neither cut nor loosened. None of the sewing cuff of the mitral valve was covered with fibrous tissue. The sewing cuff was floated over the native annulus and large and multiple leakage was developed. The valve was easily removed and replaced with a new mechanical prosthesis.

A prospective randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of Coseal to seal air leaks in lung surgery

We read with great interest the article by Tan et al .[ 1] assessing the efficacy of the Coseal surgical sealant in the treatment of air leaks after lung surgery, and we congratulate the authors for the scientific quality of their study. The results of this paper are conflicting with those reported in our recent randomized trial [2, 3], since they do not report any benefit in intra- and postoperative air leak control related to the use of the sealant, although the design of the two studies appears to be similar at first glance. As pointed out by the authors, there are two main differences in the methods of our study that potentially might have had an impact on results. They include: (i) the use of bovine pericardial strip reinforcement of the staplers employed for division of incomplete fissures and (ii) the exclusion of patients with mild (Grade 1) intraoperative air leaks. Since mild air leaks usually have a rapid spontaneous resolution, the inclusion in each study group of the trial by Tan, of more than 40% of patients presenting Grade 1 air leaks, may represent a factor influencing the results that could justify some differences with our study. Our trial has been performed on a statistical sample of >100 patients with moderate/severe air leaks for each group, while only 33–34 patients for each group in the English trial presented moderate or severe air leaks. Based on this data, it could be hypothesized that the benefit related to the application of the sealant is more likely in patients with higher severity of air leaks, in which a rapid spontaneous resolution is harder to be obtained. A further comment has to be said concerning the dose of product applied in each patient. In the English trial, no additional application over the standard dose (4 ml) has been reported after the first submersion test. In our study, some patients in the Coseal group received a double volume of sealant due to the presence of large sites of air leaks to be treated. In our previous experience with the sealant, we have observed that, in cases with multiple air leak sites treated with the division of the standard quantity of sealant in smaller doses for each parenchymal area, reappearance of air leak after initial postoperative evidence of air tightness may occur. This finding may suggest the need for an increase of the sealant dose when larger or multiple sites of air leaks are present. This aspect could have an impact on the results and, in our opinion, should be taken into account when assessing the efficacy of the sealant.

Nasoseptal Flap Closure of Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

The vascularized nasoseptal flap has become a principal reconstructive technique for the closure of endonasal skull base surgery defects. Despite its potential utility, there has been no report describing the use of the modern nasoseptal flap to repair traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and documenting the outcomes of this application. Specific concerns in skull base trauma include septal trauma with disruption of the flap pedicle, multiple leak sites, and issues surrounding persistent leaks after traumatic craniotomy. We performed a retrospective case series review of 14 patients who underwent nasoseptal flap closure of traumatic CSF leaks in a tertiary academic hospital. Main outcome measures include analysis of clinical outcome data. Defect etiology was motor vehicle collision in eight patients (57%), prior sinus surgery in four (29%), and assault in two (14%). At the time of nasoseptal flap repair, four patients had failed prior avascular grafts and two had previously undergone craniotomies for repair. Follow-up data were available for all patients (mean, 10 months). The overall success rate was 100% (no leaks), with 100% defect coverage. The nasoseptal flap is a versatile and reliable local reconstructive technique for ventral base traumatic defects, with a 100% CSF leak repair rate in this series.

Multiple recurrent periprosthetic leak after a mitral valve replacement in a 30-year-old man

Partial detachment of intracardiac prosthesis is a common reality in cardiac surgical practice. Its identification and surgical correction can be very crucial for a patient, as well as for the surgeon. In this paper, we report a case of a 30-year-old man with partial detachment of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. He recently underwent his seventh heart surgery procedure; five of them were caused by recurrent dehiscence of mitral valve prosthesis.

Structural controls on leakage from a natural CO 2 geologic storage site: Central Utah, U.S.A.

Faults and associated fracture networks can significantly influence regional flow of groundwater, hydrocarbons and other fluids. The distribution of CO 2 springs and seeps along the Little Grand Wash fault and Salt Wash faults in central Utah is controlled by along-fault flow of CO 2-charged groundwater from shallow aquifers (<1 km deep). The same faults are the likely conduits that charge the shallow aquifers with CO 2 from depth. We document fault zone trace geometry and architecture, and evidence for palaeo-fluid flow within the footwalls of both faults. Evidence for palaeo-fluid flow consists of extensive bleaching of sandstones and some siltstones, mineralisation of carbonates and celestine veins and minor hydrocarbon staining. The field evidence shows that the pathways for multiple phases of fluid flow were structurally controlled utilising the fracture network developed in the damage zone of the faults. To investigate the likely effect of these faults on the regional fluid-migration pathways at depth, a 3D model of the faulted system was generated and a fault seal analysis applied to predict the cross-fault sealing capabilities of the studied faults. Due to the scarcity of subsurface data, the results are not conclusive but suggest probable multiple cross-fault leak points for fluids to migrate across the fault, in contrast to the field observations that indicate fault-parallel flow. This comparison of field observations to the modelling approach demonstrates the inability of conventional seal analysis techniques to predict fault-parallel fluid leakage and highlight the effects fracture networks in the damage zone, especially at structural complexities along the fault, have in producing pathways for vertical flow. Multiple fluids have utilised similar fault-parallel pathways over geological time demonstrating that such pathways have the potential to cause long-term leakage from hydrocarbon reservoirs and CO 2 storage sites.

Colonoscopic Full-Thickness Resection of Colon in a Porcine Model As a Prelude to Endoscopic Surgery of Difficult Colon Polyps - A Novel Technique

Background: Colonoscopic full-thickness resection (CFTR) of colon followed by suture closure may serve as a prelude to endoluminal surgical management of difficult polyps. It will be advantageous if CFTR followed by suture closure can be performed anywhere in the colon. AIMS: To evaluate the performance, safety, & effectiveness of CFTR followed by suture closure in a porcine model using novel through the scope (TTS) cutting & suturing devices. Methods: A 2-T endoscope was used for the study (n = 10). TTS-CFTR involves 2 steps.a) Resection: A 2 cm circular area was marked with needle knife cautery at 20 cm from the anus. An IT-knife was used to cut the colon from 1'O clock to 5'O clock in the anti-clock direction along the markings. A grasping forceps & a snare inserted through the left & right channels of the endoscope were used to lift & cut the remaining half segment of the colon between 5'O clock & 1'O clock, thus completing the CFTR. The specimen was retrieved with the grasping forceps for measurements. b) Closure: The tissue approximation device (Ethicon Endosurgical Inc) was used to close the hole by full-thickness suture approximation of the edges transversely.Measurements: Resection and closure times & resection specimen sizes were expressed as median (range). Follow-up: After 2 wks of survival, the animals were euthanized & examined for peritonitis, adhesions, wound healing by leak test, & T-tag injury to the adjacent viscera. Results: a) Resection: An IT-knife semicircular incision followed by snare resection of the remaining half was successful in all 10 attempts. There was no injury to the adjacent viscera. The resection time was 13.5 min (6 - 40 min) & the resected specimen was 1.6 cm (1-2 cm). b) Closure: Suture closure was successful in 9 of 10 attempts; in 1 animal with a 3-4 cm gap, snapping of the sutures resulted in failure to close the defect. The number of sutures required for closure was 3 (range: 3-4). The suture closure time was 57 min (range: 36-125 min). c) Follow-up: Of the 9 animals with successful closure, 8 survived without clinical signs of distress; necropsy at 2 wks revealed absence of peritonitis & distant adhesions. There was excellent healing of the wound & no dye leakage. One animal failed to thrive & necropsy revealed peritonitis, multiple small abscesses, distant adhesions, & dye leak from a 2 mm defect. Of the 60 T-tags, 2 tags were noted in the serosa of the bladder & colon respectively, but without any complications. Conclusions: Colonoscopic full-thickness resection of the colon followed by suture closure can be accomplished successfully using through the scope devices.

International Space Station Leak Localization Using Attitude Response Data

This paper presents a new method to localize air leaks on the international space station based on the spacecraft attitude and rate behavior produced by a mass expulsion force of the leaking air. Thrust arising from the leak generates a disturbance torque, which is estimated using a real-time unscented filter with a dynamical model, including external disturbances such as aerodynamic drag and gravity gradient. The leak location can be found by estimating the moment arm of the estimated disturbance torque, assuming that the leak is caused by only one hole. Knowledge of the vent thrust magnitude and its resulting disturbance torque is needed to estimate the moment arm. The vent thrust direction is assumed to be perpendicular to the structure surface, and its magnitude is determined using an extended Kalman filter with a nozzle dynamics model. There may be multiple leak locations for a given response,buttheactualgeometricstructureofthespacestationeliminatesmanyofthepossiblesolutions.Numerical results show that the leak localization method is very efficient when used with the conventional sequential hatch closure or airflow induction sensor system.

Multiple microphone photoacoustic leak detection and localization system and method

A method and system for multiple microphone photoacoustic leak detection and localization. The leak detection technique uses photoacoustic sounds produced by the interaction of a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser turned to 10.6 microns and a photoactive tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), emitted by calibrated leak sources. As the leaked gas is heated by the laser, it expands and launches a photoacoustic sound pulse. The sound pulses generated by the scanning process are recorded across a broad bandwidth by multiple ultra-sensitive microphones. After the photoacoustic pulses arc recorded, the magnitude is compared with background noise measurement at several frequencies for a determination if a leak is present. If the presence of a leak is found, then the location of the leak is determined. The recorded sound is processed by using Matched Field Processing (MFP) as the signal processing technique. The photoacoustic sounds recorded at the microphones are reversed in time through computer simulation that causes the sounds to converge to the apparent point of origin. No synchronization between the acoustic signal processor and the laser scanner is required.

Study on Leakage Rates of High Temperature Water from Wet-Type Transport Casks for Spent Fuel. (II) Leakage Rates from a Scratch on O-Ring Surface and Narrow Wires Adhering to O-Ring Surface

A programme for enhancement of fuel burnup has been promoted in Japan as part of the sophistication programme for light water reactors to reduce the fuel cost and the amount of spent fuel. As part of this fuel programme, a new wet-type transport cask has been developed to transport the high burnup fuels efficiently. The purpose of this work is to clarify the margin of safety in the evaluation of the release rate of radioactive materials from the wet-type transport cask into the environment and to establish a practical evaluation method for leakage rates based on leak behaviour of high temperature water from the casks. In this paper, leakage rates of water under high pressures and at high temperatures are investigated from two kinds of leak path model. One is a disc with a scratch on the surface which simulates a defect on the seal surface of the O-ring flange and the other is narrow stainless steel wires installed on the O-ring surface which simulates hair adhering to the O-ring surface. From the results, an evaluation method for the leakage rate of water under high pressure and at high temperature from a non-circular leak path and multiple leak paths is proposed.

Deformation of Swollen Erythrocytes Provides a Model of Sickling-Induced Leak Pathways, Including a Novel Bromide-Sensitive Component

AbstractDeoxygenation-induced red blood cell (RBC) sickling probably activates multiple cation leak pathways. In an attempt to model this, we examined the net passive K efflux (“K leak”) from normal and sickle RBCs undergoing elliptical deformation in hypotonic media (200 mOsmol/L). This hypotonic deformation activates two deformation-dependent K leak pathways that are not detectable during the balanced leak (Kefflux = Nainfflux) resulting from deformation of RBCs in isotonic medium. These are (1) a calcium-dependent leak component and (2) a novel leak pathway that is inhibited by substitution of bromide (but not sulfamate) for chloride, which converts the unbalanced K leak (Kefflux > Nainfflux) of hypotonic deformation to a residual balanced leak. This dramatic effect of hypotonic deformation is reversible, is detected in both normal and sickle RBCs, and is inhibited significantly by 4,4’-diisothiocyano-2,2’-stilbene disulfonate. Remarkably, bromide also inhibits by 55% the K leak resulting from authentic deoxygenation-induced RBC sickling and, thereby, blunts the imbalance of accompanying monovalent cation leaks. The unique effect of bromide is not readily explainable on the basis of known behaviors of known ion leak/transport pathways. The mechanical threshold for triggering K leak during hypotonic deformation is at applied shear stress of 164 dyne/cm2, a value similar to the abnormal susceptibility we previously found for oxygenated sickle RBCs during isotonic deformation. These data suggest that membrane stretch accompanying hypotonic deformation activates the same multiple leak pathways that contribute to net K leak during authentic RBC sickling, including a previously unknown bromide-sensitive leak.

Deformation of swollen erythrocytes provides a model of sickling- induced leak pathways, including a novel bromide-sensitive component

Deoxygenation-induced red blood cell (RBC) sickling probably activates multiple cation leak pathways. In an attempt to model this, we examined the net passive K efflux ("K leak") from normal and sickle RBCs undergoing elliptical deformation in hypotonic media (200 mOsmol/L). This hypotonic deformation activates two deformation-dependent K leak pathways that are not detectable during the balanced leak (Kefflux = Nainflux) resulting from deformation of RBCs in isotonic medium. These are (1) a calcium-dependent leak component and (2) a novel leak pathway that is inhibited by substitution of bromide (but not sulfamate) for chloride, which converts the unbalanced K leak (Kefflux > Nainflux) of hypotonic deformation to a residual balanced leak. This dramatic effect of hypotonic deformation is reversible, is detected in both normal and sickle RBCs, and is inhibited significantly by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate. Remarkably, bromide also inhibits by 55% the K leak resulting from authentic deoxygenation-induced RBC sickling and, thereby, blunts the imbalance of accompanying monovalent cation leaks. The unique effect of bromide is not readily explainable on the basis of known behaviors of known ion leak/transport pathways. The mechanical threshold for triggering K leak during hypotonic deformation is at applied shear stress of 164 dyne/cm2, a value similar to the abnormal susceptibility we previously found for oxygenated sickle RBCs during isotonic deformation. These data suggest that membrane stretch accompanying hypotonic deformation activates the same multiple leak pathways that contribute to net K leak during authentic RBC sickling, including a previously unknown bromide-sensitive leak.

The Effects of Aminophylline and Pentoxifylline on Multiple Organ Damage afterEscherichia coliSepsis

We studied the effects of the methylxanthines, aminophylline (AMPH) and pentoxifylline (PTXF), on multiple organ damage following Escherichia coli sepsis in guinea pigs. To assess multiple organ damage, 125I-labeled albumin accumulation was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung, kidneys, liver, heart, adrenal glands, and spleen and expressed as a ratio of BAL fluid or tissue to 125I-labeled albumin plasma (albumin index: Al). Wet-to-dry lung weight (W/D) ratios were also measured. The methylxanthines were administered by a bolus injection followed by a continuous infusion. The seven experimental groups included: saline-control, AMPH-control, PTXF-control, E. coli septic-control, E. coli septic-AMPH high dose, E coli septic-AMPH low dose, and E. coli septic-PTXF. The AI of the BAL fluid and all examined organs significantly increased in the septic-control group compared to those in the saline-, AMPH-, and PTXF-control groups, In all septic-methylxanthine groups, the AI of the BAL fluid and all organs, except for the spleen, were significantly lower than those of the septic-control group. Compared to the saline-, AMPH-, and PTXF-control groups, the septic-control group revealed a significant increase in lung W/D ratios, whereas the septic-AMPH high and low dose groups and the septic-PTXF group did not. Of importance, the septic-PTXF group did not cause a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) as compared to the control groups, whereas the septic-AMPH groups did cause a significant decrease in MAP compared to the septic-control group. Therefore, the data from this experiment demonstrate that both AMPH and PTXF attenuate the multiple organ albumin leak seen in septic guinea pigs. However, PTXF exerted this protective effect with no discernible effect on the MAP whereas the MAP of AMPH-treated guinea pigs was significantly decreased.