Multiple Image Watermarking Research Articles

Multiple Image Watermarking Based on SVD: Improving Capacity and Imperceptibility

Multiple Image Watermarking Based on SVD: Improving Capacity and Imperceptibility

Multiple Image Watermarking based on SVD : Improving Capacity and Imperceptibility

Digital watermarking consists of inserting a mark (text, image, sound or video) in a medium. The goal is to be able to identify the author or owner of a digital document by the inserted mark. Watermarking algorithms must find a compromise between capacity and imperceptibility. Capacity represents the amount of data inserted and the imperceptibility makes the mark invisible. Our research is related to images watermarking based on singular value decomposition. There are two main approaches to improving capacity and imperceptibility : dual technique and multiple technique. Most algorithms based on these two approaches have low capacity : the watermarks are generally smaller than the host image. Agarwal & al worked on inserting an image into another image of the same size, imperceptibly. Their method adds the mark in the V matrix of the image after its singular value decomposition. A λ parameter was chosen to specify the power of insertion. Our contribution is to add two images by simultaneously improving capacity and imperceptibility. This new method consists on adding the mark in the 2 matrices U and V after singular value decomposition. The insertion of the first mark is an addition as in Agarwal’s method while that of the second mark is a subtraction to make the watermark less imperceptible. The result shows that our method is robust against different attacks such as compression, noise addition, median filtering and rotation. It is also imperceptible because not only we obtain a PSNR of 27 dB, but the histogram obtained is closer to that of the original image than that of Agarwal. A test on a database of 180 images shows that the marks are still detected. However, despite these advantages, the first mark is less visible and of poor quality compared to the second after their extraction. One solution to this is to increase the value of the parameter λ for the insertion of the first mark.

A MULTIPLE AND ROBUST IMAGE WATERMARKING APPROACH BASED ON LWT AND FWHT FOR MEDICAL DATA SECURITY

In the last years, the internet and multimedia technologies are widely used to exchange medical images and practicing telemedicine; which exposes this data to various illegitimate attacks due to their sensitivity. For this reason, many researchers work to afford a proper security and an efficient protection during the transmission. In this context, we propose a blind multi-watermarking approach for medical images using Lifting Wavelet Transform and Fast Walsh–Hadamard Transform. This approach proves the ability to embed a binary image ([Formula: see text]), used for integrity purposes, in addition to the patient information (EPR) associated with the medical cover image. Moreover, an error correcting code was used to improve the security of the EPR. We tested the proposed approach on different imaging modalities, and the obtained results show a good imperceptibility and robustness against several common attacks.

Multiple Image Watermarking based on SVD : Improving Capacity and Imperceptibility

Multiple Image Watermarking based on SVD : Improving Capacity and Imperceptibility

Multiple Image Watermarking Approach Based on ANFIS for Copyright Protection and Image Authentication

Abstract: Watermarking software is one of the most important methods for protecting copyrights, certifying ownership, and combating software piracy. The advancement of communication technology has resulted in an enormous amount of digital data that needs to be protected. Watermarking is a technique for concealing private information in an original signal while improving its overall performance. Multipleiwatermarking, which involves inserting more than oneiwatermark into a singleimultimedia product, is another hot topic in the world of digital picture watermarking. Using simply a digital watermarking approach, a trademark or copyrightmessage is discreetly inserted in the medical image. Many academics have collaborated to create ANFIS, which includes a watermark in the principal (cover) image. Watermarking embedding locations can be chosen based on regions of interest (ROIs). We first deconstruct the cover image into four sub-bands with 3-L LWT, then modify the singular values inside each band with SVD. Following various attacks on the watermarked image, such as blurring, addinginoise, pixelation, rotation, rescaling,icontrast adjustment, gammaicorrection, histogram equalisation, cropping,isharpening, lossy compression, and so on, the original insertediwatermark image is extracted from allibands and compared using MSE and PSNR values. The trials reveal that changing all frequencies makes our watermarked image more resistant to a wide range of image processing attacks (including standard geometric attacks), i.e. we can effectively recover the watermark from some of the four sub-bands using ANFIS.

Multiple Image Watermarking with Discrete Cosine Transform

Multiple image watermarking is an advanced concept of singular watermarking techniques. The existing singular digital image watermarking techniques cannot obtain all the design goals, such as imperceptibility, robustness, security, and capacity simultaneously with perfection. Hence, the multiple image watermarking technique is designed that embeds several watermarks into the same host image for conveying multiple information. This paper proposed a multiple image watermarking technique with Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for ensuring the low computational time for embedding, encryption, decryption as well as extraction of the watermark images. Here, DCT is used to ensure the visual quality of the host image, and a random binary matrix is used to improve the security of the digital image. We have given a basic framework for multiple image watermarking. Our experimental results show satisfactory performance.

Wavelet Transform based Multiple Image Watermarking Technique

In satellite communication the information’s like frequency, Polarization, Data format, Timing information are need to be protected for secure communication. Digital watermarking is the technique which provides secure way of communication in which the secret information or watermark can be transmitted safely. Wavelet Transform is playing an increasingly important role in watermarking due to its good spatial-frequency characteristics, and its wide applications in the image and video coding standards. In this work a novel Hybrid Steerable Pyramid with Discrete Wavelet Transform (SP+DWT) based multiple watermarking is attempted for colour images. In order to increase the robustness of the algorithm Arnold transform and Fibonacci transform based image scrambler is applied to watermarks before embedding in to cover image. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated for various attacks, such as Gaussian noise, Salt & Pepper Noise, Rotation, Translation and Speckle Noise. The proposed method is withstood for all the noise attacks and the performance of the proposed algorithm is measured using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Correlation (NC) and Similarity Measure (SM). Pearson Independent component Analysis (ICA) is applied at the receiving end to extract watermarks from the input image. To analyse the inclusion of image scrambler the results of proposed algorithm is compared with same algorithm without image scrambler applied. The performance of proposed technique is also compared with other wavelet transforms like Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT). Simulation results such as PSNR,NC,SM shows that hybrid SP+DWT based watermarking technique and extraction using Pearson ICA results in high imperceptible, better security and robustness, when compared to DWT, WPT and IWT based watermarking and extraction using Pearson ICA.

Robust and Blind Multiple Image Watermarking Using CNN and DWT in Video

Digital watermarking was introduced as a result of rapid advancement of networked multimedia systems. It had been developed to enforce copyright technologies for cover of copyright possession. Due to increase in growth of internet users of networks are increasing rapidly. It has been concluded that to minimize distortions and to increase capacity, techniques in frequency domain must be combined with another technique which has high capacity and strong robustness against different types of attacks. In this paper, a robust multiple watermarking which combine Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)and Convolution Neural Network techniques on selected middle band of the video frames is used. This methodology is considered to be robust blind watermarking because it successfully fulfills the requirement of imperceptibility and provides high robustness against a number of image-processing attacks such as Mean filtering, Median filtering, Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, poison noise and rotation attack. The proposed method embeds watermark by decomposing the host image. Convolution neural network calculates the weight factor for each wavelet coefficient. The watermark bits are added to the selected coefficients without any perceptual degradation for host image. The simulation is performed on MATLAB platform. The result analysis is evaluated on PSNR and MSE which is used to define robustness of the watermark that means that the watermark will not be destroyed after intentional or involuntary attacks and can still be used for certification. The analysis of the results was made with different types of attacks concluded that the proposed technique is approximately 14% efficient as compared to existing work.

Complex Wavelet-Based Image Watermarking with the Human Visual Saliency Model

Imperceptibility and robustness are the two complementary, but fundamental requirements of any digital image watermarking method. To improve the invisibility and robustness of multiplicative image watermarking, a complex wavelet based watermarking algorithm is proposed by using the human visual texture masking and visual saliency model. First, image blocks with high entropy are selected as the watermark embedding space to achieve imperceptibility. Then, an adaptive multiplicative watermark embedding strength factor is designed by utilizing texture masking and visual saliency to enhance robustness. Furthermore, the complex wavelet coefficients of the low frequency sub-band are modeled by a Gaussian distribution, and a watermark decoding method is proposed based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Finally, the effectiveness of the watermarking is validated by using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) through experiments. Simulation results demonstrate the invisibility of the proposed method and its strong robustness against various attacks, including additive noise, image filtering, JPEG compression, amplitude scaling, rotation attack, and combinational attack.

Adaptive and Robust Multiple Image Watermarking Using Canberra Distance and Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform

Adaptive and Robust Multiple Image Watermarking Using Canberra Distance and Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform

SPIHT‐based multiple image watermarking in NSCT domain

SummaryImage watermarking in wavelet domain is a challenging problem as it includes a proper selection of wavelet transforms as well as sub‐bands for accurate embedding and recovery of watermarks. However, selection of a suitable wavelet transform for multiple image watermarking is an area of great interest. Therefore, in this work, a multiple watermarking technique using combination of redundant discrete wavelet transforms (RDWT), non‐subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT), set partitioning in hierarchical tree (SPIHT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed. The proposed scheme is aimed to achieve high capacity, robustness, and imperceptibility. The security aspect of the proposed method is enhanced by using Arnold transform. Since RDWT and NSCT are both shift invariant in nature, therefore they are suitable for multiple image watermarking. Furthermore, the proposed method provides flexibility in selection of appropriate sub‐bands for watermark embedding and recovery. Experimental results and analysis reveals that the proposed technique gives maximum PSNR, NC, and SSIM value up to 40.97 dB, 1, and 0.9994, respectively. Furthermore, the performance estimation of our technique is found superior to previously reported techniques under consideration.

Evaluation of Different Frequency Regions in Multiple Image Watermarking Method

Son yıllarda internet ve mobil teknolojilerin gelişmesi ile birlikte, çoklu-ortam dokümanlarının telif hakkının korunması önem kazanmıştır. Sayısal görüntü ve video gibi çoklu-ortam dokümanlarının korunmasında sayısal damgalama en çok kullanılan yöntem olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Ayrık Kosinüs Dönüşümü, Ayrık Dalgacık Dönüşümü (ADD) ve Arnold Dönüşümü kullanılarak gri-seviyeli görüntü damgalama yöntemi önerilmiştir. Bu damgalama yönteminde eklenecek damgalar dört eşit parçalara ayrılmıştır. Saldırılara karşı damgalama yönteminin dayanıklılığını artırmak için bu parçaların her biri damga eklenecek görüntülerin ADD işlemi sonucunda elde edilen dört ayrı bantlarının farklı alt bölgelerine gizlenmiştir. ADD frekans uzayında farklı alt bölgelere damga ekleme işleminde önerilen gri-seviyeli damgalama yönteminin başarımı damgalanmış görüntülere doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan saldırılar uygulanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ayrıca önerilen yöntem ile temel alçak frekans bandına damga ekleme yöntemi karşılaştırılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar önerilen yöntemin saldırılara karşı dayanıklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte damgalanmış görüntülerin kalitelerinin korunduğu da görülmüştür.

A Novel Reversible Multiple Medical Image Watermarking for Health Information System.

The exponential augmentation of information and communication technologies has appreciably shifted panorama of Health Information System (HIS), drawing keen interests of the researchers to address the challenges in protecting the medical data. Digital Watermarking therefore gained wide popularity as an entrusted measure to ensure the security. Literature reports wide assortment of imaging approaches for digital watermarking; however its perspectives in the HIS have received meager attention, especially in the reversible watermarking context. This paper presents wavelet based novel reversible watermarking approach which imperceptibly embeds multiple watermarks like patient diagnosis detail, Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, doctor's digital signature and diagnostic code for image retrieval. The proposed wavelet based approach exploits the quantization function to embed multiple watermarks and uses a novel tracking key to recover the original medical image. The algorithm has been analyzed on various medical imaging modalities (MRI, CT, MRA, US images of size 512 X 512), considering various image processing attacks. Experimental results signify highest hiding capacity of 91,136 bits with PSNR of 44.52dB. The proposed algorithm adheres to strict necessities concerning the tolerable modifications in the medical images. The technique addresses the issues related with HIS namely data integrity, authentication, confidentiality protection, efficient data management, retrieval of image and additionally fulfill tamper detection on the entire image for ensuring the integrity of the medical image.

A new detector for contourlet domain multiplicative image watermarking using Bessel K form distribution

This paper proposes a novel multiplicative contourlet domain watermark detector. We use contourlet transform since this transform represents image edges sparsely and this makes it suitable for human visual system. Watermark detection can be formulated as a binary statistical decision problem, so, its performance is dependent on the accuracy of statistical modeling. Studying the statistical properties of contourlet coefficients, we demonstrate the high efficiency of Bessel K form (BKF) distribution to model these coefficients. Consequently, we design an optimal detector for multiplicative watermarking based on using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) decision rule and BKF distribution. Also, we derive its receiver operating characteristics analytically. Experimental results demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed scheme under different types of attacks. Finally, we compare our proposed detector with other related detectors experimentally using Monte Carlo simulations and verify the performance improvement in utilizing the new strategy.

Iris based secure NROI multiple eye image watermarking for teleophthalmology

This paper presents a new secure multiple text and image watermarking scheme on cover eye image using fusion of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) for Teleophthalmology. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-512) is used for generating hash corresponding to iris part of the cover digital eye image and this unique hash parameter is used for enhancing the security feature of the proposed watermarking technique. Simultaneous embedding of four different watermarks (i.e. Signature, index, caption and reference watermark) in form of image and text using fusion of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is achieved in this paper. The suggested technique initially divides the digital eye image into Region of interest (ROI) containing iris and Non-Region of interest (NROI) part where the text and image watermarks are embedded into the Non-Region of interest (NROI) part of the DWT cover image. The selection of DWT decomposition level for embedding the text and image watermarks depends on size, different characteristics and robustness requirements of medical watermark. The performance in terms of Normalized Correlation (NC) and bit error rate (BER) of the developed scheme is evaluated and analyzed against known signal processing attacks and `Checkmark' attacks. The method is found to be robust against all the considered attacks. The proposed multilevel watermarking method correctly extracts the embedded watermarks without error and is robust against the all considered attacks without significant degradation of the medical image quality of the watermarked image. Therefore the proposed method may find potential application in secure and compact medical data transmission for teleophthalmology applications.

A bi-directional associative memory based multiple image watermarking on cover video

Telemedicine is a rapidly developing application of clinical medicine where medical information is transferred through the internet and other networks for the purpose of consulting, and remote medical procedures or examinations. This paper presents a novel neural network inspired watermarking technique, to enhance the authentication of the transmitted sensitive medical images over telemedicine network. In order to examine the medical images, the multiple scan images of same type or different types can be considered as watermarks and the same are trained using Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM) neural network. The resultant weight matrix is embedded in the less correlated Principal Component Analysis (PCA) components of the wavelet coefficients of the cover video frames using additive embedding type of watermark. At the receiver end, the same BAM neural network is used with the randomly generated target matrix and the extracted weight matrix as input. As a result of this, the input matrix will be obtained. From the input matrix, the physician can extract their own information or scan images using their private or secret key. The proposed watermarking technique is validated with the existing systems in terms of imperceptibility, robustness and watermark capacity using the metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC), Bit Correction Rate (BCR), Detection rate, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and payload. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by introducing various notable image processing attacks, geometrical attacks and video processing attacks on watermarked video. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique has good perceptual quality of 50.6292 dB in terms of PSNR value, robustness of about nearly 1.0000 in terms of NCC value and payload of 1000 watermarks.

Reversible medical image watermarking based on wavelet histogram shifting

This paper introduces a reversible and scalable blind watermarking method for medical images based on histogram shifting in wavelet domain. The histogram shifting‐based watermarking especially in spatial domain suffers from the overhead of positions information that has to be embedded. This not only has negative impact on the capacity of the embedded data, but also reduces the quality of the watermarked image. To overcome this problem, a new histogram shifting approach in wavelet domain is introduced which adaptively manages the parts of the required histogram to be shifted. For inserting watermark data, two thresholds, T1 and T2, are determined in the high‐frequency sub‐bands of the histogram based on the size of watermark data. Two zero‐points, Z1 and Z2, are created in the histogram shifting. In the histogram shifting procedure, only small parts of the histogram have been shifted and therefore, introduced distortion has been considerably decreased and the quality of the watermarked image has been increased. Applications of the method were examined for the multiple medical image watermarking. Two sets of data, one as copyright watermark and the other as caption watermark which contains patients’ information, are first encrypted and then inserted in the high‐frequency sub‐bands in the integer wavelet domain. Inserting the data in different sub‐bands besides encryption of it by a private key provides high security for the embedded data. Experimental results obtained for several watermarked medical images indicate imperceptibility of the approach even for high payloads. The proposed approach overcomes other related works introduced in the recent literatures.

Multiple watermarking for copyright protection using DWT and dual-tree CWT

This paper proposes two techniques for multiple image watermarking based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) using spread transform. The proposed scheme embed two watermarks by spreading the orthogonal projection vectors into the cover vectors extracted from the first level decomposition discrete wavelet coefficients in first technique and dual tree CWT coefficients of the host image in the second technique. The spread transform disperse the watermark over a large number of frequencies providing robustness to geometric attacks like rotation, scaling, cropping, etc., as well as compression like JPEG. The multiple watermark signals are embedded in different orientations of projection vectors which increase the embedding capacity as compared to the single watermark embedding techniques. The experimental results show that the watermarked image by both the techniques has good visual quality in terms of PSNR. Thus the proposed scheme provides the balanced trade off between important parameters of watermarking, i.e., capacity, robustness and imperceptibility.

An Oblivious and Robust Multiple Image Watermarking Scheme Using Genetic Algorithm

An Oblivious and Robust Multiple Image Watermarking Scheme Using Genetic Algorithm

Gray images embedded in a color image and encrypted with FRFT and Region Shift Encoding methods

In this paper, we have proposed a new multiple image encryption and watermarking technique. Several gray images can be watermarked in the three channels of an enlarged color image. The neighbor pixel value addition and subtraction algorithm is used to realize blind watermarking, therefore the original host color image does not need in extraction the watermark image. The gray images are encrypted with FRFT and Region Shift Encoding techniques before hiding to enhance the security. The robustness against occlusion attacks and noise attacks are also analyzed. And some computer simulations are presented to verify the possibility.