Multiple Family Research Articles

The value of parental medical records for the prediction of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a novel method for generating and incorporating family histories.

To determine whether data-driven family histories (DDFH) derived from linked EHRs of patients and their parents can improve prediction of patients' 10-year risk of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). A retrospective cohort study using data from Israel's largest healthcare organization. A random sample of 200000 subjects aged 40-60years on the index date (January 1, 2010) was included. Subjects with insufficient history (<1year) or insufficient follow-up (<10years) were excluded. Two separate XGBoost models were developed-1 for diabetes and 1 for ASCVD-to predict the 10-year risk for each outcome based on data available prior to the index date of January 1, 2010. Overall, the study included 110734 subject-father-mother triplets. There were 22153 cases of diabetes (20%) and 11715 cases of ASCVD (10.6%). The addition of parental information significantly improved prediction of diabetes risk (P < .001), but not ASCVD risk. For both outcomes, maternal medical history was more predictive than paternal medical history. A binary variable summarizing parental disease state delivered similar predictive results to the full parental EHR. The increasing availability of EHRs for multiple family generations makes DDFH possible and can assist in delivering more personalized and precise medicine to patients. Consent frameworks must be established to enable sharing of information across generations, and the results suggest that sharing the full records may not be necessary. DDFH can address limitations of patient self-reported family history, and it improves clinical predictions for some conditions, but not for all, and particularly among younger adults.

The First Mitochondrial Genome of an Odonata Endemic to South America, Chalcopteryx rutilans (Rambur, 1842) (Odonata: Polythoridae), and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of the Zygoptera

Chalcopteryx rutilans Rambur, 1842 (Polythoridae, Odonata) is a species widely distributed in central Amazonia. Due to its sensitivity to environmental changes, it is a bioindicator species used to evaluate the environmental conditions of streams in federally protected areas. By sequencing C. rutilans mitogenome, we report the first whole mitogenome from the Polythoridae family and the first from an Odonata species endemic to South America. The entire mitogenome has 15,653 bp and contains 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and two rRNA genes. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome is 42.7%, T: 25.5%, C: 19.4%, and G: 12.4%. The AT and GC skews of the mitogenome sequence were 0.249 and −0.220, respectively. C. rutilans was recovered as a sister to Pseudolestes mirabilis Kirby, 1900 (Pseudolestidae), demonstrating the absence of mitogenomes of species from multiple families in the current literature. Mitogenome data from this study will provide useful information for further studies on the phylogeny and conservation of Polythoridae.

Comparative Analysis of miRNA Expression after Whole-Body Irradiation Across Three Strains of Mice.

Whole- or partial-body exposure to ionizing radiation damages major organ systems, leading to dysfunction on both acute and chronic timescales. Radiation medical countermeasures can mitigate acute damages and may delay chronic effects when delivered within days after exposure. However, in the event of widespread radiation exposure, there will inevitably be scarce resources with limited countermeasures to distribute among the affected population. Radiation biodosimetry is necessary to separate exposed from unexposed victims and determine those who requires the most urgent care. Blood-based, microRNA signatures have great potential for biodosimetry, but the affected population in such a situation will be genetically heterogeneous and have varying miRNA responses to radiation. Thus, there is a need to understand differences in radiation-induced miRNA expression across different genetic backgrounds to develop a robust signature. We used inbred mouse strains C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice to determine how accurate miRNA in blood would be in developing markers for radiation vs. no radiation, low dose (1 Gy, 2 Gy) vs. high dose (4 Gy, 8 Gy), and high risk (8 Gy) vs. low risk (1 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy). Mice were exposed to whole-body doses of 0 Gy, 1 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy, or 8 Gy of X rays. MiRNA expression changes were identified using NanoString nCounter panels on blood RNA collected 1, 2, 3 or 7 days postirradiation. Overall, C3H/HeJ mice had more differentially expressed miRNAs across all doses and timepoints than BALB/c mice. The highest amount of differential expression occurred at days 2 and 3 postirradiation for both strains. Comparison of C3H/HeJ and BALB/c expression profiles to those previously identified in C57BL/6 mice revealed 12 miRNAs that were commonly expressed across all three strains, only one of which, miR-340-5p, displayed a consistent regulation pattern in all three miRNA data. Notably multiple Let-7 family members predicted high-dose and high-risk radiation exposure (Let-7a, Let-7f, Let-7e, Let-7g, and Let-7d). KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated involvement of these predicted miRNAs in pathways related to: Fatty acid metabolism, Lysine degradation and FoxO signaling. These findings indicate differences in the miRNA response to radiation across various genetic backgrounds, and highlights key similarities, which we exploited to discover miRNAs that predict radiation exposure. Our study demonstrates the need and the utility of including multiple animal strains in developing and validating biodosimetry diagnostic signatures. From this data, we developed highly accurate miRNA signatures capable of predicting exposed and unexposed subjects within a genetically heterogeneous population as quickly as 24 h of exposure to radiation.

Trapped in a “golden cage”! The legitimation of women leadership in family business

In family businesses, women who belong to the owning family are increasingly appointed to leadership positions. Nevertheless, their managerial roles do not overlap well with their multiple family roles and family expectations, and they are often trapped in a “golden cage.” Drawing on a multilevel view of legitimacy, we analyze twenty-one in-depth interviews with CEOs, managing directors, and cofounders of family firms to untap the legitimation of women’s leadership. We propose a framework that explores the types of judgments (instrumental, relational, and moral) underpinning such a process. Our findings suggest that multiple role empowerment of women and exposure of daughters to family businesses increase legitimacy, whereas hiding family identities and role conflicts hinder it. The role carry-over that mothers have as chief emotional officers and an organizational context promoting gender equality indirectly contribute to the legitimation of women as leaders.

Cyclers' kinases in cell division: from molecules to cancer therapy.

Faithful eucaryotic cell division requires spatio-temporal orchestration of multiple sequential events. To ensure the dynamic nature of these molecular and morphological transitions, a swift modulation of key regulatory pathways is necessary. The molecular process that most certainly fits this description is phosphorylation, the post-translational modification provided by kinases, that is crucial to allowing the progression of the cell cycle and that culminates with the separation of two identical daughter cells. In detail, from the early stages of the interphase to the cytokinesis, each critical step of this process is tightly regulated by multiple families of kinases including the Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), kinases of the Aurora, Polo, Wee1 families, and many others. While cell-cycle-related CDKs control the timing of the different phases, preventing replication machinery errors, the latter modulate the centrosome cycle and the spindle function, avoiding karyotypic abnormalities typical of chromosome instability. Such chromosomal abnormalities may result from replication stress (RS) and chromosome mis-segregation and are considered a hallmark of poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis in cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how different families of kinases concur to govern cell cycle, preventing RS and mitotic infidelity. Additionally, considering the growing number of clinical trials targeting these molecules, we review to what extent and in which tumor context cell-cycle-related kinases inhibitors are worth exploiting as an effective therapeutic strategy.

Factors associated with sanitation practices among household-level in Mogadishu, Somalia

Background: Poor sanitation is responsible for 4% of mortalities and 5.7% of morbidity worldwide, particularly among under five children. In 2015, the WHO estimated that 2.39 billion children under five had diarrhea. Diarrhea is accountable for 18% of all child deaths from water contamination, improper sanitation, or hygienic practices. Objectives: This present study aimed to identify factors associated with sanitation practices among household-level in Mogadishu, Somalia Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Hodan district of Mogadishu, Somalia, from December 2021 to February 2022. The study subjects were randomly selected from 241 households. Descriptive statistics were processed, and logistic regression analysis was used. A confidence interval of 95% and a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Among 29% of households had poor sanitation conditions. More than 60.6% of the participants lived in multi-family homes, and 81.3% of households lacked access to hand-washing facilities. There was an association between residences with multiple families and diarrhea in children under five years [AOR= 0.001 - 95% CI 0.001-0.002]. While families without toilets had [AOR= 0.577 - 95% CI 0.673- 0.623], and children in households using pit latrines were statistically significant [AOR= 9.393 - 95% CI 2.377-37.115]. Similarly, family income had a nearly increased risk of diarrhea occurrence in children [AOR= 0.125 - 95% CI 0.041-0.381]. Conclusion: Provide adequate water, hygiene and sanitation services in the Hodan district is vital for diarrheal prevention. Awareness-raising at a household level and improved sanitation facilities, and sanitation practices and encouraging, should be scaled up accordingly. Further in-depth studies should also be conducting.

JAK3 Y841 Autophosphorylation Is Critical for STAT5B Activation, Kinase Domain Stability and Dimer Formation.

Janus tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK3) is primarily expressed in immune cells and is needed for signaling by the common gamma chain (γc) family of cytokines. Abnormal JAK3 signal transduction can manifest as hematological disorders, e.g., leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and autoimmune disease states. While regulatory JAK3 phosphosites have been well studied, here a functional proteomics approach coupling a JAK3 autokinase assay to mass spectrometry revealed ten previously unreported autophosphorylation sites (Y105, Y190, Y238, Y399, Y633, Y637, Y738, Y762, Y824, and Y841). Of interest, Y841 was determined to be evolutionarily conserved across multiple species and JAK family members, suggesting a broader role for this residue. Phospho-substitution mutants confirmed that Y841 is also required for STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation. The homologous JAK1 residue Y894 elicited a similar response to mutagenesis, indicating the shared importance for this site in JAK family members. Phospho-specific Y841-JAK3 antibodies recognized activated kinase from various T-cell lines and transforming JAK3 mutants. Computational biophysics analysis linked Y841 phosphorylation to enhanced JAK3 JH1 domain stability across pH environments, as well as to facilitated complementary electrostatic JH1 dimer formation. Interestingly, Y841 is not limited to tyrosine kinases, suggesting it represents a conserved ubiquitous enzymatic function that may hold therapeutic potential across multiple kinase families.

Exome Sequencing and the Identification of New Genes and Shared Mechanisms in Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is the most commonly diagnosed cortical malformation and is associated with neurodevelopmental sequelae including epilepsy, motor abnormalities, and cognitive deficits. Polymicrogyria frequently co-occurs with other brain malformations or as part of syndromic diseases. Past studies of polymicrogyria have defined heterogeneous genetic and nongenetic causes but have explained only a small fraction of cases. To survey germline genetic causes of polymicrogyria in a large cohort and to consider novel polymicrogyria gene associations. This genetic association study analyzed panel sequencing and exome sequencing of accrued DNA samples from a retrospective cohort of families with members with polymicrogyria. Samples were accrued over more than 20 years (1994 to 2020), and sequencing occurred in 2 stages: panel sequencing (June 2015 to January 2016) and whole-exome sequencing (September 2019 to March 2020). Individuals seen at multiple clinical sites for neurological complaints found to have polymicrogyria on neuroimaging, then referred to the research team by evaluating clinicians, were included in the study. Targeted next-generation sequencing and/or exome sequencing were performed on probands (and available parents and siblings) from 284 families with individuals who had isolated polymicrogyria or polymicrogyria as part of a clinical syndrome and no genetic diagnosis at time of referral from clinic, with sequencing from 275 families passing quality control. The number of families in whom genetic sequencing yielded a molecular diagnosis that explained the polymicrogyria in the family. Secondarily, the relative frequency of different genetic causes of polymicrogyria and whether specific genetic causes were associated with co-occurring head size changes were also analyzed. In 32.7% (90 of 275) of polymicrogyria-affected families, genetic variants were identified that provided satisfactory molecular explanations. Known genes most frequently implicated by polymicrogyria-associated variants in this cohort were PIK3R2, TUBB2B, COL4A1, and SCN3A. Six candidate novel polymicrogyria genes were identified or confirmed: de novo missense variants in PANX1, QRICH1, and SCN2A and compound heterozygous variants in TMEM161B, KIF26A, and MAN2C1, each with consistent genotype-phenotype relationships in multiple families. This study's findings reveal a higher than previously recognized rate of identifiable genetic causes, specifically of channelopathies, in individuals with polymicrogyria and support the utility of exome sequencing for families affected with polymicrogyria.

WeiTsing: a new face of Ca2+-permeable channels in plant immunity

Plants employ pattern- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI) to synergistically defend invading pathogens and insect herbivores. Both PTI and ETI can induce cytosolic Ca2+ spikes, despite in different spatiotemporal patterns, to activate downstream Ca2+-dependent immune signaling cascades. While multiple families of Ca2+-permeable channels at the plasma membrane have been uncovered, the counterparts responsible for Ca2+ release from intracellular stores remain poorly understood. In a groundbreaking paper published recently by Cell, the authors reported that WeiTsing, an Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein that was specifically expressed in the pericycle upon Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb) infection, could form resistosome-like Ca2+-conducting channel and protect the stele of Brassica crops from Pb colonization. As the channel activity of WeiTsing was indispensable for its immune function, the findings highlight a previously underappreciated role of Ca2+ release from intracellular repertoire in promoting plant disease resistance.

Atheroprotective Aspects of Heat Shock Proteins.

Atherosclerosis is a major global health problem. Being a harbinger of a large number of cardiovascular diseases, it ultimately leads to morbidity and mortality. At the same time, effective measures for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have not been developed, to date. All available therapeutic options have a number of limitations. To understand the mechanisms behind the triggering and development of atherosclerosis, a deeper understanding of molecular interactions is needed. Heat shock proteins are important for the normal functioning of cells, actively helping cells adapt to gradual changes in the environment and survive in deadly conditions. Moreover, multiple HSP families play various roles in the progression of cardiovascular disorders. Some heat shock proteins have been shown to have antiatherosclerotic effects, while the role of others remains unclear. In this review, we considered certain aspects of the antiatherosclerotic activity of a number of heat shock proteins.

Outer membrane β-barrel structure prediction through the lens of AlphaFold2.

Most proteins found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria share a common domain: the transmembrane β-barrel. These outer membrane β-barrels (OMBBs) occur in multiple sizes and different families with a wide range of functions evolved independently by amplification from a pool of homologous ancestral ββ-hairpins. This is part of the reason why predicting their three-dimensional (3D) structure, especially by homology modeling, is a major challenge. Recently, DeepMind's AlphaFold v2 (AF2) became the first structure prediction method to reach close-to-experimental atomic accuracy in CASP even for difficult targets. However, membrane proteins, especially OMBBs, were not abundant during their training, raising the question of how accurate the predictions are for these families. In this study, we assessed the performance of AF2 in the prediction of OMBBs and OMBB-like folds of various topologies using an in-house-developed tool for the analysis of OMBB 3D structures, and barrOs. In agreement with previous studies on other membrane protein classes, our results indicate that AF2 predicts transmembrane β-barrel structures at high accuracy independently of the use of templates, even for novel topologies absent from the training set. These results provide confidence on the models generated by AF2 and open the door to the structural elucidation of novel transmembrane β-barrel topologies identified in high-throughput OMBB annotation studies or designed de novo.

Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network in Populus associated with xylem development

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in numerous biological processes in plants, such as regulating the gene expression. However, only a few studies have looked into their potential functions in xylem development. High-throughput sequencing of P. euramericana 'Zhonglin46' developing and mature xylem was performed in this study. Through sequencing analysis, 14,028 putative lncRNA transcripts were identified, including 4525 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs). Additional research revealed that in mature xylem, a total of 2320 DELs were upregulated and 2205 were downregulated compared to developing xylem. Meanwhile, there were a total of 8122 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) that were upregulated and 16,424 that were downregulated in mature xylem compared with developing xylem. The cis- and trans-target genes of DELs were analyzed for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, which indicated that these DELs participate in controlling the phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis pathway as well as the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Among the cis-regulated DELs, LNC_006291, LNC_006292, and LNC_006532 all participate in regulating multiple HCT gene family membranes. As targets, POPTR_001G045900v3 (CCR2) and POPTR_018G063500v3 (SUS) both have only one cis-regulatory lncRNA, referred to as LNC_000057 and LNC_006212, respectively. Moreover, LNC_004484 and two DELs named LNC_008014 and LNC_010781 were revealed to be important nodes in the co-expression network of trans-lncRNAs and mRNAs associated to the lignin biosynthesis pathway and cellulose and xylan biosynthetic pathways, respectively. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to confirme 34 pairs of lncRNA-mRNA. Taken together, these findings may help to clarify the regulatory role that lncRNAs play in xylem development and wood formation.

Genetic Determinants of Acinetobacter baumannii Serum-Associated Adaptive Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen of serious healthcare concern that is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to antibiotic treatment failure. Recent studies have revealed that clinically defined antibiotic-susceptible strains upregulate the expression of a repertoire of putative drug efflux pumps during their growth under biologically relevant conditions, e.g., in human serum, resulting in efflux-associated resistance to physiologically achievable antibiotic levels within a patient. This phenomenon, termed Adaptive Efflux Mediated Resistance (AEMR), has been hypothesized to account for one mechanism by which antibiotic-susceptible A. baumannii fails to respond to antibiotic treatment. In the current study, we sought to identify genetic determinants that contribute to A. baumannii serum-associated AEMR by screening a transposon mutant library for members that display a loss of the AEMR phenotype. Results revealed that mutation of a putative pirin-like protein, YhaK, results in a loss of AEMR, a phenotype that could be complemented by a wild-type copy of the yhaK gene and was verified in a second strain background. Ethidium bromide efflux assays confirmed that the loss of AEMR phenotype due to pirin-like protein mutation correlated with reduced overarching efflux capacity. Further, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy measures of a fluorophore 7-(dimethylamino)-coumarin-4-acetic acid (DMACA)-tagged levofloxacin isomer, ofloxacin, further verified that YhaK mutation reduces AEMR-mediated antibiotic efflux. RNA-sequencing studies revealed that YhaK may be required for the expression of multiple efflux-associated systems, including MATE and ABC families of efflux pumps. Collectively, the data indicate that the A. baumannii YhaK pirin-like protein plays a role in modulating the organism's adaptive efflux-mediated resistance phenotype.

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Multiple birth families experience unique challenges that require specialist care. Twins Trust works with midwives and other healthcare professionals across the UK to support these families

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Truth that Matters

Dominant Optic Atrophy With Varied Phenotype in a Family of Eastern India: A Case Report of a Rare Mutation

Background: Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) can present with a varied phenotype in the form of pure ADOA, ADOA with sensorineural hearing loss, or the extended spectrum of DOA plus syndrome. Multiple genes have been identified over the years and majority of the cases are attributed to OPA1 gene mutation. Here we present an index case of DOA plus syndrome with affection of multiple family members across 2 generations with a rare mutation detection. Case Presentation: A middle-aged female presented with onset of bilateral progressive visual blurring in the first decade followed by progressive sensorineural hearing loss since the second decade and onset of lower limb predominant cerebellar ataxia since the third decade. Routine parameters, imaging and electrophysiological studies were negative. Next generation clinical exome sequencing (NGCES) revealed an unique OPA1 gene mutation with worldwide evidence of only 3 such cases in database. Conclusion: DOA suspicion should be made in early onset visual defects with multiaxial involvement with a significant family history.

Probing Families of Optical Soliton Solutions in Fractional Perturbed Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan Model with Improved Versions of Extended Direct Algebraic Method

In this investigation, we utilize advanced versions of the Extended Direct Algebraic Method (EDAM), namely the modified EDAM (mEDAM) and r+ mEDAM, to explore families of optical soliton solutions in the Fractional Perturbed Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan Model (FPRKLM). Our study stands out due to its in-depth investigation and the identification of multiple localized and stable soliton families, illuminating their complex behavior. We offer visual validation via carefully designed 3D graphics that capture the complex behaviors of these solitons. The implications of our research extend to fiber optics, communication systems, and nonlinear optics, with the potential for driving developments in optical devices and information processing technologies. This study conveys an important contribution to the field of nonlinear optics, paving the way for future advancements and a greater comprehension of optical solitons and their applications.

A Conserved Local Structural Motif Controls the Kinetics of PTP1B Catalysis.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of the insulin and leptin signaling pathways, making it a highly attractive target for the treatment of type II diabetes. For PTP1B to perform its enzymatic function, a loop referred to as the "WPD loop" must transition between open (catalytically incompetent) and closed (catalytically competent) conformations, which have both been resolved by X-ray crystallography. Although prior studies have established this transition as the rate-limiting step for catalysis, the transition mechanism for PTP1B and other PTPs has been unclear. Here we present an atomically detailed model of WPD loop transitions in PTP1B based on unbiased, long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and weighted ensemble simulations. We found that a specific WPD loop region─the PDFG motif─acted as the key conformational switch, with structural changes to the motif being necessary and sufficient for transitions between long-lived open and closed states of the loop. Simulations starting from the closed state repeatedly visited open states of the loop that quickly closed again unless the infrequent conformational switching of the motif stabilized the open state. The functional importance of the PDFG motif is supported by the fact that it is well conserved across PTPs. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the PDFG motif is also conserved, and adopts two distinct conformations, in deiminases, and the related DFG motif is known to function as a conformational switch in many kinases, suggesting that PDFG-like motifs may control transitions between structurally distinct, long-lived conformational states in multiple protein families.

Interdependency of relationships in stepfamilies – Variation across residence arrangements

This study investigates how the quality of family relationships and children’s residence arrangements are associated with stepparent-child relationship quality. Prior literature has studied these factors separately, with the role of family relationships often studied only among stepfamilies with co-resident children. Little is known about how the relevance of family relationships varies depending on where children reside. The opportunity structure (e.g., contact frequency) within which various family relationships influence each other can differ across residence arrangements. This study, therefore, investigates the roles of multiple family relationships across children’s various residence arrangements - including the more contemporary arrangement of shared residence. Multiple regression analyses with moderation techniques were conducted using the New Families in the Netherlands (NFN) survey, large-scale data collected in 2020 among divorced and separated parents with a minor or (young) adult focal child ( N = 1829). We found for each family dyad (between the biological parent and the focal child, between the biological parent and the stepparent, and between the stepparent and the other biological parent of the focal child) that a high relationship quality was associated with higher stepparent-child relationship quality. Their importance, however, varied across residence arrangements. Poor relationship quality of the biological parent-child dyad and the stepparent-other biological parent dyad was associated with a poor stepparent-child relationship, especially when the focal child was nonresident. Whereas, there was a positive association between the stepcouple relationship and stepparent-child relationship quality primarily for children living full-time with the stepfamily. Altogether, the relationship quality of various family dyads spills over to the stepparent-child dyad - though the extent of this spillover differs depending on the opportunity structure determined by children’s residence.

Multiple and diversified transposon lineages contribute to early and recent bivalve genome evolution

BackgroundTransposable elements (TEs) can represent one of the major sources of genomic variation across eukaryotes, providing novel raw materials for species diversification and innovation. While considerable effort has been made to study their evolutionary dynamics across multiple animal clades, molluscs represent a substantially understudied phylum. Here, we take advantage of the recent increase in mollusc genomic resources and adopt an automated TE annotation pipeline combined with a phylogenetic tree-based classification, as well as extensive manual curation efforts, to characterize TE repertories across 27 bivalve genomes with a particular emphasis on DDE/D class II elements, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), and their evolutionary dynamics.ResultsWe found class I elements as highly dominant in bivalve genomes, with LINE elements, despite less represented in terms of copy number per genome, being the most common retroposon group covering up to 10% of their genome. We mined 86,488 reverse transcriptases (RVT) containing LINE coming from 12 clades distributed across all known superfamilies and 14,275 class II DDE/D-containing transposons coming from 16 distinct superfamilies. We uncovered a previously underestimated rich and diverse bivalve ancestral transposon complement that could be traced back to their most recent common ancestor that lived ~ 500 Mya. Moreover, we identified multiple instances of lineage-specific emergence and loss of different LINEs and DDE/D lineages with the interesting cases of CR1- Zenon, Proto2, RTE-X, and Academ elements that underwent a bivalve-specific amplification likely associated with their diversification. Finally, we found that this LINE diversity is maintained in extant species by an equally diverse set of long-living and potentially active elements, as suggested by their evolutionary history and transcription profiles in both male and female gonads.ConclusionsWe found that bivalves host an exceptional diversity of transposons compared to other molluscs. Their LINE complement could mainly follow a “stealth drivers” model of evolution where multiple and diversified families are able to survive and co-exist for a long period of time in the host genome, potentially shaping both recent and early phases of bivalve genome evolution and diversification. Overall, we provide not only the first comparative study of TE evolutionary dynamics in a large but understudied phylum such as Mollusca, but also a reference library for ORF-containing class II DDE/D and LINE elements, which represents an important genomic resource for their identification and characterization in novel genomes.