Multiple Energy Storage Devices Research Articles

Energy Storage Systems: Technologies and High-Power Applications

Energy storage systems are essential in modern energy infrastructure, addressing efficiency, power quality, and reliability challenges in DC/AC power systems. Recognized for their indispensable role in ensuring grid stability and seamless integration with renewable energy sources. These storage systems prove crucial for aircraft, shipboard systems, and electric vehicles, addressing peak load demands economically while enhancing overall system reliability and efficiency. Recent advancements and research have focused on high-power storage technologies, including supercapacitors, superconducting magnetic energy storage, and flywheels, characterized by high-power density and rapid response, ideally suited for applications requiring rapid charging and discharging. Hybrid energy storage systems and multiple energy storage devices represent enhanced flexibility and resilience, making them increasingly attractive for diverse applications, including critical loads. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent technological advancements in high-power storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries, recognized for their high energy density. In addition, a summary of hybrid energy storage system applications in microgrids and scenarios involving critical and pulse loads is provided. The research further discusses power, energy, cost, life, and performance technologies.

Strategy and capacity optimization of renewable hybrid combined cooling, heating and power system with multiple energy storage

Combined cooling, heating, and power systems offer significant potential for integration with renewable energy sources, such as solar and geothermal energy, alongside energy storage devices. However, the effectiveness and feasibility of these systems depend crucially on the operational strategies and capacity planning for each component. Therefore, an innovative hourly dynamic simulation model that integrates solar energy, geothermal energy, and multiple energy storage devices is established. Using the multi-objective comprehensive evaluation method that combines Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II including elite strategy, establish five dimensions of multi-objective optimization model, including energy-saving, economy, environmental protection, system independence and renewable energy utilization scale. Meanwhile, the system and reference system in a community in Beijing are used as models to analyze the equipment capacity under the three operating strategies. The findings reveal that, compared to the reference system, the new system attains optimal performance when following the electrical load strategy. Its comprehensive index reaches 69%, surpassing the thermal load and hybrid load strategies by 8% and 11%, respectively. When the target is set as “independence-renewable energy-cost,” the utilization rate of solar energy and geothermal energy reaches an impressive 79%, showcasing excellent renewable energy utilization. The presented model holds substantial significance for advancing research in the realms of operating strategies and equipment capacity planning within such systems.

Stable and oxidative charged Ru enhance the acidic oxygen evolution reaction activity in two-dimensional ruthenium-iridium oxide

The oxygen evolution reactions in acid play an important role in multiple energy storage devices. The practical promising Ru-Ir based catalysts need both the stable high oxidation state of the Ru centers and the high stability of these Ru species. Here, we report stable and oxidative charged Ru in two-dimensional ruthenium-iridium oxide enhances the activity. The Ru0.5Ir0.5O2 catalyst shows high activity in acid with a low overpotential of 151 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a high turnover frequency of 6.84 s−1 at 1.44 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and good stability (618.3 h operation). Ru0.5Ir0.5O2 catalysts can form more Ru active sites with high oxidation states at lower applied voltages after Ir incorporation, which is confirmed by the pulse voltage induced current method. Also, The X-ray absorption spectroscopy data shows that the Ru-O-Ir local structure in two-dimensional Ru0.5Ir0.5O2 solid solution improved the stability of these Ru centers.

Design and Control of a Novel Wireless Energy Router With Independent Power Transmission Channels

Energy routers are intelligent power electronic systems that enable energy sharing and flexible power flow regulation among various distributed energy sources. Combining the excellent feature of wireless power transfer technology for contactless transmission of electrical energy, this article proposes a novel wireless energy router to realize the power exchange of multiple energy storage devices, such as various mobile electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage stations. Independent power transmission channels with specific operating frequencies are built between any two of the power-exchanging units. The multiple resonating decoupling compensations are designed and implemented, which offer each power-exchanging unit and various resonate operating frequencies while suppressing the frequency components from irrelevant channels. Moreover, through generation by the bidirectional multilevel converter, the drive voltage of each unit can naturally realize the synthesis of multiple-frequency voltage components. In addition, the decoupled dual-side phase-shift control with capacitor voltage balancing strategy is proposed to regulate the power flow in each power channel. As a result, simultaneous energy sharing among power storage devices can be achieved. And the power flows can be adjusted independently without cross interference. Finally, both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed wireless energy router.

Energy storage optimization method for microgrid considering multi-energy coupling demand response

Multiple energy storage devices in multi-energy microgrid are beneficial to smooth the fluctuation of renewable energy, improve the reliability of energy supply and energy economy. Taking the multi-energy microgrid with wind-solar power generation and electricity/heat/gas load as the research object, an energy storage optimization method of microgrid considering multi-energy coupling demand response (DR) is proposed in the paper. Firstly, the multi-objective optimization model of multiple energy storage capacity planning based on coupled DR was established with the objective of minimizing economic cost and carbon emission. Then, adaptive dynamic weighting factors are used to adapt to the flexibility of planning scenarios. At last, the economic performance and carbon emissions of the multi-energy microgrid before and after the application of coupled demand response are studied, and the configuration of energy storage system are compared with a numerical example to verify the proposed method effectiveness.

Dual-layer optimized grid-connected operation strategy of electro-thermal multi-microgrid system considering the uncertainty of renewable energy sources

Interconnecting multiple combined heat and power (CHP) microgrids with the distribution network to form a CHP multi-microgrid system can promote the complementarity of various energy forms effectively and improve energy utilization efficiency. Therefore, a dual-layer stochastic optimal scheduling strategy of a multi-microgrid system interconnected with multiple CHP microgrids and multi-node distribution networks is proposed in this paper. In this strategy, the whole system is divided into two layers: (1) The lower layer adopts a stochastic simulation method based on versatile distribution to randomly generate a large number of scenarios and then uses a backward scenario reduction method to reduce the generated scenarios to a target number. Furthermore, with the goal of minimizing the sum of the weighted costs of the microgrid in each scenario, an economically optimal mixed integer programming model for a CHP microgrid with multiple energy storage devices is established. The output power of the electro-thermal units is optimized in each microgrid, and then the power to buy or sell power for each microgrid is determined. (2) The upper layer takes the minimum loss of the distribution system connected to multiple CHP microgrids as the goal and considers the power of each microgrid optimized by the lower layer as constraints. The optimal power flow model of the multi-node power distribution system is formulated based on the second-order cone relaxation technology, and the global optimal solution of the power node is obtained. Finally, the daily dispatch in which the IEEE-30 node power system connected to multiple CHP microgrids is used as an example for analysis. The results show that considering the uncertain factors of wind and solar output can effectively improve the reliability and robustness of the system when multiple CHP microgrids are connected to distribution network. Meanwhile, the coordinated use of multiple flexible coupling devices can reduce economic costs and promote energy consumption.

Coordinated Control of Independent Microgrid Based on SOC Deviation Rate

System failure due to high failure rate of independent microgrid energy management system (EMS) in high altitude and cold area, considering the difference in charge state (SOC) between multiple energy storage devices in the system, a power coordinated control strategy based on the SOC deviation rate of energy storage devices is proposed, adjust the output power of the energy storage converter according to the difference in SOC of each energy storage device, reduce the difference in SOC of each energy storage device, after the system EMS fails, the operation status of the energy storage equipment is consistent to ensure the normal operation of the system. The RT-LAB simulation platform is used to establish a simulation model and design a digital control system. The control system can quickly carry out power coordination control according to the SOC state of energy storage devices, so it makes the devices output power differently according to the SOC level, reduces the SOC difference of energy storage devices, makes the devices SOC reach the same, and verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the coordination control strategy.

Introduction and Efficiency Evaluation of Multi-storage Regional Integrated Energy System Considering Optimal Operation Integrated Demand Side Response

With the depletion of traditional energy sources, the Regional Integrated Energy System (RIES) came into being to solve the energy crisis and the problem of consumption. The battery, the thermal storage electric boiler and the P2G equipment are added into energy system. The impact of system operation was analyzed after adding different equipment. Then, the demand side response of the electric heating and gas are considered, and the economic operation model of the regional integrated energy system is established with the minimum operating cost of the system as the objective function. Seven scenarios were set up for comparative analysis. The results show that the demand side response of electric, heating, and gas are considered in the regional comprehensive energy system with multiple energy storage devices, which not only makes the load achieve the purpose of peak load cutting and valley filling, but also reduces the phenomenon of abandoned wind and sunlight and the system operation cost.

A demand-side integrated flexible load regulation optimization strategy for clean energy consumption

In order to absorb large-scale clean energy for power grid, the use of energy storage technology is paid more and more attention. However, most of the current researches are focused on a single kind of energy storage forms, and few are involved in the joint use of multiple energy storage devices. This paper aims at the insufficient application of a single energy storage device and the conflict between multiple energy storage technologies. A demand-side integrated flexible load regulation optimization method is proposed. For the heat storage electric boiler system and the ice storage air conditioning system, the combined algorithm is used to optimize their operation. It is clear that the combined algorithm based on genetic algorithm combined with cold, hot and electrical system has a more significant effect of absorbing clean energy than the single energy storage system. And, the example result proves the correctness and feasibility of the proposed comprehensive demand side response strategy.

Research on optimal allocation strategy of multiple energy storage in regional integrated energy system based on operation benefit increment

Wind power generation curve generally has the reverse characteristic with the peak regulation of electricity load curve, which will lead to serious wind abandonment and energy waste. The development of integrated energy systems and energy storage maybe change this predicament. Based on the infrastructure and operation model of regional integrated energy system, this paper studied the allocation priority of cooling, heating, electricity storage and electricity to gas (P2G) system, considering multiple energy complementary and collaborative operation of combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) units and other equipment. Firstly, the operation benefit increment index was proposed to quantify the operation cost variation, also named promotion effect in this paper, between the scenarios of integrated energy system without/with certain form energy storage added. Then, an configuration optimization model of multiple energy storage devices based on operation benefit increment was put forward. By employing an industrial district integrated energy system in northern China as the study case, the operation scheduling scheme and the priority of energy storage configuration were solved by the optimization strategy proposed in this paper. And the promotion effects of different energy storage configurations were analyzed from the viewpoint of operation economy of the integrated energy system. The results show that the abandoned wind power and the cost of environmental pollution control are reduced in the integrated energy system with four kinds of energy storage. And the economic efficiency is greatly improved.

Power management of hybrid energy storage system in a standalone DC microgrid

Abstract Standalone microgrids with renewable energy sources (like solar photovoltaic and wind systems) utilize energy storage devices (ESDs) to supply uninterrupted power to their system loads. To utilize the characteristic advantages of different ESDs, they are combined to form a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Efficient control algorithms are necessary for power sharing among the multiple ESDs in a HESS to ensure maximum utilization of all the storage devices in the microgrid. Conventional fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are used to decide the power output of an ESD considering state of charge (SoC) of the fuzzy controlled ESD and the overall power demand (or availability) in the microgrid. However in a standalone DC microgrid with multiple ESDs, such conventional FLC algorithms cause over or under utilization of the ESDs since the instantaneous SoC status of other ESDs are not considered in its control logic. Thus a novel adaptive FLC (AFLC) algorithm is proposed in this paper to dynamically change the controlling rules of the AFLC as per the average SoC of other ESDs of the microgrid. The performance of the proposed AFLC algorithm is compared with the conventional FLC algorithm on the basis of duration of discharge, average power delivered and utilization factor of the ESDs in a DC microgrid using real time simulation study in OPAL RT 4510 simulator. The merits of using the AFLC for power sharing among multiple ESDs are further validated through experimental study performed on a microgrid hardware setup at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.

Interleaved bidirectional DC–DC converter for electric vehicle applications based on multiple energy storage devices

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs) rely on energy storage devices (ESDs) and power electronic converters, where efficient energy management is essential. In this context, this work addresses a possible EV configuration based on supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries to provide reliable and fast energy transfer. Power flow among the aforementioned energy sources and the EV occurs through a dc link associated with an interleaved bidirectional dc–dc converter. This topology presents low component count and high efficiency over a wide load range, consisting of an adequate choice for high-power, high-current levels. A detailed design methodology is presented, which comprises the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the converter and the control system implementation using a simple strategy, i.e., average current mode control. A 2 kW laboratory prototype of the converter using microcontroller dsPIC30f4011 by Microchip is implemented and the system performance is evaluated in terms of some key waveforms. High power density, low component count and increased robustness can be stated as the main advantages of the proposed approach, which can be considered as a viable alternative for practical EV applications.

Triboelectric nanogenerators with simultaneous outputs in both single-electrode mode and freestanding-triboelectric-layer mode

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) provide an effective approach for converting mechanical energy into electricity based on the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. The working principle of TENGs is usually based on one of the four basic modes, namely vertical contact-separation mode, contact-sliding mode, single-electrode (SE) mode, and freestanding-triboelectric-layer (FTL) mode. Here we report a dual-mode rotating TENG (DMR-TENG) with simultaneous outputs from both SE and FTL modes. It is found that the energy output of FTL mode can be promoted by turning on the SE-mode output of the DMR-TENG, which may be due to the change in the amount of charges present in the electrodes. When the DMR-TENG is utilized to concurrently charge two capacitors from the FTL- and SE-mode outputs, respectively, the charging rates of both capacitors increase compared to the case when the DMR-TENG works under either FTL or SE mode. The results indicate that the energy utilization efficiency can be improved for TENGs working under dual modes. Charging a LiFePO4/Li battery and a capacitor from the FTL- and SE-mode outputs of the DMR-TENG has also been demonstrated, evidencing the potential of DMR-TENGs for simultaneous charging multiple energy storage devices of different types.

Short-term economic dispatch of smart distribution grids considering the active role of plug-in electric vehicles

A new methodology to dispatch in an economic and controlled manner the energy requirements of multiple energy storage devices, dispersed generators and loads belonging to a smart distribution grid (SDG) is presented in this paper. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) are mainly managed over a 24-hour time window. To maximize the economic social welfare of both a utility and PEV working as prosumers, this short-term economic dispatch (ED) problem incorporates two optimization processes interacting as an integrated model. In the first, aggregators located in the SDG maximize the economic benefits obtained by a PEV group. Fuzzy inference systems are used to estimate the decisions made by each PEV during its participation in energy exchanges with the SDG, which influence the PEV benefits. Using these results and a Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization algorithm, the economic benefits of the utility are maximized in the second process and, the ED is then solved.

Realizing Ultrafast Oxygen Evolution by Introducing Proton Acceptor into Perovskites

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of prime importance in multiple energy storage devices. Perovskite oxides involving lattice‐oxygen oxidation are generally regarded as highly active OER catalysts, but the deprotonation of surface‐bound intermediates limit the further activity improvement. Here, it is shown that this kinetic limitation can be removed by introducing Sr3B2O6 (SB) which activates a proton‐acceptor functionality to boost OER activity. As a proof‐of‐concept example, an experimental validation is conducted on the extraordinary OER performance of a Sr(Co0.8Fe0.2)0.7B0.3O3−δ (SCFB‐0.3) hybrid catalyst, made using Sr0.8Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ as active component and SB as a proton acceptor. This smart hybrid exhibits an exceptionally ultrahigh OER activity with an extremely low overpotential of 340 mV in 0.1 m KOH and 240 mV in 1 m KOH required for 10 mA cm−2 which is the top‐level catalytic activity among metal oxides reported so far, while maintaining excellent durability. The correlation of pH and activity study reveals that this enhanced activity mainly originates from the improved interfacial proton transfer. Such a strategy further demonstrated to be universal, which can be applied to enhance the OER activity of other high covalent oxides with close O 2p‐band centers relative to Fermi energy.

Nitrogen-doped porous carbons derived from a natural polysaccharide for multiple energy storage devices

N-Doped carbon nanomaterials can be easily synthesized by a one-step carbonization/activation method, which can achieve excellent electrochemical performance for multiple energy storage.

Supercapacitor State Based Control and Optimization for Multiple Energy Storage Devices Considering Current Balance in Urban Rail Transit

The use of supercapacitors (SCs) to store regenerative braking energy from urban rail trains is able to achieve a good energy saving effect. This paper analyzes the current balance method of stationary energy storage devices (ESDs). At the beginning of the paper, the mathematical model of the DC traction power system, which includes trains, ESDs and traction substations, is established. Next, based on this, the SC state-based control strategy (SCSCS) is proposed, which can adjust the charging voltage of the ESD according to the SC voltage and current, then the charging current of the ESD can be reasonably distributed under the voltage difference of ESDs, and the SC voltage and current stress can be reduced. In order to determine the optimal controlling parameters, the optimization model is proposed and solved by the genetic algorithm. The analysis of the case study also shows the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and optimization algorithm. Finally, the rationality of the proposed strategy is verified by experiments.

Rich sulfur doped porous carbon materials derived from ginkgo leaves for multiple electrochemical energy storage devices

Based on the unique multilayered structure of ginkgo leaves, interconnected carbon nanosheets with rich micro/meso pores have been fabricated, showing excellent electrochemical performance in multiple energy storage devices.

Activation of surface oxygen sites on an iridium-based model catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of prime importance in multiple energy storage devices; however, deeper mechanistic understanding is required to design enhanced electrocatalysts for the reaction. Current understanding of the OER mechanism based on oxygen adsorption on a metallic surface site fails to fully explain the activity of iridium and ruthenium oxide surfaces, and the drastic surface reconstruction observed for the most active OER catalysts. Here we demonstrate, using La2LiIrO6 as a model catalyst, that the exceptionally high activity found for Ir-based catalysts arises from the formation of active surface oxygen atoms that act as electrophilic centres for water to react. Moreover, with the help of transmission electron microscopy, we observe drastic surface reconstruction and iridium migration from the bulk to the surface. Therefore, we establish a correlation between surface activity and surface stability for OER catalysts that is rooted in the formation of surface reactive oxygen.

Model-Based Investigation of Dual Energy Storage Selection for Advanced Start-Stop Vehicles

Dual energy storage solutions have seen significant interest as a means to combine high energy content and high power capability in a single energy storage architecture. Such architectures, which can consist of batteries, capacitors, fuel cells, and other devices, have been used automotive and other applications, allowing the requirements of long-term energy support, high charging power, and high discharge power to be supplied by different devices. Examples include 12V li-ion/lead-acid architectures for advanced start-stop, fuel-cell/li-ion high-voltage hybrids, Li-ion/capacitor combinations, and others. A challenge in combining multiple energy storage devices is ensuring that they are matched in terms of operating characteristics, such as voltage, resistance, and other characteristics. While power electronics (such as DC/DC convertors) are often used, another approach is to simply passively couple the devices. Doing so requires that the energy and power of the devices should be compatible in terms of capacity, voltage and resistance to achieve the optimal system performance. Typically, that means ensuring a high degree of voltage overlap between the two devices over their operational ranges, usually with a focus on open-circuit voltage. In this work, we consider an alternate approach for highly-dynamic power profiles, such as those found in automotive hybrid or grid-based power regulation. Here, we utilize mismatch between both the open-circuit voltages and resistances of the two devices to steer current into a higher-voltage, lower-resistance device during a high-current pulse, and then toward a low-voltage, high-energy device during periods of low current. We use electrochemical and equivalent-circuit models to study the current split, voltage, and SOC response during a variety of charge and discharge pulses and some designed driving profiles in order to understand the trade-offs between these different selections.