Multiple Encryption Research Articles

Super Encryption Feal Algorithm and Base64 Algorithm Image File Security

In the rapidly advancing digital era, image file security has become a critical issue, especially with the increasing risks of data breaches and attacks on digital files. This study aims to enhance the security of image files by implementing a combination of two cryptographic algorithms: Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm- 4 (FEAL-4) and Base64. FEAL-4 is a symmetric encryption algorithm known for its high speed and processing efficiency, while Base64 is used for encoding binary data into ASCII format to ensure safer transmission. This research develops a super encryption system that integrates these two algorithms to protect the integrity and confidentiality of image files, particularly for BMP, JPEG, and PNG formats. The implementation was carried out using the Visual Basic programming language. The results of the study show that the combination of FEAL-4 and Base64 algorithms significantly enhances the security of image files, with a high success rate in the encryption and decryption processes.

Intelligent operation-activated dual light-up nanointerrogator for on-site high-performance bioimaging

Systematic interrogation of the expression profile of various biomarkers on-site is essential for dissecting tumor-related complex cellular events and precision therapy. However, current DNA-based sensing platforms face the challenges of extracellular activation, single-information readout, inadequate imaging output, and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Here, we developed an intelligent “hierarchical scanning, operation and autofeedback” nanointerrogator (HSOAN) for high-performance imaging of multiple biomarkers across cell compartments. The HSOAN system was constructed by introducing a functionalized DNA framework-coupled amplification circuit into a multiparameter-gated biocomputer, and further combining them with MoS2/h-BN nanoheterojunctions (MBNHs). Using MCF-7 cells as the model, the nanosystem was programmed to sequentially sense membrane protein PTK7 and cytoplasmic TK1 mRNA and microRNA-21 genes in a progressive “YES-ANDI-ANDII” manner. The multiple encryption of the logic processor and the high fluorescence quenching efficiency of MBNHs ensure the initial silence (light-off) of the HSOAN. Undergoing top-down scanning, the nanointerrogator only allowed spatial-specific dual light-up in three biomarker-encoded target cells. This “dual lock-three key-dual reporter”-controlled nanointerrogator improved the accuracy of cell identification. More importantly, the engineered framework-supported membrane anchoring and the downstream self-confined amplification circuit-mediated hyperbranching assembly enhanced the on-site retention capabilities of imaging information and also improved the signal-to-background ratio. Furthermore, the excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and biosafety of MBNHs also contribute to the satisfactory therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo. This construction strategy will inspire further improvement of biomedical and theranostic platforms.

A Super Encryption Approach for Enhancing Digital Security using Column Transposition - Hill Cipher for 3D Image Protection

Image encryption is an indispensable technique in the realm of information security, serving as a pivotal mechanism to safeguard visual data against unauthorized access and potential breaches. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of merging columnar transposition with the Hill Cipher methodologies, unveiling specific metrics from a curated set of sample images. Notably, employing column transposition with the key "JAYA" and the Hill Cipher with the key "UDINUSSMG," the encrypted images underwent rigorous evaluation. 'Lena.png' demonstrated an MSE of 513.32 with a PSNR of 7.89 dB, while 'Peppers.png' and 'Baboon.png' recorded MSE values of 466.67 and 423.92, respectively, with corresponding PSNR figures of 7.12 dB and 7.31 dB. Across all samples, a consistent BER of 50.00% indicated uniform error propagation, while entropy values settled uniformly at 7.9999, highlighting consistent data complexity. While the findings underscore a consistent error rate and complexity, there's a compelling need for further refinement to enhance image quality and security. Moreover, the study proposes future research avenues exploring a three-layer super encryption paradigm, amalgamating columnar transposition, Hill Cipher, and other robust algorithms. This approach aims to fortify encryption methodologies against evolving threats and challenges in data protection, offering heightened resilience and efficacy in safeguarding sensitive information.

Ultra-long room temperature phosphorescence, intrinsic mechanisms and application based on host-guest doping systems

To construct efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) doping systems by simple doping methods, isomers 2-(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzyl)malononitrile (o-CzCN), 2-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzyl)malononitrile (m-CzCN) and 2-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzyl)malononitrile (p-CzCN) were designed and synthesized by choosing commercial carbazole. Based on the structure-function relationships of three isomers and excellent compatibility between carbazole and benzocarbazole, 2-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzyl)malononitrile (Lm-CzCN) and 2-(3-(5H-benzo[b]carbazol-5-yl)benzyl)malononitrile (m-BCzCN) were prepared by self-made carbazole and 2-naphthylamine. Then, Lm-CzCN/m-BCzCN was constructed and optimized by dissolution and rapid evaporation, as well as tuning the mass ratios between Lm-CzCN and m-BCzCN. Lm-CzCN shows excitation dependent RTP and afterglow lifetimes, as well as concentration dependent RTP emission in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films, while 1% m-BCzCN@PVA film emits bright green afterglow, with RTP and afterglow lifetimes of 2.303 and 17 s in turn, as well as RTP quantum yield of 0.22. More importantly, Lm-CzCN/m-BCzCN presents ultra-long room temperature phosphorescence, with RTP and afterglow lifetimes of 597.58 ms and 8 s, respectively. Moreover, crystals m-CzCN and p-CzCN, as well as Lm-CzCN/m-BCzCN can be excited by visible light of 440 nm, showing yellow afterglow of 1–4 s. Noteworthy, polymorphism o-CzCNY and o-CzCNB were found, whose different emission was investigated by molecular conformation, intermolecular arrangement and stacking patterns. Finally, multiple encryptions were successfully constructed based on the different luminescent properties.

Improved Vigenere Cipher-RSA-Based Medical Image Security Through Multiple Encryption Keys

Improved Vigenere Cipher-RSA-Based Medical Image Security Through Multiple Encryption Keys

Toward FPGA Intellectual Property (IP) Encryption from Netlist to Bitstream

Current IP encryption methods offered by FPGA vendors use an approach where the IP is decrypted during the CAD flow, and remains unencrypted in the bitstream. Given the ease of accessing modern bitstream-to-netlist tools, encrypted IP is vulnerable to inspection and theft from the IP user. While the entire bitstream can be encrypted, this is done by the user, and is not a mechanism to protect confidentiality of 3rd party IP. In this work we present a design methodology, along with a proof-of-concept tool, that demonstrates how IP can remain partially encrypted through the CAD flow and into the bitstream. We show how this approach can support multiple encryption keys from different vendors, and can be deployed using existing CAD tools and FPGA families. Our results document the benefits and costs of using such an approach to provide much greater protection for 3rd party IP.

Efficient Multi-stimulus-Responsive Luminescent Eu(III)-Modified HOFs Materials: Detecting Thiram and Caffeic Acid and Constructing a Flexible Substrate Anti-counterfeiting Platform.

The powerful capability of multi-stimulus-responsive luminescent hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) to respond to external chemical or physical stimuli in various manners makes them appealing in the luminescence anti-counterfeiting field. Herein, a novel Eu3+-functionalized HOF (Eu@GC-2) that combines the emission of HOFs with the characteristic emission of Eu3+ ions has been successfully synthesized, which can generate various fluorescence at different excitation wavelengths. Eu@GC-2 has enormous potential as a raw material for a paper-based sensor that is designed for detecting the pesticides thiram and caffeic acid in crops with favorable selectivity, anti-interference, and high efficiency. Based on the above excellent properties, Ln3+-functionalized HOFs (Ln@GC-2) were then employed to produce four luminescent anti-counterfeiting inks. With the incorporation of back-propagation neural network and Gray code conversion functions, a multi-stimulus-responsive luminescent anti-counterfeiting platform, coregulated by the excitation light and the chemical reagent, has been constructed. This approach can not only achieve multiple encryptions and fast information identification but also enhance the code-breaking complexity, making it an efficient strategy for information encryption and decryption.

SUPER ENKRIPSI ALGORITMA ROUTE CIPHER DAN ALGORITMA VARIABLY MODIFIED PERMUTATION COMPOSITION (VMPC) UNTUK PENGAMAN FILE CITRA

Securing image files is a crucial aspect in addressing information security challenges. Super encryption is an approach that combines various cryptographic algorithms to enhance data security. In this research, we implement Super Encryption by combining two algorithms, namely Route Cipher and VMPC (Variably Modified Permutation Composition). Firstly, we employ the Route Cipher to encrypt image files by rearranging the pixels in the image using a specific mapping scheme. Subsequently, we apply VMPC, a key-symmetric encryption algorithm, to encrypt the previously modified image. The use of VMPC as the second layer aims to provide additional security by incorporating efficient and secure key-symmetric encryption. The results of this research demonstrate that the combination of Route Cipher and VMPC provides strong security for image files. This method introduces a high level of complexity for attackers attempting to decrypt the image without the correct key. Moreover, this Super Encryption offers higher confidentiality and resilience against attacks on image files compared to using a single encryption algorithm.

Lanthanide-Polyoxometalate-Based Film with Reversible Photochromism and Luminescent Switching Properties for Erasable Inkless Security Printing.

Security printing is of the utmost importance in the information era. However, the excessive use of inks and paper still faces many economic and environmental issues. Thus, developing erasable inkless security printing materials is a remarkable strategy to save resources, protect the environment, and improve information security. To this endeavor, a photoresponsive lanthanide-polyoxometalate-doped gelatin film with high transparency was developed through the solution casting method. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions between gelatin and lanthanide-polyoxometalate. Absorption spectra, luminescent spectra, and digital images indicated that the film displayed reversible photochromism behavior and was accompanied by luminescent switching property upon exposure to UV irradiation and oxygen (in the dark) alternately, which allowed its potential application as a reprintable medium for inkless security printing. The printed information can be erased upon exposure to oxygen in the dark, and the film can be reused for printing again. The film exhibited excellent erasability, reprintability, renewability, and low toxicity. In addition, multiple encryption strategies were designed to improve information security. This work offers an attractive alternative strategy for constructing a reprintable film for inkless security printing in terms of simplifying the preparation process, saving resources, and protecting the environment.

Super Encryption of the Hill Cipher Method and the AES Method for Security of Employee Salary Data

Data security is a security system that is needed to protect data in systems, networks and other digital components. In a unit or agency such as the South Binjai sub-district office, the management of employee salary data is done digitally, namely via a computer. However, in this increasingly sophisticated digital era, it can cause many irresponsible individuals to easily wiretapping the company's data so that it can be easily accessed by other parties, as well as employee salary data which contains a lot of data. important. In order to avoid unwanted things such as theft of personal data by irresponsible persons, a security system is needed that can maintain the confidentiality of data and secure data. Therefore, in this case, a security system is needed that can maintain the confidentiality of data and secure employee salary data. With that there are many algorithms that can be used in securing employee salary data. And the algorithm used is hill cipher and AES algorithm. The hill cipher algorithm is an encryption-decryption algorithm that uses a transformation matrix. The AES algorithm is a symmetric block ciphertext that can encrypt and decrypt information. The use of these two algorithms can further strengthen the security of employee salary data. From the results of the trials carried out, the sample data used containing employee salary data was successfully secured with both hill cipher and AES algorithms.

Access control and data sharing mechanism in decentralized cloud using blockchain technology

<p class="abstract">Access control is the most vital aspect of cloud data storage security. Traditional techniques for data distribution as well as access control face noteworthy challenges in the arena of research as a result of extensive abuse and privacy data breaches. The blockchain concept provides security by verifying users by multiple encryption technologies. Collaboration in the cloud improves management but compromises privacy. Consequently, we created an efficient access management and data exchange system for a blockchain-based decentralized cloud. On the basis of an ID and password, the data user (DU) submits a registering request to the data owner (DO). The DO data is incorporated into a transactional blockchain by an encoded master key. The data owner (DO) provides data encryption, and encrypted files are still published to the Interplanetary File System (IPFS). The DO generates ciphertext metadata, which is then published to the transactional blockchain utilizing a secure file location and a secure key. The projected access control and data sharing solution performed better in a decentralized blockchain based cloud, as measured by metrics such as a reduced illegitimate user rate of 5%, and a size blockchain of is 100 and 200, respectively.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Application of IoT technology in cyber security prevention system

Abstract In the process of gradually expanding the scale of computer networks and the design of network systems becoming more and more complex, people pay more and more attention to the construction of network security protection systems. Starting from the blockchain encryption technology, the article establishes the authentication and access management key based on the elliptic curve encryption algorithm and combines the maximum entropy model with the hidden Markov model to construct the MEMM for intrusion detection of network security. Based on the effective signal-to-noise ratio model of the network channel, an adaptive channel selection strategy based on the UCB algorithm is proposed. The IoT security prevention system is built based on IoT technology, and each functional module of the system is designed. The system’s authentication security, network intrusion detection, adaptive channel selection, and concurrency performance were tested after the design was completed. The encryption operation time of the ECC algorithm was improved by 41.53% compared to the RSA algorithm, the average time of the MEMM network intrusion detection was 41.54ms, and the false alarm rate of the intrusion detection was kept below 16.5%. The average packet collection rate of the nodes in the adaptive channel selection algorithm is 90.98%. The maximum system throughput is up to 62.19MB, and the extreme difference in data volume between different nodes is only 38 entries. Constructing a network security prevention system based on IoT technology and combining multiple encryption techniques can ensure the secure transmission of network data.

Non-Cascaded and Crosstalk-Free Multi-Image Encryption Based on Optical Scanning Holography Using 2D Orthogonal Compressive Sensing.

We propose a non-cascaded and crosstalk-free multi-image encryption method based on optical scanning holography and 2D orthogonal compressive sensing. This approach enables the simultaneous recording and encryption of multiple plaintext images without mechanical scanning, while allows for independent retrieval of each image with exceptional quality and no crosstalk. Two features would bring about more substantial security and privacy. The one is that, by employing a sequence of pre-designed structural patterns as encryption keys at the pupil, multiple samplings can be achieved and ultimately the holographic cyphertext can be obtained. These patterns are generated using a measurement matrix processed with the generalized orthogonal one. As a result, one can accomplish the differentiation of images prior to the recording and thus neither need to pretreat the pending images nor to suppress the out-of-focus noise in the decrypted image. The other one is that, the non-cascaded architecture ensures that different plaintexts do not share sub-keys. Meanwhile, compared to 1D orthogonal compressive sensing, the 2D counterpart makes the proposed method to synchronously deal with multiple images of more complexity, while acquire significantly high-quality decrypted images and far greater encryption capacity. Further, the regularities of conversion between 1D and 2D orthogonal compressive sensing are identified, which may be instructive when to manufacture a practical multi-image cryptosystem or a single-pixel imaging equipment. A more general method or concept named synthesis pupil encoding is advanced. It may provide an effective way to combine multiple encryption methods together into a non-cascaded one. Our method possesses nonlinearity and it is also promising in multi-image asymmetric or public key cryptosystem as well as multi-user multiplexing.

A comprehensive application architecture for unlocking the potential of student feedback

This article proposes a novel solution aimed at streamlining the student feedback, enabling them to assess various aspects and activities within their institution. Different from the classical solution of collecting students feedback using a set of questions grouped in one or many forms, we designed a solution capable to empower students of all age groups to enhance their higher education experiences by openly expressing opinions about their enrolled faculties, providing valuable guidance to prospective college students. Our proposal introduces a generic application architecture designed to integrate the presentation of the main opportunities and offers from many universities with the student reviews on all aspects of these universities. Thus, we avoid a number of factors that reduce the quantity and objectivity of student feedback. Important elements in our architecture refer to reviewing and rating system as well as the search system which facilitate the use of the existing evaluations on different aspects of an university. We devised a generic architecture for a client-server application, specifying a minimum set of required functionalities. For validation, we designed and implemented a client-server application based on the generic architecture we outlined. The application offers several key advantages, including robust information security measures, and diverse communication channels for authenticated users within the platform. The application’s architecture includes an encryption system based on multiple encryption techniques. Additionally, an algorithm for search optimization within the platform have been developed, further enhancing its utility.

Optimizing the Application of Hybrid Cryptographic Methods for Secure File Storage and Retrieval


 
 
 
 In the modern digital era, the protection of sensitive data from unauthorized access is of utmost importance. A key concern in this regard is secure file storage. To address this issue, hybrid cryptography offers a viable solution by combining the strengths of various encryption techniques in both a vertical and horizontal manner. In hybrid cryptography, the original symmetric key is encrypted with a different symmetric key, while the actual data is encrypted using yet another symmetric key. This approach allows for quick and efficient encryption and decryption of the data, while also providing the added security of multiple encryption methods for authentication. By employing hybrid cryptography, organizations can ensure the secure storage of their critical data, safeguarding it against unauthorized access and potential data breaches.
 
 
 

Multifunctional hydrogels simultaneously featuring ultrahigh stretchability, remarkable tearing resistance, and reusable fluorescence for information encoding–decoding and smart anticounterfeiting

Fluorescent hydrogels with fluorescent dyes are widely used for anti-counterfeiting encryption. However, developing highly stretchable and remarkable tear-resistant hydrogels with reusable fluorescence for anti-counterfeiting purposes remains challenging. In this study, we fabricated and characterized double network (DN) hydrogels comprising polyvinyl alcohol-borax (PVA-borax) as the first network and poly(methacrylamide-co-polyethylene glycol-co-pyrenylmethyl acrylate) (P(MAM-co-PEGMA-co-PyMA)) as the second network with varying MAM to PEGMA ratios. SEM images showed the hydrogels had 3D porous structures. FT-IR and thermal properties analysis (DSC and TGA) indicated the presence of hydrogen bonds between PVA-borax and P(MAM-co-PEGMA-co-PyMA) without any chemical bonds. The red shift in characteristic absorption bands at 841 and 710 cm−1 further confirmed the presence of π-π* interactions between pyrene moieties. XRD analysis revealed no significant changes in crystalline phase of the hydrogels, which facilitated the formation of a 3D network due to abundant hydrogen bond presence. When the MAM to PEGMA ratio was adjusted to 9:2, the resulting hydrogels exhibited remarkable properties such as ultra-high stretchability (strain over 3300 %), excellent notch-insensitivity, and exceptional tear resistance (tearing energy over 3.25 × 105 J/m2). Importantly, the hydrogel's fluorescence intensity could be reversibly changed by alternatively adding Fe3+ and EDTA-2Na. It could be reused more than 10 times while maintaining a fluorescence intensity of around 80 %, demonstrating its reliability as a versatile hydrogel probe for Fe3+ detection with “ON-OFF-ON” fluorescence behavior. Furthermore, the hydrogels demonstrated exceptional 2D encryption and decryption capabilities, highlighting their potential applications in information storage and data security. To improve the level of anti-counterfeiting, multiple encryption approaches such as QR codes and ASCII binary codes were rationally designed. Overall, this study successfully developed a universal DN hydrogel platform with ultra-high stretchability and remarkable tear resistance, capable of rapid encoding and decoding of complex information for smart anti-counterfeiting.

On Multiple Encryption for Public-Key Cryptography

Using multiple, individual encryption schemes is a well-established method to increase the overall security of encrypted data. These so-called multiple encryption or hybrid schemes have regained traction in the context of public-key cryptography due to the rise of quantum computers, since it allows the combination of well-known classical encryption schemes with novel post-quantum schemes. In this paper, we conduct a survey of the state-of-the-art public-key multiple encryption (M-PKE) schemes. For the first time, we describe the most relevant M-PKE schemes in detail and discuss their security in a unified model, which allows better comparison between the schemes. Hence, we compare the security, efficiency, and complexity of the schemes and offer recommendations for usage based on common use cases. Our survey emphasizes the importance of being deliberate when combining encryption schemes, as small nuances can easily break security.

Application Of Super Encryption Using Rot 13 Algorithm Method and Algorithm Beaufort Cipher For Image Security Digital

Digital image security is becoming increasingly critical in today's digital era, where sensitive information and data are often stored in image form. Therefore, an effective and secure encryption method is needed to protect the integrity and confidentiality of digital images. This study aims to implement a stronger security approach by combining classic encryption methods, namely the ROT13 algorithm and the Beaufort Cipher algorithm which produces an encryption called "Super Encryption". In this study, first of all, the ROT13 encryption method will be applied to randomize digital image text by shifting characters as far as 13 positions in the alphabet. Then, the Beaufort Cipher algorithm will be used to apply additional encryption to the digital image, which involves using the key as input in the encryption process. The results of this study indicate that the Super Encryption method which combines the ROT13 and Beaufort Cipher algorithms provides a higher level of security compared to using each method separately. Security testing and vulnerability analysis show that the combination of these two algorithms produces digital images that are more difficult to decrypt by commonly used decryption attacks.

Privacy-Preserving Image Retrieval Based on Disordered Local Histograms and Vision Transformer in Cloud Computing

Frequent data breaches in the cloud environment have seriously affected cloud subscribers and providers. Privacy-preserving image retrieval methods can improve the security of cloud image retrieval; however, existing methods have limited accuracy on dynamically updated image databases and mobile lightweight devices. In this study, we propose a privacy-preserving image retrieval method based on disordered local histograms and vision transformer in cloud computing, by designing a multiple encryption method and transformer-based feature model to better mine the local feature value of encrypted images. Specifically, the user performs different value substitution, position substitution, and color substitution on the subblocks of the image to protect the image information. The cloud server extracts the unordered local histogram from the encrypted image and generates retrievable features using transformer. Experiments show that compared with similar CNN schemes, the retrieval accuracy of this method is improved by 8.5%, and the retrieval efficiency is improved by 54.8%.

Securing Medical Information Transmission Between IoT Devices: An Innovative Hybrid Encryption Scheme Based on Quantum Walk, DNA Encoding, and Chaos

The healthcare industry has undergone a transformation due to the widespread use of advanced communication technologies and wireless sensor networks such as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Health Information Exchange Technology (HIET), Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) and Health IoT (HIoT). These technologies have led to an increase in the transmission of medical data, particularly medical imaging data, over various wireless communication channels. However, transmitting high-quality color medical images over insecure internet channels like the Internet and communication networks like 5G presents significant security risks that could threaten patients’ data privacy. Furthermore, this process can also burden the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, leading to delayed data transmission. To address security concerns in healthcare data, researchers have focused a lot of attention on medical image encryption as a means of protecting patient data. This paper presents a color image encryption scheme that integrates multiple encryption techniques, including alternate quantum random walks, controlled Rubik’s Cube transformations, and the integration of the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC). The proposed scheme divides various plaintext images by creating a regular cube by layering planes of a fixed size. Each plane is rotated in an anticlockwise direction, followed by row, column and face swapping, and then DNA encoding is performed. The image cube encoded with DNA is combined with the chaotic cube through DNA addition, and a couple of random DNA sequences are chosen for DNA mutation. After undergoing DNA mutation, the encoded cube is then decoded using DNA. The proposed method has the theoretical capability of encrypting 2D images of unlimited size and number by utilizing an infinitely large cube. The proposed image encryption scheme has been rigorously tested through various experimental simulations and cyberattack analysis, which shows the efficiency and reliability of the proposed encryption scheme.