Multiple Encryption Research Articles

A Novel Image Encryption using Improved Chaotic Maps and Multiple Encryption Tables

This paper proposes a new symmetric cryptographic system using chaotic systems. The basic idea is that a random strand is generated from chaotic functions. The developed random strand is merged with the strand obtained from the original image. The researcher used tables called multiple encryption tables in the composition of these strands. These tables are produced according to a specific pattern. The strand combination algorithm randomly selects a table from a set of tables and performs the combination operation. This table will be replaced with another table under certain conditions. The diversity of tables and their dynamic selection in the integration operation will increase the resistance to attacks and threats and increase the proposed encryption system's efficiency. To prove the proposed system's efficiency, the obtained results have been evaluated by various tests such as entropy, correlation coefficient, and pixel change rate. Our results show that the proposed cryptographic system is cost-efficient, practical, and resistant, yet further research is required to make a final statement about its competence.

Privacy-Preserving and Real-Time Detection of Vehicular Congestion Using Multilayer Perceptron Approach for Internet of Vehicles

Detection of vehicular congestion has a significant effect on the transportation sector. Several research approaches have been proposed to improve accuracy and efficiency with the advent of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Nonetheless, the privacy issue has attracted little attention on congestion detection. In this paper, we put forward a privacy-preserving and efficient scheme for vehicular congestion detection with both horizontal and vertical partitioned vehicular sensing data using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) approach. Particularly, this work considers that different vehicle manufacturers would choose their encryption systems, which poses a challenge on how to collaboratively train an MLP model on these heterogeneous encrypted sensing data. To address this challenge, we utilize proxy re-encryption and additive homomorphic encryption schemes for preserving the confidentiality of raw sensing data and learning models while maintaining secure computation efficiency. Formally security analysis is provided to demonstrate that our proposed scheme is able to guarantee the privacy of the MLP learning process. Finally, we implement our scheme and evaluate it with real datasets. Experimental results show the effectiveness and feasibility of our MLP learning under multiple encryption systems for vehicular congestion detection.

Model of Execution Trace Obfuscation Between Threads

Advanced reverse analysis tools have significantly improved the ability of attackers to crack software via dynamic analysis techniques, such as symbol execution and taint analysis. These techniques are widely used in malicious fields such as vulnerability exploitation or theft of intellectual property. In this paper, we present an obfuscation strategy called “execution trace obfuscation,” wherein the program execution trace repeatedly switches between multiple threads. Our technique realizes equivalent code transformation by abstracting the obfuscation problems into pruning, cloning, and coloring problems in graph theory. Based on this, we further propose the cascade encryption of a function that depends on execution trace information with a key derived from the function address calculation process, followed by removing this key from the program. We have implemented a compiler-level system that inputs a source program and automatically generates an obfuscated file. Finally, random test proves the universality of obfuscation algorithm and verify the system’s performance. Results shows that our system can effectively interfere advanced reverse analysis tools.

Switchable Circularly Polarized Signals with High Asymmetric Factor Triggered by Dual Photonic Bandgap Structure.

Currently, the smart photonic materials that can switch circularly polarized signals in real-time have attracted extensive attention due to numerous potential applications in information storage and photonics displays. However, the dynamically reversible switching of circularly polarized signals requires precise structural reconfiguration, which is rarely achieved in traditional biomaterials. Herein, a dual photonic bandgap (PBG) structure is constructed based on the optical propagation principle of cellulose-based photonic crystals, enabling the flexible switching of the intensity, wavelength, and direction of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). By adjusting the fluorescence intensity and the matching degree of chiral structure, the asymmetric factor value of dual PBG structure is up to -1.47, far exceeding other cellulose-based materials. Importantly, it is demonstrated that dual CPL emission can be efficiently induced by two different PBGs, opening a new approach for on-demand switching of single and dual CPL emission. In addition, the dual PBG structure exhibits dual circularly polarized reflected signals under the circular polarizer, which perfectly embodies the applicability of multiple encryptions in QR codes. This work provides new insights into the real-time manipulation of circularly polarized signals by chiral photonic materials.

PH-responsive hybrid materials with dynamic photoluminescence for anti-counterfeiting, encryption and biogenic amines detection

Thanks to the superior performance and convenience for preparation and operation, programmable memory materials have drawn extensive attention as the ever-higher requirements for anti-counterfeiting. In this work, a lanthanide-doped pH-responsive luminescent sensor (MMT@[Eu(Phen)2]-PFX, MMT = montmorillonite, PFX = pefloxacin) was prepared to achieve reversible multicolor luminescence conversion (from blue to red) by changing the pH of the solution, and thus brought about the designation of a portable test strip for biogenic amines detection. Moreover, multiple encryption and decryption of confidential information can be materialized by combining the sensor with digital code and Morse code. Additionally, the optical memory device MMT@ [Eu(Phen)2]-PFX@CS (CS = chitosan) enabled reversible switching of sol-gel and emission colors synchronously during acid-base conversion. Hence, this smart fluorescent material can be widely applied in the fields of information security and biogenic amines detection for the future.

Hydrochromic CsPbBr3-KBr Microcrystals for Flexible Anti-Counterfeiting and Wearable Self-Powered Biomechanical Monitoring

Metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) featured with excellent photoelectronic properties and low-temperature solution processability are emerging as desired candidates for next-generation wearable and portable electronics. However, irreversible emission properties quenching of MHPs in the presence of water has severely impeded their versatile applications. Here, we present a facile water–ethanol assisted co-precipitation strategy for cost-effective and eco-friendly fabrication of hydrochromic smart luminescent CsPbBr3-KBr microcrystals (CPB-K). Interestingly, the as-prepared CPB-K can achieve reversible transition between luminescent and non-luminescent state upon the water removal/exposure owing to the dissolution/recrystallization of luminescent CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with the help of KBr salts. The coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) effectively prevents the destruction of CPB-K and maintains its green emission upon moisture. Further, by leveraging the hydrochromic CPB-K and water-resistant CPB-K/PDMS characteristic synergistically realize multiple encryption effects of information, and the hidden information can be clearly identified upon moisture decryption. Because of electrical and dielectric properties of MHPs, a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made from CPB-K/PDMS film as friction layer has been constructed with maximum open-circuit voltage of 43.4 V (loading CPB-K of 20 wt%), about 1.8 times that of the pristine PDMS-based TENG. Additionally, we demonstrate a self-powered wearable sensor based on CPB-K/PDMS TENG for real-time biomechanical monitoring with electrical signals. This work provides an eco-friendly fabrication approach for perovskite-based smart luminescent materials, which further opens up the possibility to expand their diverse applications in wearable electronics.

Asymmetrically Enhanced Coplanar-Electrode Electroluminescence for Information Encryption and Ultrahighly StretchableDisplays.

Traditional alternating-current-driven electroluminescent (AC-EL) devices adopting a sandwich structure are commonly used in solid-state lighting and displays, while the emerging coplanar-electrode alternating-current-driven light-emitting variants manifest excellent application prospects in intelligent, multifunctional, and full-color displays, and sensing purposes. In this work, an asymmetricallyenhanced coplanar-electrode AC-EL device with a universal and straightforward architecture is designed based on the impedance adjustment strategy. This newly devised asymmetric structure extends the functionalities of the coplanar-electrode AC-EL devices by overcoming the bottlenecks of complicated patterning procedures and high driving voltages of symmetric configuration. The developed device design enables a new type of information encryption and ultrahighly stretchable patterned displays. Notably, the novel encryption appliances demonstrate feasible encryption/decryption features, multiple encryptions, and practical applicability; the biaxially stretchable display devices achieve the highest tensile performance in the field of stretchable electroluminescent pattern displays, and outperform the ultrahighly stretchable sandwich devices in terms of simple patterning process, higher brightness, wider color gamut, and long-term stability. The proposed configuration opens up new avenues for AC-EL devices toward a plethora of smart applications in wearable electronics with intelligent displays, dynamic interaction of human-machine interface, and soft robotics.

Optical Multiplexing Anti-Counterfeiting Film Based on Self-Assembled and Holography Lithographic Photonic Architectures

Multiplexing anti-counterfeiting technologies based on micro/nano structural colors of photonic crystals have been proposed for information security because of unduplicability and diversity. However, most of current fabrication methods for micro/nano structural color such as electronic beam etching and ordered nanoparticles are accompanied with expensive and complex fabrication process. Reliable multiplexing anti-counterfeiting technologies with low cost and easy-fabrication process for currency, brands and information security remain a long-time and innovative challenge. Herein, a simple strategy to fabricate optical multiplexing anti-counterfeiting film based on self-assembled three-dimensional photonic crystal BPLC encoded with holography lithographic 1D/2D surface photonic crystal has been proposed. The proposed bilayer structure can exhibit multi-images with different angles in 3D space, leading to multiple encryptions with information protection or access permission. Quick response (QR) code with cryptographic functionality through our proposed multiplexing anti-counterfeiting film based on bilayer structural color is also demonstrated. The proposed strategy for optical multiplexing anti-counterfeiting film is low-cost, easy-fabricated, time saving, stable and flexible, capable for promising perspective in information security level and storage density, and offering potential application in anti-counterfeiting.

An Analysis of Several Keyword-Based Search Methods for Encrypted Data

Cloud computing provides several attractive benefits for users like on-demand computing, pay as per use. It brings great convenience to consumers; where shared resources, data and information are provided to computers on-demand and consumer has to pay as per use. Ideally for these services, consumers should be in a position to verify the charges billed to them. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data. But on other hand consumers are facing serious difficulties that how to search the most suitable services from cloud. It is desirable to store data on data storage servers such as mail servers and file servers in encrypted form to reduce security and privacy risks. Encryption is the process of encoding messages or information in such a way that only authorized parties can read it. Multiple encryption techniques are invented to encrypt the data. That way encrypted search has become an important problem in security. This is due to a combination of three things: (1) search is now the primary way we access our data; (2) we are outsourcing more and more of our data to third parties; and (3) we trust these third parties less and less. Because of this, the problem of encrypted search is now of interest to many sub-fields in computer science (e.g., databases, security, cryptography, privacy). Some existing methods are more practical than others, some are more secure than others and some are more functional or flexible. These schemes do not support verifiability of search result. To save computation cost or download bandwidth it is viewed as, selfish cloud server only conducts a fraction of search operation or semi-honest-but-curious server return a part of result. To tackle such challenges, multiple search scheme are invented.

Image lossless encoding and encryption method of SPECK based on 1D chaotic map

In order to satisfy the requirements of high quality and security during image transmission and storage, this paper proposes an image lossless compression encryption algorithm based on 1D chaotic map and Set Partitioned Embedded block encoder (SPECK). Initially, this paper proposes a new 1D chaotic map, and applies the chaotic sequences generated by it to each stage of the compression encryption algorithm. In addition, according to the feature that the degree of energy concentration in the wavelet coefficient matrix gradually decreases from low frequency to high frequency, this paper proposes a wavelet coefficient encryption algorithm, which can balance security and compression performance. Furthermore, multiple encryption points are introduced in the SPECK encoding process, and a secure SPECK encoding algorithm is proposed. Finally, theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is close to the theoretical value in terms of information entropy, correlation coefficient, mean square error of reconstructed image and other related indicators. Therefore, the algorithm has high security and lossless compression performance.

LPCP: An efficient Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Polynomial Calculation Based on CRT

With the development of privacy-preserving techniques, the increasing demand for secure multiparty computation (MPC) of mobile devices has become a significant challenge. Unfortunately, it is inapplicable for mobile devices to implement the existing secure multiparty computation schemes that rely on costly computation and communication overhead. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient two-party computation protocol secure against semi-honest adversary based on the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT). Our protocol utilizes CRT-based encryption and re-encryption techniques to realize additional and multiplicative homomorphic encryption, which can be transformed into a two-party secure computation scheme. Then, we extend our two-party LPCP protocol into a multiparty LPCP protocol, which is much faster and more space saving than the previous works. For practical purpose, we describe a distance measurement application for mobile devices based on LPCP. In the end, we implement LPCP codes and compare the experimental results to the state-of-the-art two-party and multiparty computation protocols. The experimental result shows that the high computation and communication efficiency of LPCP makes it possible for low computing-power mobile devices to implement multiparty secure computation protocols in reality.

A Real-Time Biometric Encryption Scheme Based on Fuzzy Logic for IoT

When milliards of smart devices are connected to the Internet using the Internet of Things (IoT), robust security methods are required to deliver current information to the objects. Using IoT, the user can be accessed via smart device applications at any time and any place, which challenges IoT security and privacy. From security point of view, users and smart devices should have secure communication channel and digital ID. Authentication is the first step towards any security action. Biometric-based authentication can ensure higher security for developing secure access. In this paper, fingerprint is used as the biometric factor. After scanning the fingerprint using the cellphone’s camera, the image is transmitted to the authentication system. Since the comparison time increases after increasing the database volume, instead of storing the scanned fingerprint image, some key features of the scanned fingerprint are extracted and transmitted to the learning system of the convolutional neural network for detection and authentication and stored in the database. In the user authentication phase, the authentication keys are identified and the passcodes for the user of interest are extracted, and zero code is sent to the forged people; finally, the passcode is examined to check if the user is legal or illegal. In this step, the legal codes for fuzzy encoding of the image and text information are activated, and encryption is carried out in multiple steps depending on the number of members. The final code is compressed using Huffman coding and used for transmission to the network or storage. The proposed method is tested in MATLAB, and the results show that an excellent security is achieved using this cascade encryption method. Conclusively, the proposed hybrid coding technique reduces the information volume by 15.9%.

Constructing a Secure Data Storage System That Supports Multiple Functions by Using Key Aggregation for Data Sharing in Cloud Storage: A Review

The old method used for examining data correctness is to recover the entire data from the cloud and then validate data reliability by scrutinizing the correctness of signatures or numeric values of the data as a whole. In modern cryptology, an essential problem to study here is to maintain the greatest benefit of the privacy of given information to perform multiple encryptions. The study shows how a decryption key is made stronger in the sense that it enables several ciphertexts to be decrypted without increasing their size. The statement of the problem lies in the fact that creating an effective public-key encryption system that supports flexible delegation is decipherable by a fixed-size decryption key that could be produced by the holder of the master-secret key. The solution to this problem is by presenting a definite type of public-key encryption known as key-aggregate cryptosystem (KAC). By using this method, users who hold master-secret key could convert a message through a public-key, and an identifier of ciphertext called “class”. This means that the ciphertexts could be further categorized into various classes. The main objective of this paper is to design a secure data storage system that provides multiple stimulating functions by which the storage system is divided and has no major authority.

Lanthanides-based security inks with reversible luminescent switching and self-healing properties for advanced anti-counterfeiting

The development of advanced luminescent anti-counterfeiting materials with self-healing ability is still a challenging task. Herein, the security inks with reversible luminescent switching and self-healing properties were easily prepared by doping lanthanides complexes into self-healable poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonicacid) (PAMPSA) matrix. The security inks exhibited reversible luminescent “on–off” switching in response to “base-acid” vapors, it allowed themselves as good candidates for realizing reversible information decryption and encryption. The confidential information fabricated by security inks could not be identified under daylight and/or UV light, which could only be recognized after the treatment with NH3 vapor in the presence of UV light. Importantly, the information can be further encrypted and decrypted by HCl vapor and NH3 vapor, respectively, it can avoid the second leakage of confidential information as well as realize the repeated reading of confidential information. The rational designed multiple encryption strategies were also demonstrated to further improve anti-counterfeiting level. Remarkably, the security inks exhibited good self-healing ability to extend their service life and ensure durability, which is very important for their practical applications. In addition, the obtained inks exhibited excellent stability against UV irradiation, humidity, organic solvents, heating, and rubbing. The inks also exhibited good stability in ambient conditions and can be written on various substrates. The above results indicated that the as-prepared security inks have tremendous potential applications in advanced anti-counterfeiting.

A Comparative Study of Machine Learning-based Approach for Network Traffic Classification

Internet usage has increased rapidly and become an essential part of human life, corresponding to the rapid development of network infrastructure in recent years. Thus, protecting users’ confidential information when joining the global network becomes one of the most significant considerations. Even though multiple encryption algorithms and techniques have been applied in different parties, including internet providers, and web hosting, this situation also allows the hacker to attack the network system anonymously. Therefore, the significance of classifying network data streams to improve network system quality and security is attracting increasing study interests. This work introduces a machine learning-based approach to find the most suitable training model for network traffic classification tasks. Data pre-processing is first applied to normalize each feature type in the dataset. Different machine learning techniques, including k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Random Forest (RF), are applied based on the normalized features in the classification phase. An open-access dataset ISCXVPN2016 is applied for this research, which includes two types of encryption (VPN and Non-VPN) and seven classes of traffic categories classes. Experimental results on the open dataset have shown that the proposed models have reached a high classification rate – over 85% in some cases, in which the RF model obtains the most refined results among the three techniques.

Reversible color modulation of luminescent conjugated polymers based on a chemical redox mechanism and applications in rewritable paper and multiple information encryption.

Reversible color modulation plays a key role in the field of information recording and encryption, but for the common colorful conjugated polymer materials, currently a convenient method to achieve their reversible color modulation is still lacking. Herein, six luminescent conjugated polymers P1 to P6 were successfully designed and synthesized, all of which could realize reversible color modulation through a similar reversible chemical redox behavior accompanied by reversible color and fluorescence changes. The same absorption spectral changes as those under electrochemical redox conditions strongly confirmed that these polymers underwent reversible redox reactions in the Fe3+ and H2O system, which happened spontaneously according to the theoretical analysis of the reaction thermodynamics. Based on the reversible color modulation in the Fe3+ and H2O system, polymers P1, P2 and P3, with different colors (yellow, orange and red) and fluorescence emissions, were successfully applied as rewritable paper with multi-color and multi-fluorescence printing as well as long-term recording capabilities. Meanwhile, polymers P1, P4, P5 and P6, which showed similar green fluorescence and yellow color but different oxidation potentials, were also introduced to accomplish multiple encryption and decryption of information, based on the step-by-step selective oxidation of the four polymers by adjusting the concentration of Fe3+.

Pengamanan Data melalui Model Super Enkripsi Autokey Cipher dan Transposisi Kolom

One of the essential instruments in the cyber era is data. Therefore, maintaining data security is an important thing to do. One way that can be done to maintain data security is through cryptography. In cryptography, two basic techniques are commonly used, namely substitution techniques and transposition techniques. One of the weaknesses of the basic cryptographic techniques is the lower level of data security. This study proposed a super encryption model in securing data by combining cryptographic algorithms with substitution techniques, i.e., autokey cipher and transposition, i.e., columnar transposition cipher. This study used the Avalanche Effect method as a measurement tool for the proposed super encryption model. The test results have shown that the proposed super encryption model can provide a better level of security. The avalanche effect test on the five data test shows that the average AE value of the proposed super encryption model is 30.76%. This value is higher than the single autokey cipher algorithm of 1.66% and column transposition with a value of 18.03%. Other results from the five data test have shown that the proposed model has a high level of accuracy of 100% in terms of the decryption process results, which is the same as the initial data before going through the encryption process.

Core-Shell Structured Upconversion/Lead-Free Perovskite Nanoparticles for Anticounterfeiting Applications.

In view of their excellent luminescence properties, nanocrystalline metal halide perovskites have diverse optoelectronic applications, including those related to anticounterfeiting. However, high-quality optical anticounterfeiting typically requires multiple encryptions relying on several optical modes to ensure information security. Herein, an efficient anticounterfeiting strategy based on dual optical encryption is realized by combining up- and downconversion luminescence in a nanocomposite with NaYF4 : Er3+ ,Yb3+ as core and a CsMnCl3 as shell. The emission color of this nanocomposite depends on the penetration depth of incident radiation and can be changed by varying the excitation source (980 nm laser or UV light) to produce different luminescent patterns. This feature allows one to effectively improve the anticounterfeiting index and fabricate professional anticounterfeiting materials.

Core–Shell Structured Upconversion/Lead‐Free Perovskite Nanoparticles for Anticounterfeiting Applications

AbstractIn view of their excellent luminescence properties, nanocrystalline metal halide perovskites have diverse optoelectronic applications, including those related to anticounterfeiting. However, high‐quality optical anticounterfeiting typically requires multiple encryptions relying on several optical modes to ensure information security. Herein, an efficient anticounterfeiting strategy based on dual optical encryption is realized by combining up‐ and downconversion luminescence in a nanocomposite with NaYF4 : Er3+,Yb3+ as core and a CsMnCl3 as shell. The emission color of this nanocomposite depends on the penetration depth of incident radiation and can be changed by varying the excitation source (980 nm laser or UV light) to produce different luminescent patterns. This feature allows one to effectively improve the anticounterfeiting index and fabricate professional anticounterfeiting materials.

Dynamic Manipulating Space‐Resolved Persistent Luminescence in Core–Shell MOFs Heterostructures via Reversible Photochromism

AbstractPhoto‐controllable persistent luminescence at the single crystal level can be achieved by the integration of long‐lived room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and photochromism within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for the first time. Moreover, the multiblock core–shell heterojunctions have been prepared utilizing the isostructural MOFs through an epitaxial growth process, in which the shell exhibits bright yellow afterglow emission that gradually disappears upon further irradiation, but the core does not show such property. Benefitting from combined persistent luminescence and photochromic behavior, a multiple encryption demo can be facilely designed based on the dynamic manipulating RTP via reversible photochromism. This work not only develops new types of dynamically photo‐controllable afterglow switch, but also provides a method to obtain MOFs‐based optical heterojunctions towards potential space/time‐resolved information encryption and anti‐counterfeiting applications.