Multiple Emulsions Research Articles

Synergistic sun protection via glucosylrutin-enhanced multiple emulsions

A sunscreen multiple emulsion with a “two films and three phases” structure was prepared using a two-step emulsification method. In this system, the inner aqueous phase contained dissolved Glucosylrutin, while the oil phase included a triazine-based chemical UV absorber. The composition and morphology of the emulsion were optimized, and its rheological properties and physical stability were analyzed. This study demonstrates the application of multiple emulsions in sun protection, highlighting their synergistic behavior in UV defense and their capacity to enhance the antioxidant properties derived from Glucosylrutin.

Investigation on the structure characteristics, stability evaluation, and oral tribology of natural oleanolic acid-based water-in-oil high internal phase and multiple Pickering emulsions as realistic fat analogues

Investigation on the structure characteristics, stability evaluation, and oral tribology of natural oleanolic acid-based water-in-oil high internal phase and multiple Pickering emulsions as realistic fat analogues

Tuning Perovskite Nanocrystal Synthesis via Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Templates and Solvent Interactions.

Amphiphilic block copolymer (a-BCP) micelles offer morphological diversity and dimensional tunability, making them suitable for the fabrication of perovskite nanocrystals. However, precise control over the nucleation and growth of perovskite nanocrystals using a-BCP colloidal templates remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of toluene, methanol, and polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) on the formation of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals. The process involves four stages: (i) PS-b-P2VP micellization, (ii) PbBr2 complexation, (iii) coordination interaction with P2VP, and (iv) burst nucleation of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. Toluene, a good solvent for PS but a nonsolvent for P2VP, PbBr2, and CsBr, facilitates the formation of PS-b-P2VP spherical micelles. Adding PbBr2 to these micelles in toluene results in multiple emulsion, dispersing PbBr2 microstructures (microemulsion) and forming [PbBr3]- complexes encapsulated by the micelles (nanoemulsion). Prolonged stirring enhances this nanoemulsion. CsBr, insoluble in toluene, must be dissolved in methanol before being mixed with micelle-encapsulated complexes, promoting quick crystal nucleation. However, excess methanol weakens micellization, leading to the formation of fused micelles and irregular nanocrystals. At a high methanol content, [PbBr4]2- complexes also form, driving CsPbBr3 to CsPb2Br5 transformation via Ostwald ripening, resulting in large CsPb2Br5 microcrystals that precipitate due to gravitational forces overcoming Brownian motion, destabilizing their dispersion in the solution.

Application of surfactants for the resolution of emulsions and suspensions in slop oil storage tanks, cleaning, and final disposal

AbstractIn order to provide environmental solutions for the treatment of oily residues (slop oil) from refineries, formulations with surfactants were proposed according to the type of dispersed system of the slop (crude oil emulsified with water and/or solid particles). Samples were collected in 12 tanks located at the Oxialquilados Venezolanos C.A., Barcelona Plant (Anzoátegui, Venezuela), performing physicochemical tests for the identification of the dispersed system (solubility, wettability, stability, water content) and microscopic observations (morphology and particle size). The results indicated heterogeneous slop samples with a water content of 2%–60% vol/vol consisting of single or multiple emulsions, with droplet sizes between approximately 10 and 30 micron; others formed by sludge or suspension (solids/oil/water). For the destabilization of these systems, aqueous and organic cleaning solutions were designed, determining the percentage of oil separated in the bottle tests at optimal and simulated field conditions. Field tests with volume scaling of the slop tank reported efficiencies of 63%, 85%, and 100% when treating the slop TK‐17, TK‐36, EE, respectively; for the mixture (Pulmon‐2) an efficiency of 47%. By combining heat treatment and two demulsifiers was possible to treat the slop TK‐17 (multiple emulsion). A considerable volume of water can be drained from the tanks for use in the plant. In conclusion, the surfactant formulas were effective in the recovery of a significant amount of crude oil, making it feasible to return it to the generating entity.

Injectable Gelled Multiple Emulsion for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery.

A glucose-responsive insulin delivery system that sustains blood glucose equilibrium for an extended duration can address the low therapeutic window of insulin in diabetes treatment. Herein, insulin is loaded in a water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) gelled multiple emulsion using poly (4-vinylphenylboronic acid) (PVPBA) homopolymer as an effective emulsifier. The gelled multiple emulsion exhibits a high encapsulation efficiency (99%), enhanced stability and remarkable shear-thinning behavior, making it easy to inject. Under hyperglycemic conditions, the gelled emulsion system instantly binds to glucose molecules and reduces the hydrogen bonds of the PVPBA homopolymer, resulting in insulin release. In a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model, a single subcutaneous injection of the gelled emulsion rapidly responds to high blood glucose concentration (BGC)and release insulin in a glucose dependent manner, thus prolonging the antihyperglycemic effect compared with free insulin.

PTFE composite membrane with peroxymonosulfate activation self-cleaning for highly-efficient oil-water emulsion separation and dye degradation

Combining membrane separation with advanced oxidation technology can make the membrane self-cleaning, extending its service life. However, the preparation of composite membranes with excellent catalytic ability, self-cleaning performance, and stability remains a key research direction. In this study, a PTFE composite membrane with peroxymonosulfate activation self-cleaning ability was successfully prepared by in-situ growth of CoOOH and ZIF-67 on the surface of a l-DOPA/PEI modified PTFE membrane. The as-prepared membrane is superhydrophilic and has significant superoleophobic surfaces underwater, the separation efficiency of the as-prepared membrane for multiple oil-water emulsions exceeded 98.4 %. Meanwhile, the effective degradation of several organic dyes under visible light was simulated, with still high degradation efficiency (>99 %) after 10 cycles. Overall, this study puts forward a approach towards self-cleaning membranes based on PTFE material; the resulting composite membrane's high separation efficiency, stability under repeated use conditions as well as its self-cleaning ability position it as an attractive candidate for long-term wastewater purification applications.

Synthesis, Surface Activity, Emulsifiability and Bactericidal Performance of Zwitterionic Tetrameric Surfactants.

In this paper, a series of tetrameric surfactants (4CnSAZs, n = 12, 14, 16) endowed with zwitterionic characteristic were synthesized by a simple and convenient method and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Their physicochemical properties were studied using the Wilhelmy plate method, fluorescence spectra and dynamic light scattering technique. 4CnSAZs have higher surface activities and tend to adsorb at the air/water surface rather than self-assembling in aqueous solution. The thermodynamic parameters obtained from surface tension measurements show that both processes of adsorption and micellization of 4CnSAZs are spontaneous and that the micellization processes of 4CnSAZs are entropy-driven processes. Both adsorption and micellization of 4CnSAZs are inclined to occur with the increase of alkyl chain length or temperature. For 4C12SAZs, there are only small-size aggregates (micelles), while the large aggregates (vesicles) are observed at the alkyl length of 4CnSAZs of 14 or 16. This shows that the alkyl chain length for oligomeric surfactants has a greater sensitivity for aggregate growth. The aggregate morphologies obtained from the calculated values of critical packing parameter (p) for 4C14SAZs and 4C16SAZs can be supported by the DLS measurement results. The test results obtained by the separation-water-time method show that 4CnSAZs have good emulsification performance and that the prepared emulsions appear to exit in the form of multiple emulsions. In addition, 4CnSAZs have good antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The present study reveals the unique behavior of a zwitterionic tetrameric surfactant and may give new insights into molecular design and synthesis of a high degree of surfactants with different structure characteristics for potential application in various industrial fields.

Concentric Capillary Microfluidic Devices Designed for Robust Production of Multiple-Emulsion Droplets.

Multiple emulsions are used as templates for producing functional microcapsules due to their unique core-shell geometry. Employing glass capillary devices with coaxial channels has proven effective in creating uniform multiple-emulsion droplets. However, the use of partially miscible fluids, crucial for microcapsule production, often results in clogging and disrupts the stability of these devices. Here, we introduce innovative capillary microfluidic devices with concentric capillary channels, specifically designed to optimize the production of multiple-emulsion droplets while mitigating issues of precipitation and clogging. The key aspect of these devices is their configuration of two or three concentrically aligned capillaries, which form separate, coaxial microchannels for fluid injection. This unique alignment, achieved through rotational adjustments that leverage the natural off-center positioning of tapered capillaries, facilitates the simultaneous coaxial injection of various fluids into a droplet-forming junction, significantly reducing fluid contact before emulsification. The devices, featuring double and triple concentric capillary channels, consistently produce highly uniform double-, triple-, and quadruple-emulsion droplets with precisely controlled diameters and layer thicknesses. The minimal contact between fluids prior to emulsification in these devices broadens the usable range of fluid combinations, heralding new possibilities in microcapsule development for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

The Composition Optimization of Curcumin-Loaded Double Oil-Water-Oil Emulsions and Their Stability Evaluation.

This study aimed to optimize the preparation of multiple oil-water-oil (O/W/O) emulsions using varying amounts of Tween 20 emulsifier, different homogenization methods, and optimal preparation temperatures as carriers for encapsulated curcumin. Following the optimization process, the optimal preparation temperature was found to be 25 °C, with a homogenization speed of 10,000 RPM and an emulsifier concentration of 0.5% Tween 20. Subsequently, the effects of physicochemical and viscoelastic properties on the different types of oils used in the outer phase, as well as the impact of storage time, were monitored. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of the stability and encapsulation efficiency of multiple emulsions using various oils, an area that has not been extensively explored before. After identifying the optimal preparation procedure, all samples with different edible oils demonstrated excellent stability and encapsulation efficiency, showing minimal variation in results. The most stable multiple emulsion was found to be the one with coconut oil in the outer phase, exhibiting half the particle size compared to other samples and the lowest encapsulation efficiency losses over 50 days of storage. This study provides new insights into the formulation of stable multiple emulsions for the effective delivery of curcumin and similar bioactive compounds.

Pickering emulsification of pyrrolidone-based block copolymer aggregates: Effects of copolymer composition and oil

A series of block copolymers poly (N-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl pyrrolidone)-b-poly (benzylmethacrylate) (PNMP39-b-PBzMAn) were developed. These amphiphilic copolymers formed diversified aggregates in water, depending on the degree of polymerization n of the PBzMA segment. There presented the n-induced morphological transition from spherical micelles to vesicles via wormlike micelles. Moreover, PNMP39-b-PBzMAn aggregates were excellent dual function emulsifiers, showing similarity with both particles and surfactants simultaneously. The emulsification of PNMP39-b-PBzMAn aggregates was affected significantly by the degree of polymerization n of the PBzMA segment and oil. However, the effect of oil was more remarkable in comparison with that of n, in which the compatibility between oil and the hydrophobic PBzMA segment was critical. In general, O/W and W/O emulsions were formed for oils with poor and good compatibility to the PBzMA segment such as nonpolar alkanes and toluene, respectively. In these cases, PNMP39-b-PBzMAn aggregates were remained in water in the alkane/water systems, whereas they were transferred into the toluene phase according to the similarity-intermiscibility principle. For isopropyl myristate, a polar oil with the intermediate compatibility to the PBzMA segment, PNMP39-b-PBzMAn in water were transferred into the oil phase partially. Accordingly, emulsifiers in water and oil benefit the formation of O/W and W/O emulsions, respectively, as observed in the alkane/water and toluene/water systems. As a result, O/W and W/O emulsions were generated by PNMP39-b-PBzMAn with relatively small and large n, respectively. For PNMP39-b-PBzMAn with the intermediate n, W/O/W multiple emulsions were formed attributing to the synergistic emulsification of PNMP39-b-PBzMAn in water and oil.

Microstructures and anti-osteoporosis effects of vitamin D3/calcium phosphate microparticles prepared by multiple emulsion micro-reaction method

Calcium and vitamin D are essential for combating osteoporosis. However, enhancing the anti-osteoporosis effects of the supplements remains a challenge. This study introduced an optimized multiple emulsion micro-reaction method for preparing vitamin D3/calcium phosphate microparticles. The microstructure and characteristics of vitamin D3/hydroxyapatite microparticles (VD3@HAP) and vitamin D3/calcium hydrophosphate microparticles (VD3@CHP) were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stress testing. The calcium absorption and anti-osteoporosis effects of VD3@HAP and VD3@CHP were evaluated in situ and in vivo, respectively. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that the microparticles retained the spectral characteristics of calcium phosphates, while VD3@HAP exhibited randomly distributed pores on its surface, enhancing both the loading capacity and photostability of vitamin D3 compared to VD3@CHP. Additionally, the vitamin D3/calcium phosphate microparticles prepared by this method significantly increased bone mineral density and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Notably, VD3@HAP demonstrated superior calcium absorption, reduced marrow cavity area, and improved osteoporosis symptoms in the rat model compared to VD3@CHP, as evidenced by absorption assay, X-ray analysis, and HE staining. Thus, the multiple emulsion micro-reaction method effectively prepared vitamin D3/calcium phosphate microparticles that enhanced the anti-osteoporosis effects of supplementation, particularly VD3@HAP. We anticipate that VD3@HAP could serve as a safe and effective calcium supplement with significant potential for preventing and treating osteoporosis.

Droplet Microfluidics for High-Throughput Screening and Directed Evolution of Biomolecules.

Directed evolution is a powerful technique for creating biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids with tailor-made properties for therapeutic and industrial applications by mimicking the natural evolution processes in the laboratory. Droplet microfluidics improved classical directed evolution by enabling time-consuming and laborious steps in this iterative process to be performed within monodispersed droplets in a highly controlled and automated manner. Droplet microfluidic chips can generate, manipulate, and sort individual droplets at kilohertz rates in a user-defined microchannel geometry, allowing new strategies for high-throughput screening and evolution of biomolecules. In this review, we discuss directed evolution studies in which droplet-based microfluidic systems were used to screen and improve the functional properties of biomolecules. We provide a systematic overview of basic on-chip fluidic operations, including reagent mixing by merging continuous fluid streams and droplet pairs, reagent addition by picoinjection, droplet generation, droplet incubation in delay lines, chambers and hydrodynamic traps, and droplet sorting techniques. Various microfluidic strategies for directed evolution using single and multiple emulsions and biomimetic materials (giant lipid vesicles, microgels, and microcapsules) are highlighted. Completely cell-free microfluidic-assisted in vitro compartmentalization methods that eliminate the need to clone DNA into cells after each round of mutagenesis are also presented.

Auranofin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles alleviate cognitive deficit induced by streptozotocin in rats model: modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and neurotransmitters.

Alzheimer's disease remains an unsolved neurological puzzle with no cure. Current therapies offer only symptomatic relief, hindered by limited uptake through the blood-brain barrier. Auranofin, an FDA-approved compound, exhibits potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties targeting brain disorders. Yet, its oral bioavailability challenge prompts the exploration of nanoformulation-based solutions enhancing blood-brain barrier penetrability. The study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective potential of auranofin nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced AD rats. Auranofin-containing polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles were formulated by the multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method. Characterization was done by determining entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, surface charge, and morphology. An in vivo study was performed by administering streptozotocin (3mg/kg/i.c.v., days 1 and 3), auranofin (5 and 10mg/kg), auranofin nanoparticles (2.5 and 5mg/kg), and donepezil (2mg/kg) for 14days orally. Behavioral deficits were evaluated using the open field test, Morris water maze, objective recognition test, change in oxidative stress levels, and AD markers in the brain. Following the decapitation of the rats, the brains were excised to isolate the hippocampus. Subsequent analyses included the quantification of biochemical and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as the assessment of neurotransmitter levels. The characterization of auranofin nanoparticles showed an entrapment efficiency of 98%, an average particle size of 101.5 ± 10.3nm, a surface charge of 27.5 ± 5.10mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.438 ± 0.12. In vivo, administration of auranofin and auranofin nanoparticles significantly reversed streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficits, biochemical alteration, neuroinflammatory markers, and neurotransmitter levels. The present finding suggests that auranofin nanoparticles have more significant neuroprotective potential than auranofin alone. The therapeutic efficacy may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its positive neuromodulatory effects. Therefore, our findings suggest that it could be a promising candidate for Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Systematic study of chromonic liquid crystal-based complex emulsions and their application in the preparation of silica nanomaterials

Multiple triphasic emulsions constitute versatile templates for the preparation of complex particles and capsules. In these emulsions the volume fractions and interfacial tensions between the phases dictate the droplet morphology, enabling various morphologies such as Janus, core-shell and snowman droplets. In this article, we describe the preparation of all-aqueous water-in-water (W/W) emulsions composed by a perylene-based chromonic liquid crystal and a hydrophilic polymer. This combination yields emulsions with liquid crystalline droplets exhibiting diverse configurations of the director, including the formation of twisted structures, from achiral mesogens. Three-phase multiple emulsions with various morphologies were obtained by the emulsification of W/W emulsions in either another aqueous phase or in hexadecane. The resulting droplet morphologies depended on the composition of the system. Furthermore, hollow silica particles with a chromonic-templated microporous structure were prepared via a sol−gel reaction within the liquid crystalline phase of water-in-water-in-oil emulsions. These findings show how the unique templating properties of chromonic liquid crystals can be applied to all-aqueous emulsions for the synthesis of complex silica particles, with a controlled structure both at the micro- and nanoscale.

Studies on the Properties and Stability Mechanism of Double Emulsion Gels Prepared by Heat-Induced Aggregates of Egg White Protein-Oligosaccharides Glycosylation Products.

Multiple emulsions can dissolve some substances with different properties, such as hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, into different phases. They play an important role in protection, controlled release and targeted release of the encapsulated substances. However, it's poor stability has always been one of the main problems restricting its application in the food industry. For this reason, a heat-induced aggregate (HIA) of Maillard graft product of isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO), as well as egg white protein (EWP), was used as hydrophilic emulsifier to improve the stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions. Moreover, gelatin was added into the internal aqueous phase (W1) to construct W1/O/W2 emulsion-gels system. The encapsulation efficiency of HIA-stabilized W1/O/W2 emulsions remained nearly unaltered, dropping by only 0.86%, significantly outperforming the conjugates and physical mixture of IMO and EWP in terms of encapsulation stability. The emulsion-gels system was constructed by adding 5% gelatin in the W1, and had the highest EE% and good salt and heat stability after 30 days of storage. This experiment provides guidance for improving the stability of W1/O/W2 emulsions system and its application in the package delivery of functional substances in the food field.

Revolutionizing Nitrofurantoin Delivery: Unraveling Challenges and Pioneering Solutions for Enhanced Efficacy in UTI Treatment

Abstract: Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial drug, highly effective in the treatment of critical or chronic bacterial infections of the urinary tract, and hence, it is the first line choice of drug for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI). Although the molecule is legacy in nature, there are many challenges in terms of drug product formulation and efficacy thereof. The authors are main-ly focused in this literature review on, but not limited to, understanding the molecule in terms of physico-chemical properties of the drug, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, approved and withdrawn formulations, challenges concerning drug formulation, the cause of drug shortage in the market, improvement areas in terms of formulation and its therapeutic effectiveness. The au-thors found during their widespread review that the major challenge in the existing conventional drug delivery system of nitrofurantoin is the fluctuation of plasma concentration owing to its var-iability in drug absorption. Further, they understood that the variability in absorption is due to in-herent variability in particle size distribution. Based on the findings, authors also explored the possibilities to deliver the drug in novel drug delivery systems such as nano self-emulsifying emulsions, nanoemulsions and multiple emulsions where the drug can be presented in soluble form and hence the variability in absorption and fluctuation in plasma concentration of drug can be avoided and described briefly the salient features of each drug delivery in this review.

Underoil superhydrophilic flame-retardant 3D porous composite for efficient on-demand emulsion separation: Interface engineering design on sphagnum moss

Oil pollution and the energy crisis make oil-water separation an urgent for human need. The widespread use of materials with a single emulsion separation capability is limited. Multifunctional on-demand separation materials can adapt to a wide range of application scenarios, thus having a wider range of applications. The underoil superhydrophilic surface is of great significance for realizing the on-demand separation of oil/water emulsions through the removal of water in the oil and oil in the water. A 3D porous emulsion separation material based on the superhydrophilic principle of sphagnum moss was designed. The material was prepared in a simple step by taking advantage of the adhesion of polydopamine and the introduction of the as-prepared superhydrophilic BaSO4 nanoparticles to achieve superhydrophilicity with a water contact angle (WCA) of 0° and an oil contact angle (OCA) of 157.3°, resulting in excellent separation performance for both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Underoil superhydrophilic porous composite (OSPC) can complete two kinds of emulsion separations by filtration or adsorption. It adsorbs water from water-in-oil emulsion to achieve separation, with a good adsorption capacity of 74.38 g/g and efficiency up to 99%. It can also filter oil-in-water emulsions with an efficiency of 99.92%. The separation efficiencies are all almost unchanged after ten separation cycles. Furthermore, the material has excellent flame retardancy, which reduces the possibility of secondary disasters. The three-dimensional porous sponge has excellent on-demand separation performance for multiple emulsions. It provides a new preparation strategy for underoil superhydrophilic materials and a new idea for the design direction of special wetting materials for the on-demand separation of oil/water emulsions.

Engineering W/O/W pickering emulsion for the enhanced antigen delivery and immune responses

Tumor immunotherapy, particularly cancer vaccines, holds promise for combating cancer by harnessing tailored immune responses against malignant cells. However, conventional approaches face challenges in efficiently delivering antigens for optimal immune activation. Emulsion adjuvants, like MF59, enhance cellular uptake but struggle to induce robust CD8+ T cell responses. Here, we introduce a novel strategy employing a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple Pickering emulsion (mPE) for antigen delivery. The mPE, utilizing biocompatible, pH-sensitive particles, encapsulates antigens within the inner water phase, ensuring enhanced intracellular processing and dictating the intracellular fate of antigens for improved cross-presentation. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that mPEs induced robust dendritic cells activation and antigen cross-presentation, leading to a significantly enhanced immune response. Notably, calcium phosphate-stabilized mPE (CaP-mPE) illustrated the more robust IFN-γ+ T cell responses. In comparison with traditional surfactant-stabilized multiple emulsions, CaP-mPE significantly inhibit tumor growth and effectively prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. This innovative approach offers a promising avenue for the development of effective cancer vaccines with potent cellular immune responses.

Using Color Measurements to Quantify Aggregate and Asphalt Emulsion Compatibility

The compatibility of asphalt emulsion and aggregate plays a significant role in the aggregate retention performance of chip seals. There are several, similar standardized test methods available for assessing the compatibility of emulsion–aggregate blends, including AASHTO T 59, ASTM D244, and North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) A-24. In all methods, a sample of aggregate and emulsion is mixed and rinsed. Subsequently, the compatibility of the rinsed sample is reported as “good,”“fair,” or “poor” based on visual inspection of asphalt coating the aggregate surface area. These visual inferences are subjective, making them susceptible to potential operator bias. The aim of this study is to develop an objective means to quantify emulsion–aggregate compatibility by using the Asphalt Compatibility Tester to obtain color-based measures in lieu of the visual assessment procedures. Multiple aggregate sources (granite, limestone, and lightweight), emulsion types (CRS-2L, CRS-2, and SS-1h), and sources were evaluated. In total, 25 emulsion–aggregate blends were analyzed. The results were used to establish color index thresholds to capture good- versus fair- or poor-performance emulsions. Additionally, chip seal samples from five construction projects were subjected to the Vialit test to measure aggregate retention performance. The Vialit test results were compared with the compatibility test results as a preliminary evaluation of the color-based criteria proposed here. The results indicated that the NCDOT A-24 procedure coupled with color measurements is effective at capturing the compatibility of emulsion–aggregate blends, providing a potential means to remove the subjectivity of the current visual rating procedures.

Revolutionizing Emulsions: A Novel Approach To Multiple Emulsions

Revolutionizing Emulsions: A Novel Approach To Multiple Emulsions