Multiple Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Unlocking the potential of flavonoid-infused drug delivery systems for diabetic wound healing with a mechanistic exploration.

Diabetes is one of the common endocrine disorders generally characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar. It can originate either from the inability of the pancreas to synthesize insulin, which is considered as an autoimmune disorder, or the reduced production of insulin, considered as insulin resistivity. A wound can be defined as a condition of damage to living tissues including skin, mucous membrane and other organs as well. Wounds get complicated with respect to time based on specific processes like diabetes mellitus, obesity and immunocompromised conditions. Proper growth and functionality of the epidermis gets sustained due to impaired diabetic wound healing which shows a sign of dysregulated wound healing process. In comparison with synthetic medications, phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides have gained enormous importance relying on their distinct potential to heal diabetic wounds. Flavonoids are one of the most promising and important groups of natural compounds which can be used to treat acute as well as chronic wounds. Flavonoids show excellent properties due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure, which makes this class of compounds different from others. Based on the novel principles of nanotechnology via utilizing suitable drug delivery systems, the delivery of bioactive constituents from plant source amplifies the wound-healing mechanism, minimizes complexities and enhances bioavailability. Hence, the encapsulation and applicability of flavonoids with an emphasis on mechanistic route and wound-healing therapeutics have been highlighted in the subsequent study with focus on multiple drug delivery systems.

Investigation of thermal radiations impacts with double diffusive convection for Prandtl nanofluid with slip in an asymmetric ciliated channel

Thermal radiations are extensively utilized in the medical sciences, and the investigation of thermal radiation combined with double diffusive phenomena is the burning research area because of its enormous applications in treatment of various diseases. Cilia play significant part in many physiological processes of animal and humans. A novel mathematical prodigy for Prandtl nanofluid with thermal radiations and double diffusion convection by implementing slip at boundaries is presented for cilia induce flow in an asymmetric microchannel. Mathematical scheme for the physiological flow is developed and then pertinent equations are designed exploiting low Reynolds number and long wavelength simplifications. Solution for the physiological nanofluid is gathered by emphasizing on the novel BVP4C technique in MATLAB and resulting outcomes are elaborated with aid of graphical illustrations. Pros and cons of various physical flow parameters like thermal slip parameters, Prandtl fluid parameters, Grashof parameter, Prandtl parameter , Brownian motion parameter, thermal radiation parameter, Brinkmann number, Soret parameter are examined on the velocity, magnetic force function, temperature profile, concentration and nanoparticles volume fraction. It is reported that slip parameter really effects the nanofluid transport within the ciliated microchannel, it reduces the fluid flow, diffusion phenomena of the nanoparticles in the ciliated microchannel surges when radiation parameter is strengthened. The reported investigation will be instrumental in heat radiation effect for regulation of blood circulation to cure the cancer tissues in multiple drug delivery systems and will pave the way for the designs of certain diagnostic and pharmacological devices.

Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Quercetin and Valproic Acid: A Novel Approach for Enhancing Antioxidant Activity against Oxidative Stress in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line.

Multiple drug-delivery systems obtained by loading nanoparticles (NPs) with different drugs that have different physicochemical properties present a promising strategy to achieve synergistic effects between drugs or overcome undesired effects. This study aims to develop a new NP by loading quercetin (Que) and valproic acid (VPA) into chitosan. In this context, our study investigated the antioxidant activities of chitosan NPs loaded with single and dual drugs containing Que against oxidative stress. The synthesis of chitosan NPs loaded with a single (Que or VPA) and dual drug (Que and VPA), the characterization of the NPs, the conducting of in vitro antioxidant activity studies, and the analysis of the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the NPs in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines were performed. The NP applications that protected cell viability to the greatest extent against H2O2-induced cell damage were, in order, 96 µg/mL of Que-loaded chitosan NP (77.30%, 48 h), 2 µg/mL of VPA-loaded chitosan NP (70.06%, 24 h), 96 µg/mL of blank chitosan NP (68.31%, 48 h), and 2 µg/mL of Que- and VPA-loaded chitosan NP (66.03%, 24 h). Our study establishes a successful paradigm for developing drug-loaded NPs with a uniform and homogeneous distribution of drugs into NPs. Chitosan NPs loaded with both single and dual drugs possessing antioxidant activity were successfully developed. The capability of chitosan NPs developed at the nanometer scale to sustain cell viability in SH-SY5Y cell lines implies the potential of intranasal administration of chitosan NPs for future studies, offering protective effects in central nervous system diseases.

Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery Systems as Potential for Skin Application: A Review

Administration of substances through the skin represents a promising alternative, in relation to other drug administration routes, due to its large body surface area, in order to offer ideal and multiple sites for drug administration. In addition, the administration of drugs through the skin avoids the first-pass metabolism, allowing an increase in the bioavailability of drugs, as well as reducing their side effects. However, the stratum corneum (SC) comprises the main barrier of protection against external agents, mainly due to its structure, composition and physicochemical properties, becoming the main limitation for the administration of substances through the skin. In view of the above, pharmaceutical technology has allowed the development of multiple drug delivery systems (DDS), which include liquid crystals (LC), cubosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), nanoemulsions (NE), as well as cyclodextrins (CD) and dendrimers (DND). It appears that the DDS circumvents the problems of drug absorption through the SC layer of the skin, ensuring the release of the drug, as well as optimizing the therapeutic effect locally. This review aims to highlight the DDS that include LC, cubosomes, lipid systems, PNP, as well as CD and DND, to optimize topical skin therapies.

Sialic acid–targeted drug delivery and imaging system for pH- and glutathione-triggered multiple anticancer drug release and enhanced oxidative stress

The emergence of multiple drug delivery systems can solve the disadvantages of single-drug therapy, such as high dose and easy generation of drug resistance. Here, we designed a sialic acid–targeted dextran-mercaptopurine prodrug linked by carbonyl vinyl sulfide for coordinate ZnO quantum dots to achieve multiple drug delivery (doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine), which can be released under the trigger of pH and glutathione. To enhance the antitumor effect, we used inorganic photosensitizer CdSe quantum dots to achieve photodynamic therapy, which can produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals) under light conditions. Notably, we found that glutathione is consumed by the delivery of 6-mercaptopurine. It is able to efficiently amplify intracellular oxidative stress via increasing •OH generation. After chelating 99mTc4+ radioisotopes by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, the drug delivery system could be tracked under in vivo single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. The results showed that the phenylboronic acid targeting substance can specifically recognize sialic acid, so that the drug system has a good accumulation in the tumor site, which can better increase the therapeutic effect. Compared to free doxorubicin, the drug system can reduce the IC50 value of cells 4.4-fold under light conditions and significantly inhibit tumor growth in vivo. These data indicate that the sialic acid–targeted nanomedicine system has achieved ideal antitumor effects and apparent photodynamic therapy effects and has broad application prospects.

Development and evaluation of thymol-chitosan hydrogels with antimicrobial-antioxidant activity for oral local delivery

Nowadays, the research of innovative drug delivery devices is focused on the design of multiple drug delivery systems, the prevention of drug side effects and the reduction of dosing intervals. Particularly, new mucosal delivery systems for antimicrobials, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs has a growing development, regards to the avoidance of side effects, easy administration and a suitable drug concentration in the mucosa. In this work, chitosan hydrogels are evaluated as a biodegradable scaffold and as a bioactive agent carrier of an antioxidant-antimicrobial compound called thymol.Throughout the study, swelling behavior, viscoelastic properties and thermal analysis are highlighted to present its advantages for a biomedical application. Furthermore, the in vitro results obtained indicate that thymol-chitosan hydrogels are biocompatible when exposed to [3T3] fibroblasts, exhibit antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans for 72h and antioxidant activity for 24h. These are desirable properties for a mucosal delivery system for an antimicrobial-antioxidant dual therapy for periodontal disease.

Design of a multiple drug delivery system directed at periodontitis

Periodontal disease is highly prevalent, with 90% of the world population affected by either periodontitis or its preceding condition, gingivitis. These conditions are caused by bacterial biofilms on teeth, which stimulate a chronic inflammatory response that leads to loss of alveolar bone and, ultimately, the tooth. Current treatment methods for periodontitis address specific parts of the disease, with no individual treatment serving as a complete therapy. The present research sought to demonstrate development of a multiple drug delivery system for stepwise treatment of different stages of periodontal disease. More specifically, multilayered films were fabricated from an association polymer comprising cellulose acetate phthalate and Pluronic F-127 to achieve sequential release of drugs. The four types of drugs used were metronidazole, ketoprofen, doxycycline, and simvastatin to eliminate infection, inhibit inflammation, prevent tissue destruction, and aid bone regeneration, respectively. Different erosion times and adjustable sequential release profiles were achieved by modifying the number of layers or by inclusion of a slower-eroding polymer layer. Analysis of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory bioactivity showed that drugs released from the devices retained 100% bioactivity. The multilayered CAPP delivery system offers a versatile approach for releasing different drugs based on the pathogenesis of periodontitis and other conditions.

Drug releasing characteristics evaluation to multi-drug delivery system of Tongmai pellets

To establish the drug release method of multi-drug delivery system of tongmai pellets. The drug releasing characteristics were researched by HPLC and UV spectrophotometric method. The drug releasing characteristics of the multi-drug delivery system of tongmai pellets between single unit and multiple drug delivery system were evaluated by HPLC. The four pellets release unit isoflavones pellets, tanshinone pellets, Sal pellets, chuanxiong acid by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and HPLC method of dissolution obtained similar curves, and the similarity factor f2 were 63.31, 81.59, 70.93, 68.08. The release unit after the formation of multiple drug delivery system had no influence on single unit. Initial construction of multiple drug delivery system tongmai pellets improved the dissolution of insoluble components, the overall performance of the combination of rapid release and sustained release characteristics, in line with the design requirements.

Construction of evaluation systems for traditional Chinese medicine multiple drug delivery system on basis of component level

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a multi-component complex system and its research must consider its components characteristics of multi-component, multi-target and multi-effect. According to the whole concept of Chinese medicine, also combining with the status quo of Chinese drugs pharmaceutics and setting the material basis component as the premise, this study will develope TCM multiple drug delivery evaluation system, respectively from three aspects, namely in vitro release, in vivo bioavailability and PK-PD. At the same time, we will try to offer the new thoughts of the programly release, so as to provide new strategies and methods for the development of modern Chinese drug delivery systems.

Thought and application of traditional Chinese medicine multiple drug delivery system based on material basis component

To aim directly at the research status of Chinese drugs pharmaceutics, this study provides a new research idea "traditional Chinese medicine multiple drug delivery system based on material basis component". This thought according to whole concept, syndrome, and Chinese medicine characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, multi-effect. The premise of designing traditional Chinese medicine multiple drug delivery system is material basis component, and the purpose is to improve bioavailability. The example of multi-drug delivery system of tongmai micro-pellets is expounded for application. This new research model of Chinese drugs pharmaceutics provides new strategies and methods for the development of modern Chinese drug delivery systems.