To describe 2 unrelated patients with novel variations in the POLG1 gene and features undistinguishable from multiple sclerosis, ie, optic neuritis, brain white matter hyperintense areas, and unmatched cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands. Case report. University hospital. Patients Both patients subsequently developed bilateral ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, ataxia, dysphagia, and hearing and cognitive impairment. Detailed clinical and laboratory examinations including brain magnetic resonance imaging, morphological analysis of a muscle biopsy, characterization of mitochondrial DNA integrity, sequencing of the POLG1 gene, and screening of control subjects for POLG1 sequence variants. Ragged red fibers and multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA were detected in the skeletal muscle. Four compound heterozygous variations, including 3 previously unreported, were identified in POLG1. Clinicians should be aware of the existence of POLG1-related multiple sclerosis-like illness, as it has important implications for management, treatment, and genetic counseling.