Multiple Defects Research Articles

Sub-bandgap excited photoluminescence probing of deep defect complexes in GaN doped by Si, Ge and C impurities

Abstract With the sub-bandgap optical excitation, thermal dynamics of holes among multiple levels in n-type GaN epilayers with different dopants of Si, Ge and C are investigated via measuring and modelling variable-temperature yellow luminescence (YL) band of the samples. In sharp contrast to the case of above-bandgap optical excitation, the variable-temperature YL band of all the studied GaN samples including unintentionally-doped sample exhibit unusual negative thermal quenching (NTQ) behavior, suggesting a possible physical mechanism, namely thermally induced migration of holes from shallower levels to the luminescent deep level. By considering the possible presence of multiple hole levels in the doped GaN samples, a phenomenological model is developed for the thermal transfer of holes among the multi-levels and the interpretation of the observed NTQ phenomenon of the YL band. Different activation energies of 347.9, 520.8 and 348.5 meV are obtained for the Ge-doped, high C-containing, and Si-doped GaN samples, respectively. The results reveal the existence of multiple hole defect levels in the n-type GaN. Possible microstructural origins causing these different hole levels are further argued. The study may shed some light on the nature of various defect complexes in the technologically important GaN epilayers. Combined microstructural and optical investigations need to be further done for elucidating various optically- and electrically-active defect complexes in GaN.

Many-defect solutions in planar nematics: interactions, spiral textures and boundary conditions.

From incompressible flows to electrostatics, harmonic functions can provide solutions to many two-dimensional problems and, similarly, the director field of a planar nematic can be determined using complex analysis. We derive a closed-form solution for a quasi-steady state director field induced by an arbitrarily large set of point defects and circular inclusions with or without fixed rotational degrees of freedom, and compute the forces and torques acting on each defect or inclusion. We show that a complete solution must include two types of singularities, generating a defect winding number and its spiral texture, which have a direct effect on defect equilibrium textures and their dynamics. The solution accounts for discrete degeneracy of topologically distinct free energy minima which can be obtained by defect braiding. The derived formalism can be readily applied to equilibrium and slowly evolving nematic textures for active or passive fluids with multiple defects present within the orientational order.

Rare occurrence of cryptic 5' splice sites by downstream 3' splice site/exon boundary mutations in a heavy-ion-induced egy1-4 allele of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Pre-mRNA splicing is a fundamental process in eukaryotic gene expression, and the mechanism of intron definition, involving the recognition of the canonical GU (5'-splice site) and AG (3'-splice site) dinucleotides by splicing factors, has been postulated for most cases of splicing initiation in plants. Splice site mutations have played crucial roles in unraveling the mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing in planta. Typically, splice site mutations abolish splicing events or activate one or more cryptic splice sites surrounding the mutated region. In this report, we investigated the splicing pattern of the EGY1 gene in an Ar-ion-induced egy1-4 allele of Arabidopsis thaliana. egy1-4 has an AG-to-AC mutation in the 3'-end of intron 3, along with 4-bp substitutions and a 5-bp deletion in adjacent exon 4. RT-PCR, cDNA cloning, and amplicon sequencing analyses of EGY1 revealed that while most wild-type EGY1 mRNAs had a single splicing pattern, egy1-4 mRNAs had multiple splicing defects. Almost half of EGY1 transcripts showed 'intron retention' at intron 3, while the other half exhibited activation of 3' cryptic splice sites either upstream or downstream of the original 3'-splice site. Unexpectedly, around 8% of EGY1 transcripts in egy1-4 exhibited activation of cryptic 5'-splice sites positioned upstream of the authentic 5'-splice site of intron 3. Whole genome resequencing of egy1-4 indicated that it has no other known impactful mutations. These results may provide a rare, but real case of activation of cryptic 5'-splice sites by downstream 3'-splice site/exon mutations in planta.

A novel framework for predicting the burst pressure of energy pipelines with clustered corrosion defects

The accurate prediction of failure pressures in pipelines containing multiple defects is important for assessing the integrity and reliability of corroded pipelines. First, the effect of the remaining defects on the failure pressure of the pipeline containing triple defects was investigated by developing the finite element (FE) model of pipelines containing triple defects. Then, to integrate machine learning method and finite element models to establish a prediction model for the interaction coefficients corresponding to combined corrosion defects. Subsequently, a framework for predicting the burst pressure of pipelines appliable to the scenario of group corrosion defects was proposed by integrating the interacting coefficient and the failure pressure of single defect. Finally, the accuracy of the model was demonstrated by the evaluation indicators and bursting experimental data of corroded pipeline containing cluster defects. The framework is expected to provide a maintenance foundation for the integrity assessment of pipelines with clustered corrosion defects.

Comparable Outcomes Between Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Setting of Patellar Realignment

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine clinical and functional outcomes in patients treated with autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) or osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for chondral defects secondary to patellar instability with concomitant medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) for patellar realignment. MethodsA retrospective review identified patients who underwent ACI or OCA transplantation with concomitant MPFL reconstruction and TTO . Patients were excluded if they did not have concomitant MPFL reconstruction and TTO, had the presence of other intra-articular pathologies, or failed to complete postoperative subjective outcome evaluations at a minimum of 2 years following surgery. Subjective outcome measures included the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS JR), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) evaluation, and Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) physical scores, collected a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Defect location, size, complications, and rate of subsequent surgery were determined. ResultsEighteen total patients were included in this study. The ACI cohort included 11 patients with 13 total defects that were treated with ACI. The OCA cohort included 7 patients with 10 total defects that were treated with OCA. This was due to a number of patients in either group having multiple cartilage defects. Twenty-three total chondral defects were compared to analyze clinical and functional outcomes following surgical correction (ACI: n=13, OCA: n=10). Five defects were noted on the femoral condyle and 18 on the patellar facets/central ridge. Defects were comparable between groups including, size measured during index-arthroscopy (ACI = 3.34 cm2, 95% CI [2.3 cm2 - 4.4 cm2] vs OCA = 4.03 cm2, 95% CI [3.1 cm2 - 5.0 cm2]; P=.351), Outerbridge classification (ACI = 54.8% grade 4 vs OCA = 60.0% grade 4; P=1.000), and AMADEUS score (ACI = 47.1 vs OCA = 58.6; P=.298). Postoperative outcomes were comparable including revision rate (ACI = 15.4% vs OCA = 10.0%; P=1.000) and 2-year IKDC scores (ACI = 74.2, 95% CI [65.2 - 83.2] vs OCA = 51.2, 95% CI [30.3 - 72.1]; P=.077). ACI did have significantly higher 2-year KOOS JR (85.1, 95% CI [76.9 - 93.3] vs 63.7, 95% CI [49.1 - 78.3]; P=.031) and SF-12 scores (54.1, 95% CI [52.0 - 56.2] vs 42.6, 95% CI [35.8 - 49.4]; P=.007) compared to OCA. ConclusionACI or OCA transplantation for chondral defects with concomitant MPFL reconstruction and TTO can be safely performed in an outpatient setting with functional and clinical outcomes being comparable. Level of EvidenceRetrospective Case Series Study (Level 3)

A DLTS analysis of alpha particle irradiated commercial 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes

4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were exposed to 5.4 MeV alpha particles with fluences of 2.55× 1011 cm−2, 5.11 × 1011 cm−2 and 7.67 × 1011 cm−2, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the structure and cross-sectional elemental composition of the device, while current–voltage and capacitance–voltage profiling were used to determine the primary electrical device-characteristics before and after irradiation. EDS revealed the presence of a <1 μm Ti layer, covered by 5 μm Al layer, in intimate contact with the SiC. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), performed in the temperature range 15–310 K, revealed one dominant peak around 50 K (Ec - 0.07 eV) in the unirradiated samples. This peak showed asymmetry suggesting that it may consist of more than one defect. Notably, Z1/2, the carbon vacancy-related (Vc) defect commonly observed in as-grown n-type 4H-SiC, was not detected in the unirradiated reference sample. After irradiation, a broad peak emerged around 280 K (at 80 Hz), most likely Z1/2, having a shoulder around 180 K, was detected. Increasing the fluence resulted in a corresponding decrease in the concentration of the electron trap observed around 50 K (Ec - 0.07 eV), while the concentration increases for the defect detected around 280 K. Notably, the concentration of Z1/2 was found to be strongly fluence dependent and linked to what we believe is a related to a silicon vacancy transition, labelled S1/2 in literature. Laplace DLTS confirmed that the peak observed around 50 K is composed of multiple defects.

Treatment of Complex Multiple Lesions in the Knee With MACI (Autologous Cultured Chondrocytes on Porcine Collagen Membrane)

Background: Multiple chondral lesions in the knee are difficult to manage. A few treatment options are available. Considering the number of lesions, size, location, and total surface area, the autologous cultured chondrocytes on porcine collagen membrane (MACI) technique can effectively treat multiple defects simultaneously. Indications: The MACI procedure is indicated for multiple chondral lesions in the knee with large surface areas when other technologies are hard to implement or lack sufficient follow-up. Technique Description: The chondral defects are debrided to subchondral bone with vertical walls. Concomitant procedures are to be completed before MACI implantation. Each defect is treated as an isolated lesion. Irregular and uncontained lesions require a unique approach. A single membrane can treat multiple lesions; however, careful presurgery analysis is necessary to analyze the requirement of an additional membrane. Results: The MACI technique for multiple lesions in the knee has a good response rate and high satisfaction scores over mid- to long-term follow-up. Discussion/Conclusions: Multiple chondral lesions of the knee can effectively be treated with MACI, providing patients with additional improved quality of life, increasing level of function, and possibly delaying total knee arthroplasty procedures. Patient Consent Disclosure Statement: The author(s) attests that consent has been obtained from any patient(s) appearing in this publication. If the individual may be identifiable, the author(s) has included a statement of release or other written form of approval from the patient(s) with this submission for publication.

How We Would Treat Our Own Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Patient

The field of congenital cardiac catheterization (CCC) has changed dramatically since it began eight decades ago. New techniques and devices have expanded the indications for interventional catheterization. Heart teams who care for patients in the pediatric and congenital cardiac catheterization laboratory are confronted with a growing number of patients presenting for a wide range of increasingly technically-challenging cases. Multiple societies have published expert guidelines for CCC management to provide recommendations for best practice. We reviewed risk stratification strategies for CCC and describe our institution's comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the periprocedural management of patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization, using the index case of a 6-year-old patient with multiple heart defects. We concluded that risk stratification and a comprehensive, multidisciplinary team approach that begins when a procedure is booked is essential to inform management and optimize outcomes. Clinical decision-making should be informed by expert guidelines and evolving risk stratification research.

Automated Defect Detection on Dry-Hanging Stone Curtain Walls through Colored Point Clouds

Stone curtain walls are widely used in contemporary architectures; however, their regular inspection is always labor-intensive, time-consuming, and hazardous due to the complex and enclosed spatial structure of these high-rise building enclosures. To address this issue, this study proposes an automated and novel inspection method, which is composed of the following three steps: First, we utilize 3D laser scanning technology to capture colored point cloud data of the stone curtain wall system; subsequently, by extracting and processing the integration of color and depth information, the stone panels and end sealants are precisely segmented; finally, various defects, such as cracks, unevenness, and irregularities, are automatically identified through artificial intelligence algorithms in a timely manner. To validate the proposed method, an on-site experiment was carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness in detecting multiple defects concurrently on stone curtain walls. The experimental results showed that our proposed method could provide a non-contact and automated inspection alternative for all the stone curtain walls with a high accuracy of anomaly detection, facilitating rational maintenance plans and strategies to ensure the safety and performance of these modern building enclosures.

Recurrent Pneumocephalus due to over Draining Thecoperitoneal Shunt in a Patient with Multiple Skull base Defects

Recurrent Pneumocephalus due to over Draining Thecoperitoneal Shunt in a Patient with Multiple Skull base Defects

Subset simulation based simplified approach for pipeline with multiple irregular corrosion defects in time-dependent reliability analysis

Pipeline system plays an important role in the natural gas and petroleum transportation, and it is widely employed in the engineering application. However, the pipeline system is subjected to corrosion given the industry environment condition, or soil condition when it is buried. In this case, it is important to assess the remaining life of corroded pipeline. Consequently, it is important to predict the failure probability considering the corrosion growth over time and operating pressure. Nevertheless, the prediction of failure probability in corroded pipeline in not an easy task, due to the fact that a realistic corrosion usually has an irregular geometry, especially, when multiple irregular corrosion is involved in the analysis. To simplify the problem, this work presents a simplified procedure for time-dependent reliability analysis to predict the failure probability in pipeline with multiple irregular corrosion defects, considering two failure modes, the burst and leak mode. The approach is based on Subset Simulation and Weighted Depth Difference method, where the multiple irregular corrosion is treated by a discretization procedure and a weighting coefficient is evaluated in every discretization points. Then, this weighting coefficient is introduced into burst pressure assessment, which is employed by burst failure mode limit state function. In this work, the corrosion growth is modelled by power function corrosion model, and initial corrosion depth is generated randomly. The Subset Simulation is employed to evaluate the failure probability, where the Markov Chain Monte Carlo is adopted to evaluate the conditional probability and Metropolis-Hasting algorithm is employed to solve the problem. Finally, several scenarios with single and multiple irregular corrosion defects are analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of presented procedure.

Controlled Defective Engineering on CuIr Catalyst Promotes Nitrate Selective Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-RR) is a promising low-carbon and environmentally friendly approach for the production of ammonia (NH3). Herein, we develop a high-temperature quenched copper (Cu) catalyst with the aim of inducing nonequilibrium phase transformation, revealing the multiple defects (distortion, dislocations, vacancies, etc.) presented in Cu, which lead to low overpotential for NO3-RR and high efficiency for NH3 production. Further loading a low content of iridium (Ir) species on the Cu surface improves the reactivity and ammonia selectivity. The resultant CuIr electrode exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of 93% and a record yield of 6.01 mmol h-1 cm-2 at -0.22 VRHE exceeding those of state-of-the-art NO3-RR catalysts. Detailed investigations have demonstrated that the synergistic effect between multiple defects and Ir decoration effectively regulate the d-band center of copper, change the adsorption state of the catalyst surface, and promote the adsorption and reduction of intermediates and reactants. The strong H* adsorption ability of the Ir element provides more active hydrogen for the generation of ammonia, promoting the reduction of nitrate to NH3.

Multiple endocrine defects in adult-onset Sprouty1/2/4 triple knockout mice

Genes of the Sprouty family (Spry1-4) are feedback inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, especially of Ret and the FGF receptors. As such, they play distinct and overlapping roles in embryo morphogenesis and are considered to be tumor suppressors in adult life. Genetic experiments in mice have defined in great detail the role of these genes during embryonic development, however their function in adult mice is less clearly established. Here we generate adult-onset, whole body Spry1/2/4 triple knockout mice. Tumor incidence in triple mutant mice is comparable to that of wild type littermates of up to one year of age, indicating that Sprouty loss per se is not sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis. On the other hand, triple knockout mice do not gain weight as they age, show less visceral fat, and have lower plasma glucose levels than wild type littermates, despite showing similar food intake and slightly reduced motor function. They also show alopecia, eyelid inflammation, and mild hyperthyroidism. Finally, triple knockout mice present phosphaturia and hypophosphatemia, suggesting exacerbated signaling downstream of FGF23. In conclusion, triple knockout mice develop a series of endocrine abnormalities but do not show increased tumor incidence.

Tailoring size and fraction of coherent L12 nanoprecipitates to achieve strong hardening in medium entropy alloys with heterogeneous grain structures

Heterogeneous grain structures with coherent L12 nanoprecipitates were constructed in a medium entropy alloy with chemical composition of Co34.5Cr32Ni27.5Al3Ti3 (at. %). The volume fraction and size of L12 nanoprecipitates are observed to become higher and larger, and the interspacing is found to become smaller with increasing aging time, resulting in a severer heterogeneity. The domain of tensile properties was expanded by varying the size and volume fraction of coherent L12 nanoprecipitates after aging treatment. The samples after longer-time aging treatment show stronger strain hardening as compared to those after shorter-time aging treatment. The hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening plays a more vital role in the longer-time aged samples than the shorter-time aged samples, especially at the elasto-plastic transition stage. The dominant precipitation hardening mechanism is observed to transit from dislocation-cutting to Orowan dislocation-looping with increasing precipitation size, as predicted by a theoretical model and validated by experimental results. Multiple deformation defects, such as deformation twins, stacking faults and Lomer-Cottrell locks, are the dominant deformation mechanisms for all samples, while interactions between these defects and L12 nanoprecipitates were observed to be more intensive in the longer-time aged samples than in the shorter-time aged samples, resulting in stronger precipitation and HDI hardening.

Presentation of mitral valve cleft with concurrent atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect detected by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: a case report

BackgroundCleft in the mitral valve leaflet is a primary cause of congenital mitral regurgitation, stemming from developmental anomalies in the mitral valve and frequently associated with other congenital heart defects. Concurrent presence of cleft in mitral valve leaflet with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect is relatively rare. Echocardiography, especially transesophageal echocardiography, is essential in diagnosing cleft mitral valve leaflet and related congenital heart defects, providing critical, detailed imagery for accurate assessment. This study presents a young female patient whose anterior mitral cleft, along with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect, was revealed through three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.Case presentationA 25-year-old Iranian female, experiencing progressive dyspnea and diminished physical capacity over 3 months, was referred to our hospital. Initial examination and transthoracic echocardiography indicated severe mitral regurgitation. Further evaluation with transesophageal echocardiography corroborated these findings and identified a cleft in the anterior mitral valve leaflet, coupled with mild left ventricular enlargement and significant left atrial enlargement. The complexity of the patient’s condition was heightened by the diagnosis of cleft mitral valve leaflet in conjunction with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect, showing the complex nature of congenital defects.ConclusionThis case emphasizes the critical role of transthoracic echocardiography in diagnosing cleft of mitral valve leaflet and associated cardiac anomalies, showcasing its superiority over transthoracic echocardiography for detailed visualization of cardiac structures. The identification of multiple congenital defects highlights the necessity for a comprehensive diagnostic approach to manage and treat patients with complex congenital heart diseases effectively. Future research should aim to refine diagnostic methodologies to enhance patient outcomes for cleft of mitral valve leaflets and related congenital conditions.

Concurrent de novo MACF1 mutation and inherited 16p13.11 microduplication in a preterm newborn with hypotonia, joint hyperlaxity and multiple congenital malformations: a case report

BackgroundThe MACF1 gene, found on chromosome 1p34.3, is vital for controlling cytoskeleton dynamics, cell movement, growth, and differentiation. It consists of 101 exons, spanning over 270 kb. The 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome results from the duplication of 16p13.11 chromosome copies and is associated with various neurodevelopmental and physiological abnormalities. Both MACF1 and 16p13.11 microduplication have significant impacts on neural development, potentially leading to nerve damage or neurological diseases. This study presents a unique case of a patient simultaneously experiencing a de novo MACF1 mutation and a hereditary 16p13.11 microduplication, which has not been reported previously.Case presentationIn this report, we describe a Chinese preterm newborn girl exhibiting the typical characteristics of 16.13.11 microduplication syndrome. These features include developmental delay, respiratory issues, feeding problems, muscle weakness, excessive joint movement, and multiple congenital abnormalities. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified a disease-causing mutation in the MACF1 gene (c.15266T > C / p. Met5089Thr). Additionally, after microarray analysis, we confirmed the presence of a 16p13.11 microduplication (chr16:14,916,289 − 16,315,688), which was inherited from the mother.ConclusionsThe patient’s clinical presentation, marked by muscle weakness and multiple birth defects, may be attributed to both the de novo MACF1 mutation and the 16p13.11 duplication, which could have further amplified her severe symptoms. Genetic testing for individuals with complex clinical manifestations can offer valuable insights for diagnosis and serve as a reference for genetic counseling for both patients and their families.

A practical path planning method for optimal repair paths between multiple small-size defects

Purpose This study aims to solve the problem of repair path planning between multiple small-size defects in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) repair by using Python-based ant colony algorithm (ACO). The optimal parameter combination scheme is obtained by discussing the influencing factors of parameters in the ACO. Design/methodology/approach The effects of the information heuristic factor α, the expected heuristic factor ß and the pheromone volatile factor ρ on the simulation results were investigated by designing a three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment. The fast convergence of ACO in finding the optimal solution of multiple small-size defect repair path problem is proved by comparing the simulation results with those of genetic algorithm (GA) on the same data set. Findings The ACO can effectively solve the repair path planning problem between multiple small-size defects by optimizing the parameters. In the case of 50 defect locations, the simulation results of the ACO with optimized parameters are 159.8 iterations and 3,688 average path lengths, while the GA has 4,027.2 average path lengths under the same data set and the same number of iterations, and by comparison, it is proved that the ACO can find the optimal solution quickly in the small-size defects repair path planning problem, which greatly improves the efficiency of defect repair. Originality/value The parameter-optimized ACO can be quickly applied to the planning problem of repair paths between multiple small-size defects in the field of AM repair, which can better improve the defect repair efficiency and reduce the waste of resources.

DIAPH1-Deficiency is Associated with Major T, NK and ILC Defects in Humans

Loss of function mutations in Diaphanous related formin 1 (DIAPH1) are associated with seizures, cortical blindness, and microcephaly syndrome (SCBMS) and are recently linked to combined immunodeficiency. However, the extent of defects in T and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) remain unexplored. Herein, we characterized the primary T, natural killer (NK) and helper ILCs of six patients carrying two novel loss of function mutation in DIAPH1 and Jurkat cells after DIAPH1 knockdown. Mutations were identified by whole exome sequencing. T-cell immunophenotyping, proliferation, migration, cytokine signaling, survival, and NK cell cytotoxicity were studied via flow cytometry-based assays, confocal microscopy, and real-time qPCR. CD4+ T cell proteome was analyzed by mass spectrometry. p.R351* and p.R322*variants led to a significant reduction in the DIAPH1 mRNA and protein levels. DIAPH1-deficient T cells showed proliferation, activation, as well as TCR-mediated signaling defects. DIAPH1-deficient PBMCs also displayed impaired transwell migration, defective STAT5 phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. In vitro generation/expansion of Treg cells from naïve T cells was significantly reduced. shRNA-mediated silencing of DIAPH1 in Jurkat cells reduced DIAPH1 protein level and inhibited T cell proliferation and IL-2/STAT5 axis. Additionally, NK cells from patients had diminished cytotoxic activity, function and IL-2/STAT5 axis. Lastly, DIAPH1-deficient patients’ peripheral blood contained dramatically reduced numbers of all helper ILC subsets. DIAPH1 deficiency results in major functional defects in T, NK cells and helper ILCs underlining the critical role of formin DIAPH1 in the biology of those cell subsets.Graphical The summary of findings are presented as a graphical abstract. DIAPH1 deficiency results in multiple defects in CD4+ T, Treg, NK cells and ILCs.

An Efficient Integrated Strategy for Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Sakurasosaponin from Aegiceras corniculatum in Rats.

Sakurasosaponin, a primary bioactive saponin from Aegiceras corniculatum, shows potential as an anti-cancer agent. However, there is a lack of information on its in vivo metabolism. This study aims to profile the in vivo metabolites of sakurasosaponin in rat feces, urine, and plasma after oral administration. An efficient strategy using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed, which combined metabolic prediction, multiple mass defects filtering, and highresolution extracted ion chromatograms for rapid and systematic analysis. Firstly, a theoretical list of metabolites for sakurasosaponin was developed. This was done by considering the metabolic pathways of saponins. Next, the multiple mass defects filtering method was employed to identify potential metabolites in feces and urine, using the unique metabolites of sakurasosaponin as multiple mass defects filtering templates. Subsequently, a high-resolution extracted ion chromatogram was used to quickly determine the metabolites in rat plasma post-identification in feces and urine. Lastly, the analysis of accurate mass, typical neutral loss, and diagnostic ion of the candidate metabolites was carried out to confirm their structural elucidation, and metabolic pathways of sakurasosaponin in vivo were also proposed. In total, 30 metabolites were provisionally identified in feces, urine, and plasma. Analysis of metabolic pathways revealed isomerization, deglycosylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, sulfate conjugation, glucuronide conjugation, and other related reactions as the primary biotransformation reactions of sakurasosaponin in vivo. The findings demonstrate that the designed research strategy effectively minimizes matrix interference, prevents the omission of low-concentration metabolites, and serves as a foundation for the discovery of active metabolites of sakurasosaponin.

Thermodynamic topology of D = 4,5 Horava Lifshitz black hole in two ensembles

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic topology of four and five-dimensional Hořava-Lifshitz (HL) black holes within Hořava gravity. To analyze their thermodynamic topology, we treat these HL black holes as topological defects in their thermodynamic spaces and compute the winding numbers at these defects. Our study is conducted in two different ensembles: the fixed ϵ ensemble and the fixed ζ ensemble, where ϵ is a parameter of the HL black holes, and ζ is its conjugate parameter. In the fixed ϵ ensemble, we consider three different horizon types: spherical (k=+1), flat (k=0), and hyperbolic (k=−1), while in the fixed ζ ensemble, we examine two horizon types: spherical (k=+1) and hyperbolic (k=−1). For all the aforementioned cases, we study the local and global topology of these black holes and classify them into topological classes based on their topological charges. We calculate the topological number for each case. This process uncovers some novel phase diagrams that reveal a number of multiple defect curve phenomenon. Additionally, we explore how the topological charge of these black holes depends on the values of the thermodynamic parameters. Our findings indicate that the thermodynamic topology of Hořava-Lifshitz black holes in D=4,5 is significantly influenced by the type of horizon, the choice of ensemble, the values of pressure, and the parameters ϵ or ζ.