Multiple Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

The evolution of nutrition management in children with severe neurological impairment with a focus on cerebral palsy.

Nutritional management of children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) is highly complex, and the profile of this population is changing. The aim of this narrative review was to give the reader a broad description of evolution of the nutritional management of children with SNI in a high resource setting. In the last decade, there has been an emphasis on using multiple anthropometric measures to monitor nutritional status in children with SNI, and several attempts at standardising the approach have been made. Tools such as the Feeding and Nutrition Screening Tool, the Subjective Global Nutrition Assessment, the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System and the Focus on Early Eating and Drinking Swallowing (FEEDS) toolkit have become available. There has been an increased understanding of how the gut microbiome influences gastrointestinal symptoms common in children with SNI, and the use of fibre in the management of these has received attention. A new diagnosis, 'gastrointestinal dystonia', has been defined. The increased use and acceptance of blended food tube feeds has been a major development in the nutritional management of children with SNI, with reported benefits in managing gastrointestinal symptoms. New interventions to support eating and drinking skill development in children with SNI show promise. In conclusion, as the life expectancy of people with SNI increases due to advances in medical and nutrition care, our approach necessitates a view to long-term health and quality of life. This involves balancing adequate nutrition to support growth, development and well-being while avoiding overnutrition and its associated detrimental long-term effects.

Multiple anthropometric measures and proarrhythmic 12-lead ECG indices: A mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies suggest that electrocardiogram (ECG) indices might be influenced by obesity and other anthropometric measures, though it is difficult to infer causal relationships based on observational data due to risk of residual confounding. We utilized mendelian randomization (MR) to explore causal relevance of multiple anthropometric measures on P-wave duration (PWD), PR interval, QRS duration, and corrected QT interval (QTc). Uncorrelated (r2 < 0.001) genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10-8) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on body mass index (BMI, n = 806,834), waist:hip ratio adjusted for BMI (aWHR, n = 697,734), height (n = 709,594), weight (n = 360,116), fat mass (n = 354,224), and fat-free mass (n = 354,808). Genetic association estimates for the outcomes were extracted from GWAS on PR interval and QRS duration (n = 180,574), PWD (n = 44,456), and QTc (n = 84,630). Data source GWAS studies were performed between 2018 and 2022 in predominantly European ancestry individuals. Inverse-variance weighted MR was used for primary analysis; weighted median MR and MR-Egger were used as sensitivity analyses. Higher genetically predicted BMI was associated with longer PWD (β 5.58; 95%CI [3.66,7.50]; p = < 0.001), as was higher fat mass (β 6.62; 95%CI [4.63,8.62]; p < 0.001), fat-free mass (β 9.16; 95%CI [6.85,11.47]; p < 0.001) height (β 4.23; 95%CI [3.16, 5.31]; p < 0.001), and weight (β 8.08; 95%CI [6.19,9.96]; p < 0.001). Finally, genetically predicted BMI was associated with longer QTc (β 3.53; 95%CI [2.63,4.43]; p < 0.001), driven by both fat mass (β 3.65; 95%CI [2.73,4.57]; p < 0.001) and fat-free mass (β 2.08; 95%CI [0.85,3.31]; p = 0.001). Additionally, genetically predicted height (β 0.98; 95%CI [0.46,1.50]; p < 0.001), weight (β 3.45; 95%CI [2.54,4.36]; p < 0.001), and aWHR (β 1.92; 95%CI [0.87,2.97]; p = < 0.001) were all associated with longer QTc. The key limitation is that due to insufficient power, we were not able to explore whether a single anthropometric measure is the primary driver of the associations observed. The results of this study support a causal role of BMI on multiple ECG indices that have previously been associated with atrial and ventricular arrhythmic risk. Importantly, the results identify a role of both fat mass, fat-free mass, and height in this association.

Antenatal size, early childhood growth, and asthma within a cohort created by data linkage.

The gestation when small for gestational age (SGA) is first associated with asthma is not well understood. Here, we use routinely acquired data from 10 weeks gestation to up to 28 years of age to test the hypothesis that SGA before birth is associated with an increased risk for asthma in a large population born between 1987 and 2015. Databases were linked to produce a single database that heldantenatal fetal ultrasound measurements; maternal characteristics; birth measurements; childhood anthropometric measurements at age 5 years; hospital admission data (1987-2015); and family doctor prescribing (2009-2015). Asthma admission and receipt of any asthma medications were the outcomes. Analyses related single and then multiple anthropometric measurements to asthma outcomes. Outcome data were available for63,930 individuals. Increased length in the first-trimester size was associated with a reduced odds ratio (OR) for asthma admission of 0.991 [0.983, 0.998] per mm increaseand also a shorter time to first admission, with a hazard ratio risk of 0.987 [0.980, 0.994] per mm increase. Independent of all earlier measurements, increased height at 5 years (available in a subset of 15,760) was associated with reduced OR for an asthma admission, withORof 0.874 [0.790, 0.967] per z score. Longitudinal measurements of weight were not related to asthma outcomes. Longer first-trimester length is associated with more favorable asthma outcomes, and subsequently, increased height in childhood is also independently associated with more favorable asthma outcomes. Interventions that reduce SGA and encourage healthy postnatal growth might improve asthma outcomes.

Waist-to-Height Ratio Is a Stronger Mediator in the Association between DASH Diet and Hypertension: Potential Micro/Macro Nutrients Intake Pathways

Several studies have demonstrated that adhering to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet may result in decreased blood pressure levels and hypertension risk. This may be an effect of a reduction in central obesity. In the current study, we explored the mediation role of multiple anthropometric measurements in association with DASH score and hypertension risk, and we investigated potential common micro/macro nutrients that react with the obesity-reduction mechanism. Our study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Important demographic variables, such as gender, race, age, marital status, education attainment, poverty income ratio, and lifestyle habits such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity were collected. Various anthropometric measurements, including weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also obtained from the official website. The nutrient intake of 8224 adults was quantified through a combination of interviews and laboratory tests. We conducted stepwise regression to filter the most important anthropometric measurements and performed a multiple mediation analysis to test whether the selected anthropometric measurements had mediation effects on the total effect of the DASH diet on hypertension. Random forest models were conducted to identify nutrient subsets associated with the DASH score and anthropometric measurements. Finally, associations between common nutrients and DASH score, anthropometric measurements, and risk of hypertension were respectively evaluated by a logistic regression model adjusting for possible confounders. Our study revealed that BMI and WHtR acted as full mediators between DASH score and high blood pressure levels. Together, they accounted for more than 45% of the variation in hypertension. Interestingly, WHtR was found to be the strongest mediator, explaining approximate 80% of the mediating effect. Furthermore, we identified a group of three commonly consumed nutrients (sodium, potassium, and octadecatrienoic acid) that had opposing effects on DASH score and anthropometric measurements. These nutrients were also found to be associated with hypertension in the same way as BMI and WHtR in univariate regression models. The most important among these nutrients was sodium, which was negatively correlated with the DASH score (β = −0.53, 95% CI = −0.56~−0.50, p &lt; 0.001) and had a positive association with BMI (β = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01~0.07, p = 0.02), WHtR (β = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.03~0.09, p &lt; 0.001), and hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01~1.19, p = 0.037). Our investigation revealed that the WHtR exerts a greater mediating effect than BMI on the correlation between the DASH diet and hypertension. Notably, we identified a plausible nutrient intake pathway involving sodium, potassium, and octadecatrienoic acid. Our findings suggested that lifestyle modifications that emphasize the reduction of central obesity and the attainment of a well-balanced micro/macro nutrient profile, such as the DASH diet, could potentially be efficacious in managing hypertension.

Determinants of nutritional status among primary school students in Dilla Town; Application of an ordinal logistic regression model

BackgroundOne of the most frequent reasons for children’s poor physical and mental development is malnutrition, becoming a more significant issue in most developing nations, including Ethiopia. Prior research used multiple anthropometric measurements separately to pinpoint undernutrition concerns in children. However, the impact of each explanatory variable on a single response category was not considered in these investigations. This study used a single composite index of anthropometric parameters to identify the factors affecting elementary school students' nutritional condition. MethodsIn Dilla, Ethiopia, 494 primary school students took part in a cross-sectional institutional survey during the 2021 academic year. Principal component analysis was used to create a single composite measure of nutritional status using z-scores for the anthropometric indices of height-for-age and body mass index-for-age. The relative effectiveness of a partial proportional odds model was compared with several other ordinal regression models to identify the important variables for children’s nutritional status. Results27.94% of primary school students were undernourished (7.29% severely and 20.65% moderately). According to the fitted partial proportional odds model, the mother’s education level (secondary or higher) was positively correlated with the nutritional status of primary school students, given that in this case the students ate three or more times per day and had a high dietary diversity score (OR = 5.94; CI: 2.2–16.0). Nevertheless, there was a negative correlation between larger family size (OR = 0.56; CI: 0.32–0.97), unprotected groundwater (OR = 0.76; CI: 0.6–0.96), and severely food insecure households (OR = 0.3; CI: 0.14–0.68). ConclusionIn Dilla, Ethiopia, undernutrition among primary school students is a serious issue. It is essential to implement nutrition education and school feeding programs, improve drinking water sources, and boost the community’s economy to alleviate the problems.

The Role of Nasal Sill Correction in Secondary Cleft Rhinoplasty.

Evaluating outcomes after cleft rhinoplasty can be challenging because of the lack of objective measures that would lead to a more desirable outcome. This study is a 10-year retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients who underwent secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty performed by a single surgeon. Subjective ratings were made using the Unilateral Cleft Lip Surgical Outcomes Evaluation (UCL SOE), which rates 4 components (nose, cupid's bow, lateral lip, and free vermillion) with a score of 0 to 2. Multiple anthropometric measurements (nostril height ratio, width ratio, medial ¼ height ratio, sill ratio, nostril area ratio, columellar angle, tip projection ratio, and nasolabial angle) were taken using a free National Institutes of Health program, ImageJ. Standardized photographs were compared at T0 (preoperatively), T1 (<6 weeks postoperatively), and T2 (>6 weeks postoperatively). There were 30 patients who met our inclusion criteria: 10 males (66.7%) and 20 females (66.7%). Of these patients, 26 (86.7%) had a complete cleft lip and 4 (13.3%) had an incomplete cleft lip. The patients' average age at time of surgery was 16.2 years with a mean follow-up of 17.9 months. Subjective scores in both nasal and overall UCL SOE ratings improved from T0 to T1, 0.7 to 1.2 (P ≤ 0.001) and 3.6 to 4.7 (P ≤ 0.001), respectively. Visual analog scores in nasal and overall UCL SOE ratings improved between T0 and T2, 0.7 to 0.9 (P = 0.023) and 3.6 to 4.8 (P = 0.002), respectively. Of all the objective measures, nasal sill ratio and cleft height to width ratio correlated with improved subjective ratings across multiple time points. Our study shows that objective measures such as nasal sill and nostril shape (cleft height to width ratio) correlate with improved subjective visual analog scale using the UCL SOE. The nasal sill is an often overlooked, yet essential, part of creating an aesthetically pleasing nose during cleft rhinoplasty.

Modeling Morquio A Syndrome: An Anthropometric Study of Body Characteristics and Stature.

Background: Morquio A syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IVA is an autosomal recessive, life-limiting lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of the enzyme galactosamine-6-sulfatase. Common early symptoms such as abnormalities of body stature can facilitate timely diagnosis. This study aimed to create a pattern of face and body stature based on anthropometric measurements taken from a cohort of Polish patients with MPS IVA. Methods: Analysis of 11 somatometric and 14 craniofacial features was performed on 20 patients with MPS IVA, aged from 3 months to 26 years. The diagnosis of MPS IVA was confirmed by enzymatic and molecular analysis. Two-tailed t-tests were used to compare mean values for body length and weight at birth between the MPS IVA patients and the general population. To show the degree and direction of deviation z-scores were calculated and then used to construct a model of an average MPS IVA patient. Results: Mean values for body height and weight at birth were greater for boys than for the general population. The observed pattern of head and body shape indicated that dwarfism occurred with age as a result of the relatively short trunk and lower limbs. Skeletal abnormalities included a bell-shaped chest with the ratio of chest depth to chest width being significantly above the norm. The head and neck were relatively elongated, in comparison to body height, and tucked between narrow shoulders. The head had dolichocephalic shape, while the nose was short with wide nostrils. Conclusions: Multiple anthropometric measurements, including age ranges, allowed for the creation of a model that showed the most characteristic features of the MPS IVA phenotype.

Anthropometric Clusters of Competitive Cyclists and Their Sprint and Endurance Performance.

Do athletes specialize toward sports disciplines that are well aligned with their anthropometry? Novel machine-learning algorithms now enable scientists to cluster athletes based on their individual anthropometry while integrating multiple anthropometric dimensions, which may provide new perspectives on anthropometry-dependent sports specialization. We aimed to identify clusters of competitive cyclists based on their individual anthropometry using multiple anthropometric measures, and to evaluate whether athletes with a similar anthropometry also competed in the same cycling discipline. Additionally, we assessed differences in sprint and endurance performance between the anthropometric clusters. Twenty-four nationally and internationally competitive male cyclists were included from sprint, pursuit, and road disciplines. Anthropometry was measured and k-means clustering was performed to divide cyclists into three anthropometric subgroups. Sprint performance (Wingate 1-s peak power, squat-jump mean power) and endurance performance (mean power during a 15 km time trial, O2peak) were obtained. K-means clustering assigned sprinters to a mesomorphic cluster (endo-, meso-, and ectomorphy were 2.8, 5.0, and 2.4; n = 6). Pursuit and road cyclists were distributed over a short meso-ectomorphic cluster (1.6, 3.8, and 3.9; n = 9) and tall meso-ectomorphic cluster (1.5, 3.6, and 4.0; n = 9), the former consisting of significantly lighter, shorter, and smaller cyclists (p < 0.05). The mesomorphic cluster demonstrated higher sprint performance (p < 0.05), whereas the meso-ectomorphic clusters established higher endurance performance (p < 0.001). Overall, endurance performance was associated with lean ectomorph cyclists with small girths and small frontal area (p < 0.05), and sprint performance related to cyclists with larger skinfolds, larger girths, and low frontal area per body mass (p < 0.05). Clustering optimization revealed a mesomorphic cluster of sprinters with high sprint performance and short and tall meso-ectomorphic clusters of pursuit and road cyclists with high endurance performance. Anthropometry-dependent specialization was partially confirmed, as the clustering algorithm distinguished short and tall endurance-type cyclists (matching the anthropometry of all-terrain and flat-terrain road cyclists) rather than pursuit and road cyclists. Machine-learning algorithms therefore provide new insights in how athletes match their sports discipline with their individual anthropometry.

The association between gut microbiome and anthropometric measurements in Bangladesh

ABSTRACTOur objective was to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiota and anthropometric measurements among 248 participants from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh. Our cohort represents a unique population that allows for the investigation of the gut microbiota and anthropometric measurements in lean individuals. We measured height, weight, arm, thigh, hip, and waist circumferences, and collected fecal samples. Microbial DNA was extracted from the stool samples and sequenced by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We examined associations between relative abundance of individual bacterial taxa from phylum to genus levels and anthropometric measurements. We found that higher BMI, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio were associated with a lower alpha diversity of fecal bacteria. Relative abundance of the genus Oscillospira and the family S24-7 were inversely related to all measurements after correction for multiple testing. Relative abundance of genus Acidaminococcus and family Ruminococcaceae were also associated with several measurements. The positive associations of the genus Acidaminococcus with BMI, as well as waist and hip circumferences, were stronger in women than in men. Our data in this lean Bangladeshi population found a correlation between Oscillospira and leanness, as measured using multiple anthropometric measures.

Anthropometer3D: Automatic Multi-Slice Segmentation Software for the Measurement of Anthropometric Parameters from CT of PET/CT.

Anthropometric parameters like muscle body mass (MBM), fat body mass (FBM), lean body mass (LBM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) are used in oncology. Our aim was to develop and evaluate the software Anthropometer3D measuring these anthropometric parameters on the CT of PET/CT. This software performs a multi-atlas segmentation of CT of PET/CT with extrapolation coefficients for the body parts beyond the usual acquisition range (from the ischia to the eyes). The multi-atlas database is composed of 30 truncated CTs manually segmented to isolate three types of voxels (muscle, fat, and visceral fat). To evaluate Anthropomer3D, a leave-one-out cross-validation was performed to measure MBM, FBM, LBM, VAT, and SAT. The reference standard was based on the manual segmentation of the corresponding whole-body CT. A manual segmentation of one CT slice at level L3 was also used. Correlations were analyzed using Dice coefficient, intra-class coefficient correlation (ICC), and Bland-Altman plot. The population was heterogeneous (sex ratio 1:1; mean age 57years old [min 23; max 74]; mean BMI 27kg/m2 [min 18; max 40]). Dice coefficients between reference standard and Anthropometer3D were excellent (mean+/-SD): muscle 0.95 ± 0.02, fat 1.00 ± 0.01, and visceral fat 0.97 ± 0.02. The ICC was almost perfect (minimal value of 95% CI of 0.97). All Bland-Altman plot values (mean difference, 95% CI and slopes) were better for Anthropometer3D compared to L3 level segmentation. Anthropometer3D allows multiple anthropometric measurements based on an automatic multi-slice segmentation. It is more precise than estimates using L3 level segmentation.

240 - Associations Between Growth Velocity and Body Mass Index among School Age Children in Hualien County: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose: We investigate the associations between body mass index (BMI) and growth velocity by tracking multiple anthropometric measurements from grade one to seven school age children who remained in the same BMI categories for 6-year interval. Our hypothesis is that obesity contributes higher growth velocity and affects both sexes equally.

Anthropometric Assessment for Bariatric Procedures in the Private Practice of a Registered Dietitian in Colombia.

Obesity and its consequences have now reached worldwide pandemic proportions. Among treatments, bariatric interventions are the most effective for weight reduction. Here, we describe the change in anthropometric measurements (AMs) of 615 adult bariatric procedure patients seen in the private practice of a registered dietitian (RD) in Bogotá, Colombia. Observational retrospective study of AMs recorded between 1996 and 2013 for patients who had laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG, n=290), laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB, n=207), and laparoscopic Roux-EN-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB, n=36) or the non-surgical gastric balloon (GB, n=82) procedure. Patients had three bimonthly follow-up visits. Paired t tests compared baseline (first) and 6-month (fourth) follow-up visit values. Differences in AMs between the baseline and fourth visits were statistically significant for the surgical interventions. A mean weight loss of 22kg, equivalent to a 22% total body weight loss, together with significant reduction of the waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR)(p<0.001) and body mass index (BMI)(p<0.001), was observed across all procedures. The use of multiple AMs enables a comprehensive assessment of body composition in patients who undergo bariatric procedures. Our study is a useful resource for international future reference and highlights the impact that the RD can have on understanding and influencing the effectiveness of bariatric procedures.

Fetal metabolic influences of neonatal anthropometry and adiposity.

BackgroundLarge for gestational age infants have an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular and metabolic complications during life. Knowledge of the key predictive factors of neonatal adiposity is required to devise targeted antenatal interventions. Our objective was to determine the fetal metabolic factors that influence regional neonatal adiposity in a cohort of women with previous large for gestational age offspring.MethodsData from the ROLO [Randomised COntrol Trial of LOw Glycaemic Index in Pregnancy] study were analysed in the ROLO Kids study. Neonatal anthropometric and skinfold measurements were compared with fetal leptin and C-peptide results from cord blood in 185 cases. Analyses were performed to examine the association between these metabolic factors and birthweight, anthropometry and markers of central and generalised adiposity.ResultsFetal leptin was found to correlate with birthweight, general adiposity and multiple anthropometric measurements. On multiple regression analysis, fetal leptin remained significantly associated with adiposity, independent of gender, maternal BMI, gestational age or study group assignment, while fetal C-peptide was no longer significant.ConclusionFetal leptin may be an important predictor of regional neonatal adiposity. Interventional studies are required to assess the impact of neonatal adiposity on the subsequent risk of childhood obesity and to determine whether interventions which reduce circulating leptin levels have a role to play in improving neonatal adiposity measures.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0499-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Body size across the life course and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

Current evidence of an association between body size and prostate cancer is conflicting, possibly due to differential effects of body size across the lifespan and the heterogeneity of the disease. We therefore examined childhood and adult body size in relation to total incident prostate cancer and prognostic subtypes in a prospective cohort of 47,491 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We assessed adult height, body mass index (BMI) in early and middle-to-late adulthood, adult waist circumference, and body shape at age 10. With follow-up from 1986 to 2010, we estimated the relative risk (RR) of prostate cancer using Cox proportional hazards models. We identified 6,183 incident cases. Tallness was associated with increased risk of advanced-stage tumors, particularly fatal disease (RR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.23-2.23, highest vs. lowest quintile, ptrend < 0.001). High BMI at age 21 was inversely associated with total prostate cancer (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98, BMI ≥ 26 vs. 20-21.9, ptrend = 0.01) and with fatal and advanced disease. The association for late adult BMI differed by age (pinteraction < 0.001); high BMI was inversely associated with total prostate cancer (RR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.51-0.78, BMI ≥ 30 vs. 21-22.9, ptrend <0.001) and with non-advanced and less aggressive tumors among men ≤ 65 years, whereas no association was seen among men >65 years. Adult waist circumference was weakly inversely associated with less aggressive disease. Childhood obesity was unclearly related to risk. Our study confirms tall men to be at increased risk of fatal and advanced prostate cancer. The influence of adiposity varies by prognostic disease subtype and by age. The relationship between body size and prostate cancer is complex. Body size changes progressively throughout life and consequent effects on prostate cancer risk may be associated with related changes in hormonal and metabolic pathways. This large prospective study examined potential associations between the risk of various prostate cancer subtypes and multiple anthropometric measures at different ages in men. Tallness was confirmed to be associated with an elevated risk of advanced prostate cancer, particularly fatal disease. The extent to which body weight influenced risk varied according to factors such as age and disease subtype.

Anthropometric measurements as a screening test for carpal tunnel syndrome: receiver operating characteristic curves and accuracy.

To identify optimal cutoff values for body, hand, and wrist measurements in order to correctly identify individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We enrolled patients with CTS and control subjects at a 1:2 ratio, regardless of age and sex. The diagnosis of CTS was based on clinical findings and delayed distal conduction velocity of the median nerve. The anthropometric measurements included weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumferences, wrist depth/width, third digit length, and palm length/width. Obesity indicators and hand/wrist ratios were calculated. Area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated separately according to sex. To assess the role of multiple anthropometric measurements, we fit multivariable logistic regression models including age, wrist ratio, shape index, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio. The study group comprised 1,117 subjects (250 female patients and 474 female controls; 120 male patients and 273 male controls). In women, the accuracy of all anthropometric measures was low (AUC ≤0.64). In men, the accuracy of the hand ratio, shape index, and wrist-to-palm ratio was moderate (AUC = 0.75). The estimates from the multivariable models confirmed the well-known associations between the selected variables and the risk of CTS, but the use of multiple predictors did not dramatically improve the diagnostic performance observed for single anthropometric indexes. In clinical practice, the cutoff values for many anthropometric measurements have limited value as tools for the diagnosis of CTS.

Multiple anthropometric measures in relation to incidence of diabetes: a Swedish population-based cohort study.

Obesity is the major modifiable risk factor for diabetes. This study investigated the incidence of diabetes in relation to multiple anthropometric measures. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage (BF %) were measured among 26,604 subjects (aged 45-73 years) without history of diabetes from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. During 14 years of follow-up, 2935 subjects (1519 men, 1416 women) were diagnosed with diabetes. In men, incidence of diabetes was 24.1 and 4.0 per 1000 person-years comparing the fourth vs. first quartile of WHtR. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR; fourth vs first quartile) were 6.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.02-7.16) for WHtR, 5.95 (CI: 4.96-7.14) for WC, 5.19 (CI: 4.38-6.15) for BMI, 4.71 (CI: 3.96-5.60) for WHR and 3.21 (CI: 2.75-3.76] for BF%. For women, incidence of diabetes was 15.1 and 1.4 per 1000 person-years for fourth vs first quartile of WHtR (HR: 10.19, CI: 8.10-12.82). HR was 9.16 (CI: 7.40-11.33) for WC, 6.42 (CI: 5.27-7.81) for BMI, 6.75 (CI: 5.52-8.25) for WHR and 5.39 (CI: 4.42-6.57) for BF%. Model discrimination was marginally increased when WC, WHtR or WHR was used in combination with BMI. All measures of obesity were associated with substantially increased incidence of diabetes. Abdominal obesity was associated with higher incidence rates in men than in women, but in terms of relative risks the relationships were stronger in women. The combination of BMI and abdominal obesity measures had stronger association with diabetes than BMI alone.

Validating Paediatric Morphometrics: body proportion measurement using photogrammetric anthropometry.

Taking multiple anthropometric measurements for the description of body proportions in an accurate way is a time-consuming procedure that requires specific tools and skills. This is why we developed an alternative method based on digital photography for taking these measurements which is faster and easier to use, to make anthropometry more user-friendly and approachable to paediatricians. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 54 children between 2 and 18 years of age. We compared manual measurements with photogrammetric measurements to validate our method. Inter-observer correlations of all measurements are ≥0.96 and mean differences are 0.3-0.9 cm, except for arm span. Comparison of manual to photogrammetric measurements shows mean differences of 0.6-1.3 cm, with correlations ≥0.92, except for sitting height and arm span. Correlations of ratios between methods are height/sitting height (r=0.77), biacromium/biiliacum (r=0.74) and subischial leg length/sitting height (r=0.75). Photogrammetric anthropometry is faster, easier to use and provides the paediatrician with more flexibility as taking the digital photographs and performing the analysis are separated.

Adiposity post prophylactic oophorectomy in young women at high risk for breast and ovarian cancer.

1572 Background: Bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (BPSO) is the current standard of care for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer. We have previously demonstrated an association between early oophorectomy, adiposity and mortality in the general population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2009 and January 2013 in 87 women with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer and/or BRCA1/2 mutation to identify the effect of early BPSO on multiple health outcomes. Twenty-two women who underwent BPSO within 1 to 5 years of enrollment while premenopausal and not on hormone therapy were compared to 44 premenopausal women with intact ovaries and the same age distribution and 21 postmenopausal women with intact ovaries and not on hormone therapy. Multiple anthropometric measures were taken and % body fat assessed by DEXA scan. Linear regression was used to estimate differences in these measures between the three groups. Results: The mean ages were 47, 47, and 54 years in the BPSO, premenopausal and postmenopausal groups respectively. Parity, alcohol intake, smoking and race did not significantly differ between groups. Fewer BPSO women had ever used oral contraceptives (OCP) compared to the premenopausal group (p =0.05). The BPSO group had lower mean physical activity (p = 0.05) compared to the two other groups. BMI was increased in the BPSO group but was not statistically different across groups. However, mean waist and abdominal circumference and trunk % body fat were significantly higher among women who underwent BPSO compared to both groups. In multivariate analyses adjusting for age, physical activity, and OCP use, the average waist circumference was 7.92 cm (95% CI 1.46, 14.37) higher and 8.98 cm (95% CI 0.40, 17.46) higher in the BPSO group compared to the postmenopausal and premenopausal groups, respectively. A similar pattern was seen for abdominal circumference. Association with % body fat were not statistically significant. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that increased central adiposity, is a sequelae of BPSO in young women. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm results and evaluate the efficacy of interventions.

The relationship between anthropometric measurements and the bony pelvis in African American and European American women

The bony pelvis anatomy is highly variable. This study aims to examine the relationship between anthropometric measurements and the size of the adult female bony pelvis. Three-dimensional points of all pertinent landmarks of 96 adult female bony pelvises were obtained and the true conjugate, interspinous distance, intertuberous distance, and pelvic inlet and outlet areas were calculated. The relationship between these measurements and height and multiple anthropometric measurements were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Multiple anthropometric measurements were significantly correlated with the true conjugate and pelvic inlet and outlet areas, but not with the interspinous or intertuberous widths. Height had a greater correlation with pelvic areas than any other anthropometric measure considered, even after controlling for race. There were no significant differences in pelvic areas between races. Height and other anthropometric measurements were significantly correlated with the true conjugate and pelvic inlet and outlet areas.

Facets of Personality Linked to Underweight and Overweight

Personality traits underlie maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive and emotional disturbances that contribute to major preventable causes of global disease burden. This study examines detailed personality profiles of underweight, normal, and overweight individuals to provide insights into the causes and treatments of abnormal weight. More than half of the population from four towns in Sardinia, Italy (n = 5693; age = 14-94 years; mean +/- standard deviation = 43 +/- 17 years) were assessed on multiple anthropometric measures and 30 facets that comprehensively cover the five major dimensions of personality, using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness were associated with being underweight and obese, respectively. High Impulsiveness (specifically eating-behavior items) and low Order were associated with body mass index categories of overweight and obese, and with measures of abdominal adiposity (waist and hip circumference). Those scoring in the top 10% of Impulsiveness were about 4 kg heavier than those in the bottom 10%, an effect independent and larger than the FTO genetic variant. Prospective analyses confirmed that Impulsiveness and Order were significant predictors of general and central measures of adiposity assessed 3 years later. Overweight and obese individuals have difficulty resisting cravings and lack methodical and organized behaviors that might influence diet and weight control. Although individuals' traits have limited impact on the current obesogenic epidemic, personality traits can improve clinical assessment, suggest points of intervention, and help tailor prevention and treatment approaches.