Multiphase Heat Transfer Research Articles

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of low water content jet fuel in U-bend tubes: A numerical study using LES and DPM approaches

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the flow and heat transfer behavior of low-water-content jet fuel (α ≤ 2 %) in U-bend tubes, utilizing Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Discrete Phase Models (DPM). The research focus on the influence of radii of curvature ratio (r/D), flow rates (Qtp) and α on flow dynamics and heat transfer mechanisms. Flow fields for r/D = 1 and r/D ≥ 2.5, where distinct secondary flow structures, play a critical role in shaping internal flow behavior. These vortices significantly enhance flow mixing and heat transfer, especially on the inner wall, through complex multi-level vortex interactions. The local wall Nusselt number shows a close correlation with vorticity trends, initially increasing and then decreasing, with notable deviations near the inlet and outlet regions. This non-uniform heat transfer is primarily driven by the interaction of secondary flow structures and adverse pressure gradients near the inner wall, while higher Qtp and smaller r/D can improve heat transfer uniformity under certain flow conditions. The presence of droplets increases the total wall Nusselt number by 4 % to 60 % compared to single-phase jet fuel flow, due to two-phase interaction and boundary layer disruption. Finally, the study proposes modified correlations for pressure drop gradients and total wall Nusselt numbers, accounting for effects of r/D and multiphase heat transfer processes. These correlations, validated with RRMSEs of 3.54 % and 6.80 % respectively, provide valuable insights for improving heat transfer efficiency in fuel systems and form a theoretical foundation for real-time monitoring technologies in aircraft fuel lines.

Numerical simulation of single-pass selective laser melting of Mg-Y-Sm-Zn-Zr alloy

A three-dimensional finite volume method (FVM) thermal-fluid coupling model was developed to simulate the temperature field distribution and dimensions of the melt pool in selective laser melting (SLM) of Mg-Y-Sm-Zn-Zr alloy powder. This model aims to accurately determine the temperature field and surface morphology of the melt pool by considering the laser's impact on powder particles, free surface dynamics, convection, and multiphase heat transfer. The study explores how laser power and scanning speed influence temperature distribution, melt pool size, and flow dynamics. The findings show that increasing laser power or reducing scanning speed consistently affects the melt pool size, peak temperature, and cooling rate. During the evaporation of the alloy in the melt pool, fluid flow is primarily governed by recoil pressure and Marangoni convection. Notably, increasing the laser power from 40 W to 100 W and the scanning speed at 0.3 m/s enhances the depth of the melt pool indentation from 13.86 µm to 23.35 µm. Furthermore, the indentation depth correlates positively with the laser line energy density.

Advancements and Prospects of Hydrogel Sweat Cooling Technology in Multiphase Heat Transfer Applications: A Review

Hydrogel sweat cooling is one of the leading areas in the study of multiphase heat transfer. In this study, the principles, applications, current research status, and future trends of hydrogel sweat cooling technology are comprehensively reviewed. By combing through and analyzing the relevant literature, the research progress in hydrogel sweat cooling is presented from the application perspective, including its use in electronic devices, buildings, and clean-energy facilities. The principle of each application is illustrated, the research status is established, and pros and cons are proposed. To provide inspiration for future research, the development trend is set out. Our literature review indicates that research on advanced hydrogels is the most promising research direction, including studies on the effect of environmental and indoor factors on sweat cooling performance through numerical, experimental, and theoretical means. Challenges for future research mainly include conducting hydrogel numerical analysis which can be experimentally verified, developing advanced hydrogels in a green way, and achieving the precise regulation of hydrogel control through intelligent methods. Interdisciplinary integration might be promising as well due to the fact that it can reveal the hydrogel sweat cooling mechanism from a different perspective. This study aims to promote multiphase cooling technology in exploring the application of hydrogels in energy utilization criteria.

Multiscale study of reactive transport and multiphase heat transfer processes in catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) requires deep understanding of the reactive transport processes inside the catalyst layers (CLs). In this study, a particle-overlapping model is developed for accurately describing the hierarchical structures and oxygen reactive transport processes in CLs. The analytical solutions derived from this model indicate that carbon particle overlap increases ionomer thickness, reduces specific surface areas of ionomer and carbon, and further intensifies the local oxygen transport resistance (Rother). The relationship between Rother and roughness factor predicted by the model in the range of 800-1600 s m-1 agrees well with the experiments. Then, a multiscale model is developed by coupling the particle-overlapping model with cell-scale models, which is validated by comparing with the polarization curves and local current density distribution obtained in experiments. The relative error of local current density distribution is below 15% in the ohmic polarization region. Finally, the multiscale model is employed to explore effects of CL structural parameters including Pt loading, I/C, ionomer coverage and carbon particle radius on the cell performance as well as the phase-change-induced (PCI) flow and capillary-driven (CD) flow in CL. The result demonstrates that the CL structural parameters have significant effects on the cell performance as well as the PCI and CD flows. Optimizing the CL structure can increase the current density and further enhance the heat-pipe effect within the CL, leading to overall higher PCI and CD rates. The maximum increase of PCI and CD rates can exceed 145%. Besides, the enhanced heat-pipe effect causes the reverse flow regions of PCI and CD near the CL/PEM interface, which can occupy about 30% of the CL. The multiscale model significantly contributes to a deep understanding of reactive transport and multiphase heat transfer processes inside PEMFCs.

A multiphase heat transfer model for spreading wall film coupled with solid wall temperature field

A simplified model for wall film impingement, spreading and evaporation is proposed in this work. The performance of the model was compared with experimental data. For the experimental data, a 2.8 mm diameter diesel drop at 423 K was impinged on a stainless steel wall. The solid surface and embedded temperature was recorded with time. The variation of film spread fraction, which is the ratio of the film spread diameter to the original drop diameter was also recorded with time. The present model deals with solid, liquid and gas phase physics of the wall film. An analytical expression developed previously for the heat flux from the ambient gas into the liquid gas interface, is used to represent the temperature distribution within the film. The correlation for heat transfer coefficient at the solid–liquid interface was developed and the solid temperature distribution is solved using the semi-infinite solid assumption in the 1-D coordinate system. A simplified film spread model was developed as a function of the maximum film spread fraction, which can be derived from energy conservation principles. A vapor sharing algorithm was also developed for film spreading into the neighboring computational cells. The model results were able to capture the initial rise in solid surface temperature during the initial spread of the film. However, the overall steady state temperature was slightly overpredicted. The solid embedded temperature matched well with experimental results. Variation of temperature within the film and the ambient gas temperature of the cell containing the film with time, obtained from the model was also shown.

Operational characteristics of the super-long gravity heat pipe for geothermal energy exploitation

As a novel geothermal heat transfer technology, the super-long gravity heat pipe (SLGHP) demonstrates great potential for the efficient exploitation of deep geothermal energy. Despite the rapid advances made to the SLGHP technology, its operational characteristics remain to be fully investigated. In this study, the underlying phenomenological mechanisms of the SLGHP are compared with those of normal-size gravity heat pipes (NSGHPs), and the operational characteristics of the SLGHP are analyzed in view of its distinctive geometric features. It is noted that the thermal resistance caused by the vapor flow is negligible in the NSGHPs, while it dominates the overall thermal resistance of the SLGHP. The dominance of the vapor flow thermal resistance allows making the one-dimensional simplification (along the pipe length direction) in the mathematical model of the SLGHP geothermal energy extraction system. Under these circumstances, the temperature gradient along the SLGHP length can be theoretically deduced based on the pressure drop of vapor flow. Close observation of the temperature gradient expression indicates that the desirable SLGHP working fluid should have the following properties: i) large latent heat of vaporization, and ii) a strong dependence of the saturated vapor pressure on the temperature. In cases where the saturated vapor pressure of the working fluid is highly dependent on the temperature, as in the case of ammonia, the working temperature profile of the SLGHP can be formulated as a linear function of the depth. This unique working temperature characteristic offers valuable guidance to determine the length of the SLGHP adiabatic section in practical geothermal applications. The on-site observed operational characteristics provide the necessary theoretical foundation for modeling the multiphase heat transfer process in SLGHP, which will lead to a valuable engineering analysis and design tool supporting the application and commercialization of the SLGHP technology.

A Comparative Analysis of Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient and Correlations for Hydrocarbons and Ethanol

This study will present a comprehensive review of the two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of hydrocarbons such as propane (R-290), butane (R-600), iso-butane (R-600a), and ethanol at various experimental conditions. Studying the multiphase flow heat transfer coefficient is crucial for many types of heat transfer equipment to achieve higher efficiency for more compact design and cost reduction. One reason we chose hydrocarbons as refrigerants in this study is that they are of an ozone depletion potential equal to zero (ODP = 0) and a deficient level of direct global warming potential (GWP = 3). Moreover, hydrocarbons’ thermodynamic and thermophysical characteristics qualify them to be a strong candidate for more heat transfer applications, initially, by constructing a database for the working fluids using multiple existing experimental work. The current data that this study have collected for the flow boiling spans a wide range of parameters, such as mass flux, heat flux, operating pressure, saturation temperature, etc. Furthermore, by comparing the experimental multiphase heat transfer coefficient database with the anticipated values of each correlation, the prediction performance of 26 correlations found in the literature was assessed. This study allows the best prediction method to be selected based on the minimum deviation of predicted results from the experimental database provided based on the mean absolute error (MAE) calculated from the assessed correlations. The conclusions of such a study can also be helpful for developing more accurate correlation methods for these fluids and improving the prediction of their flow boiling characteristics.

Novel CFD-DEM approach for analyzing spherical and non-spherical shape particles in spouted fluidized bed

The spouted fluidized bed process is a multiphase heat and mass transfer flow. The process requires effective solid-gas and solid-solid interaction. Various numerical models have been developed to understand and optimize these interactions. However, most of these models have used spherical particle definition, whereas the actual particles are non-spherical. Here we present coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) and Discrete Element Method(DEM) based model to analyze the fluidized bed process for non-spherical particles (Faceted cylinder). The model results are validated with experimental results for spherical particles. The model is further used to understand mixing during the process as a function of non-spherical particle geometry. Aspect ratio and corner count were the geometrical input parameters for faceted cylinder-shaped particles. Transient plots for bubble diameter and bed height for spouted fluidized beds were created for all cases. The bubble diameter and bed height values were much lower for faceted cylinder particles than for spherical particles. For non-spherical particles, the increased number of corners was a crucial factor that brought the outcomes closer to those of spherical-shaped particles. The aspect ratio values increased, and the bubble diameter shrank as a result of more resistance to particle movement. The results would be of great use to correctly simulate non- spherical particles based fluidized bed process and optimize various process parameters.

Thermal-mechanical coupling characteristics and heat pipe failure analysis of heat pipe cooled space reactor

Heat pipe cooled reactor has wide application prospects in space environment because of the advantages of high reliability and small mass. Heat Pipe-Segmented Thermoelectric Module Converters (HP–STMCs) is a typical design of space heat pipe cooled reactor. In this paper, a new thermal–mechanical coupling analysis method for the reactor was proposed. A two-dimensional heat pipe code for multiphase heat transfer was developed, with simplification of the wick as a purely conductive process and consideration of the flow of compressible vapor. A thermal stress computational model of the core was established using COMSOL Multiphysics, with the heat pipes divided into six channels. Based on various power distribution conditions, different heating powers were employed to simulate the heat pipe operation within each channel. Normal and accident operating characteristics were analyzed by the model. Under normal operation, the maximum temperature is 1641.9 K, located in the center of the core, and heat pipes in the fifth channel have the highest heat transfer power, reaching 13.674 kW. During accidents, thermal stress emerges as the main threat to the reactor's safety. A single heat pipe failure at any location poses no safety risk, but the thermal stress exceeds the safety limit if two heat pipes fail at the reactor core's edge, reaching 269.92Mpa. With three failed heat pipes, stress exceeds limits even at the well-cooled middle position and raises the local maximum temperature to 1959.8 K. This research provides valuable experience for local effects assessment and safety analysis of heat pipe cooled reactors.

Free-standing nanowire printed surfaces with high variability in substrate selection for boiling heat transfer enhancement

Nanowires (NWs) constitute a promising solution to the overheating of high-heat-load surfaces in multiphase heat transfer. Typical nanostructure fabrication methods such as complex photolithography and metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) that utilize patterned templates are limited by high manufacturing costs and type of substrate materials. These limitations significantly hinder the industrial applicability of NW structures in high heat flux units. In this study, we first examine the effect of the morphology of Zinc oxide (ZnO) NW printed substrates, fabricated via microcontact printing (µCP) and solution based growing, on the heat transfer characteristics in pool boiling. Unlike advanced photolithography, µCP offers greater variability and convenience in terms of the substrate selection and large area creation for NW fabrication. Compared with the silicon substrate, the underlying mechanisms for enhancing both the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of ZnO NW substrates are explored by analyzing the surface morphology, bubble, and wicking characteristics of the test surfaces, in order to determine the applicability of boiling heat transfer using ZnO NWs in industrial fields.

Resolving the spatial scales of mass and heat transfer in direct plasma sources for activating liquids

When plasma is in direct contact with liquid, an exchange of mass and heat between the two media occurs, manifested in multiple physical processes such as vaporization and multiphase heat transfer. These phenomena significantly influence the conditions at the plasma–liquid interface and interfere with other processes such as the multiphase transport of reactive species across the interface. In this work, an experimentally validated computational model was developed and used to quantify mass and energy exchange processes at a plasma–liquid interface. On the liquid side of the interface, it was shown that a thin film of liquid exists where the temperature is approximately three times higher than the bulk temperature, extending to a depth of 10 μm. As the depth increased, a strongly nonlinear decrease in the temperature was encountered. On the plasma side of the interface, plasma heating caused background gas rarefaction, resulting in a 15% reduction in gas density compared to ambient conditions. The combined effect of gas rarefaction and liquid heating promoted vaporization, which increased liquid vapor density in the plasma phase. When water is the treated liquid, it is shown that water vapor constitutes up to 30% of the total gas composition in the region up to 0.1 mm from the interface, with this percentage approaching 70–80% of the total gas composition when the water’s temperature reaches its boiling point.

A Design Tool for Solar Thermal Remediation Using Borehole Heat Exchangers.

Low temperature heating of the subsurface (increases of about 5-20 °C) can substantially increase rates of biotic and abiotic destruction of dissolved contaminants such as chlorinated solvents. Low-temperature heating can be sustainably and cost-effectively achieved using solar thermal collectors coupled with closed-loop borehole heat exchangers. This technology has been implemented at several sites in the United States and abroad with favorable results. The design of a solar thermal remediation system requires a quantitative understanding of heat transfer from the array of borehole heat exchangers. We present an easy-to-use design tool that is based on a transient three-dimensional analytical heat transfer solution and is programmed in Visual Basic in Excel. This tool can be used to quickly explore the effect of design variables on the forecast temperature field. Typical design variables would include the site-specific average and monthly solar insolation data, solar collector configuration, borehole heat exchanger geometry and spacing, and the effects of environmental variables such as groundwater velocity, background subsurface temperature, and thermal conductivity. The design tool has been verified by comparisons with the TOUGH2 multiphase heat transfer code for a three-dimensional multi-heater system with seasonally variable thermal power rates. The code has been validated by comparisons to observed temperatures measured at a solar thermal field remediation application at a site in Colorado.

Water and heat management of vapor-fed direct methanol fuel cells with a non-isothermal triple-phase mass transfer model

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) operating with methanol vapor tends to operate under higher temperature, which contributes to improve cell performance and specific energy. However, the design of vapor-fed DMFCs with high performance and adaptability are still hindered by the complex water and heat management. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the critical multiphase heat and mass transfer, we develop a two-dimensional non-isothermal triple-phase mass transfer model for a passive vapor-fed DMFC. Effects of the electrochemical reactions and related thermal effect are fully investigated. Increasing the current density raises the operating temperature, thus enhancing the generation rate of methanol vapor and reducing concentration polarization under high current densities. With the enlargement of the open area ratio (from 0.1 to 0.3), an excessive methanol supply rate may cause deteriorated methanol crossover rates and excessively high temperatures, resulting in severe dehydration of polymer electrolytes and a degraded cathode overpotential (from −0.48V to −0.54V). For the DMFC with Nafion 112 membrane, the maximum current density and peak power density are 33.3% and 36.0% greater than that of Nafion 117 membrane. The simulation work will provide an exhaustive theoretical guidance for the efficient management of water and heat in DMFCs fed with neat methanol.

Numerical simulation of formation water salinity redistribution in fractured shale reservoirs during hydraulic fracturing

Using numerical simulation methods to predict the distribution of salinity in reservoirs during hydraulic fracturing is challenging due to the dynamic propagation of hydraulic fractures (HFs), random distribution of natural fractures (NFs), multiphase heat and mass transfer behavior, and various connotative mechanisms. In this study, to accurately predict changes in matrix salinity during hydraulic fracturing, a multiphase heat and mass transfer model of HFs, the matrix, and NFs was derived based on the principles of material and energy conservation, the electro-chemical potential, and the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM). The model considers the dynamic propagation of HFs, multiphase flow, chemical osmotic pressure, capillary pressure imbibition, heat conduction, and NFs. The prediction model of solute salinity developed in this study is then verified using previous findings. Finally, the effects on the salinity distribution within the matrix by volume differences of injected fracturing fluid, salinities of the fracturing fluid, number of NFs, temperatures of fracturing fluid, and mechanisms were analyzed. The results show that the injection volume and temperature of the fracturing fluid, and the number of NFs are positively correlated with the decreasing range of salinity in the matrix and damage range of clay swelling, while the salinity of the fracturing fluid is negatively correlated with the decreasing range of salinity in the matrix and the damage range of clay swelling. During fracturing, the random distribution of NFs and local strong heterogeneity hinder prediction and cause strong heterogeneity in the distribution of salinity, pore pressure, and matrix temperature. At the same time, the pressure gradient, chemical osmotic pressure, and imbibition of capillary pressures under mixed wetting decrease salinity within the matrix and aggravate clay swelling damage. Of the three mechanisms affecting the salinity distribution within the matrix, the pressure gradient has the greatest contribution, followed by osmotic pressure and capillary pressure imbibition. The results of this study provide insights into the theoretical prediction of salinity distribution in the matrix after fracturing and hence the design of HFs.

Modeling Multiphase Heat and Mass Transfer in an Agitated Filter Dryer by Integrating Experiment, Computations, and Analytical Solutions.

The drying of a wet cake consisting of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and solvent in an agitated filter-dryer is a critical and challenging unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. The complexity of this operation is attributed to the constraints on product quality in terms of its physical properties in addition to the residual solvent content. In this manuscript, a better understanding of the drying mechanism is gained by integrating insights from three-dimensional analytical solutions and computational fluid dynamics simulations into a zero-dimensional model to explain experimental data. The approach provides the time evolution of the mass flow rate of solvent from the wet cake and the center-point temperature of the cake with good accuracy. Further investigation of the zero-dimensional model reveals important parameters such as the mass transfer rate number that predicts whether the process is convection-controlled or diffusion-controlled, and the thermal load of vaporization that estimates the fraction of solvent vaporized per unit time. These parameters can be useful in devising a drying protocol for agitated-filter dryers.

Multi-dimensional shrinkage models developed by phase field method for gasification of carbonaceous feedstock in packed-bed solar reactor

New numerical models are developed for describing the multi-dimensional shrinkage behavior of the packed bed in solar driven gasification reactors. These shrinkage models account for the feedstock consumption and collapse of the packed bed. The phase field functions are coupled in the governing equations to control the evolution of collapsing front, phase conversion and the multi-phase heat transfer. The governing equations are solved by finite element techniques. The developed models are applied to compare the predicted and measured performances of a 5-kW reactor driven by a 2600-sun concentrated solar radiation. The packed bed collapse is a non-negligible phenomenon, which can significantly influence the accuracy of the model numerical predictions for carbonaceous feedstock gasification in packed-bed solar reactor.

A comparison of mixture and separated-phase models of heat transfer in a stationary wet granular bed

Solvent removal by thermal drying of granular mixtures is encountered in many industrial operations. A mixture model that treats the granular solid and the liquid solvent along with any interstitial gas phase as a single phase, is a useful first approximation to estimate the time required to heat the system to the wet-bulb temperature at which the solvent starts to vaporize. An analytical solution for the transient, axisymmetric temperature distribution in a stationary wet granular mixture in a heated cylindrical vessel is developed as an approximation to the typical geometry of an industrial dryer . Besides being a good first approximation to obtain an order-of-magnitude estimate of the heating time, the analytical solution serves as an excellent verification case for numerical simulations. A parametric study to assess the effect of fill height and wall temperature on the heating time is performed. Before analyzing the mass transfer aspects of the drying phenomena, it is critical to understand the fundamentals of interphase heat transfer in multiphase mixtures that can be found in such assemblies. Therefore, a 0-D separated-phase (multiphase) heat transfer model is developed to account for the effect of interphase heat transfer in the prediction of heating time of wet granular mixtures in cylindrical vessels. The 0-D model is extended to 3-D simulations using a newly developed OpenFOAM solver with multiphase heat transfer capability. The same problem that was solved using the analytical solution is solved using the 0-D model, and in 3-D using the newly developed OpenFOAM solver, to study the effect of interphase heat transfer on the prediction of heating time. It was found that inclusion of interphase heat transfer in the heat diffusion equations has a significant impact on the predictions of heating time. Further analysis of the problem results in the identification of the non-dimensional thermal interphase transfer number that determines the conditions under which a mixture model can be used in place of a separated phase model in problems involving heat transfer.

Study on the multiphase heat and mass transfer mechanism in the dissociation of methane hydrate in reconstructed real-shape porous sediments

As the first effort in literature, this paper conducts pore scale modeling on the methane hydrate dissociation and transportation in the reconstructed three-dimensional models of the MH-bearing sediment. The porous MH sample is synthesized using excess-gas method and imaged by micro-CT, which is used as input for the reconstructed mesh models. The real-time distribution of MH & water & methane, velocity and temperature is investigated. The effects of the temperature, pressure and flow rate of the injected water on MH dissociation and transportation are simulated and discussed. The results indicate that: 1) The hydrate generated by the excess - gas method is mainly cementing and mineral-coating on the sands surface, and occupies the small pores firstly. 2) The heterogeneity of the porous MH sediments is one of the key factors which influences the dissociation and the transportation process of the MH. 3) A lack of heat supply will restrict the dissociating rate of the MH reaching the maximum under the given PT conditions. 4) The gathering of the gas will decrease the flowing capacity of both water and methane. This study provides a new method to predict the multiple physicochemical and thermodynamical properties of the porous MH bearing sediments.

Thermodynamic analysis of moist coal during microwave heating using coupled electromagnetic, multi-phase heat and mass transfer model

• A coupled electromagnetic, multi-phase heat and mass transfer model was built. • The optimal frequency to prevent overheating is 2450 MHz. • High-power microwaves are applicable for rapid heating. • Water enhances evaporative heat dissipation while promoting microwave heating. Microwave heating is widely applied in coal processing. In this study, a coupled electromagnetic, multi-phase heat and mass transfer model is developed for the thermodynamic analysis of moist coal. The optimal frequency to prevent overheating is 2450 MHz. As the microwave power increases from 0.5 to 3 kW, the coefficient of temperature variance of coal increases from 0.2 to 0.4, indicating that high-power microwaves are applicable for rapid heating. The dielectric loss of coal increases with increasing moisture content; consequently, microwave heating is promoted. However, a high moisture content enhances evaporative heat dissipation and induces a reduction in the coal temperature. This study is useful for designing microwave heating processes for coal through synergetic physics-based simulations and experiments.

Erythrocytes number in healthy individuals and anaemia laminar blood flow in the Ulnar vein in both men and women: The analysis of multi-phase heat transfer for medical application

One of the main blood problems is anaemia. In this blood disease, the major problem is the insufficient number of red blood cells (BCs). Anaemia may affect daily activities and reduce the patient’s ability to do the daily routine. The cause of this problem is carrying less oxygen all over the body. This study investigated the impact of red BCs number on heat transfer (HT) through the Ulnar vein. To simulate non-Newtonian blood flow (BF) in the Ulnar vein, the power-law (PL) viscosity model with different indexes and constant heat flux is exerted to the calculation zone. The finite volume method, SIMPLE scheme, and multi-phase BF are used. The blood pressure drop and the Reynolds number (Re) are directly related, but they have a reverse relationship with the number of red BCs. Also, inadequate red BCs number affects dimensionless (dl) HT numbers in women more than men. The mediocre wall shear stress (SS) increases with enhancement Re and PL indexes. With enhancement PL indexes in all investigated parameters, the calculated parameters increased. An insufficient number of red BCs in anaemia for both men and women cause pressure drop reduction and lower thermal conductivity of BF.