Multinominal Logistic Regression Research Articles

Gender Analysis and Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction at Ministry of Urban Development and Infrastructure, Ethiopia

Purpose: Employee job satisfaction is a pre-requisite for an organization. The aim of this study is to analyze the level of job satisfaction & its determinant factors among male and female employees at Ministry of Urban Development and Infrastructure (MUDI).
 Methodology: 245 questionnaires, 62 in-depth & key informants interview were collected from employee for quantitative & qualitative data respectively. The Percentage frequency, multi nominal logistic regression model (MNLRM used for quantitative data analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative data.
 Findings: The study finding result indicated that salary, fringe benefits, promotions with standard criteria, promotion chance for training & education, working environment, clear workflow, co-workers relationship, colleague value the work, evaluation criteria, evaluator approach, recognition & reward were statistically significant P≤ 0.05 and the main determinant factors affecting employee job satisfaction. The Qualitative analysis also supports this Quantitative result. The parameter estimates of MNLRM between sex indicates that male are dissatisfied significantly than female in Salary, fringe benefits, fair promotion chance for training & education. Whereas female were dissatisfied than male in transparent procedure & clear work flow, supervisor value, Co-worker relation, Supervisor evaluation approaches. Among demographic factors, Age (P, 0.000), Education Status (P, 0.001), salary (P, 0.000), Work experience (P, 0.043), work position (P, 0.000) were statistically significance which are ≤0.05 and major factor affecting the level of job satisfaction where as Marital status was not significant in this study.
 Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: In Conclusion there is statistical significance difference between male & female employee on the level of job satisfaction at MUDI.

Vitamin D Deficiency and the Risk of Recurrent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

Background Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of positional vertigo. It is a short-lived (seconds) rotatory attack of vertigo in relation to the position of the head. Vitamin D deficiency may be one of the causes leading to BPPV. As there is no relevant local study from Iraq, this study aimed to evaluate the association between BPPV and vitamin D deficiency. Methodology This retrospective, case-control study was conducted at the otolaryngology clinic of Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital during a 26-month duration. The study included 40 patients clinically diagnosed with BPPV and 80 individuals as controls. Detailed information regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics was obtained from each participant. Serum vitamin D and calcium levels were measured for each participant. Results Both cases and controls were matched regarding age and gender. Serum vitamin D level in cases (15.458 ± 6.14 ng/mL) was lower than controls (23.604 ± 12.58 ng/mL), with a p-value of 0.0001 and large clinical effect size (0.8). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 35 cases and 37 controls, with a highly significant difference (p = 0.0001) and an odds ratio of 8.135. Vitamin D deficiency in BPPV patients with recurrence (12.615 ± 4.096 ng/mL) was lower than those without recurrence (18.3 ± 6.611 ng/mL), with a highly significant difference (p = 0.002) and small clinical effect size (0.3). Older age and vitamin D deficiency were risk factors for recurrence according to the multinominal logistic regression test (p < 0.05). Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency might cause the occurrence and recurrence of BPPV. Older age might be a risk factor for BPPV recurrence.

A STEPwise Approach for Oral Hygiene Behavior of Schoolchildren in Romania.

This research analyzes the dental hygiene habits of schoolchildren from parents' perspectives, using the STEPS approach recommended by the World Health Organization. The key points of oral health care in children include the role of the family in encouraging and maintaining proper oral hygiene practices. This study aimed to assess the oral hygiene practices of schoolchildren with on-site dentists in Romania. Additionally, it sought to establish correlations between these behaviors and the educational levels of the adults with whom they live with. The participants were selected from the zero grade to the eighth grade, totaling 3843students. Statistical analysis involved the application of Fisher's Exact Test and Z-tests with Bonferroni correction. Multinominal and binominal logistic regression models were employed to predict the impact of parents' education on children's oral health status and behavior. The oral health status of children evaluated by parents as poor was more frequent in children whose parents had a primary or gymnasium education (p < 0.001). Female adults with a university education evaluated the gum health of their children as very good to a much greater extent (41.7%, p < 0.001). Regarding the use of auxiliary means, the majority of parents with a university education mentioned that their children use dental floss (26.4% females/27.4% males) (p < 0.001), compared to those with primary education, where the percentage was only (1.2% males/3.5% females) (p < 0.001). The results of this study highlight that the education level of the adults with whom the children live with influences the perception of the teeth and gums health status, the frequency of oral hygiene, the use of fluoride toothpaste, and auxiliary brushing aids.

Associations of diet quality and daily free sugar intake with depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents

BackgroundAssessing diet quality has been challenging, and the associations of diet quality and daily free sugar intake with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms have shown inconsistency. MethodsA total of 1749 students aged 12–16 years were recruited using stratified random cluster sampling across three cities in China. The overall Global Dietary Recommendations (GDR) score, a novel indicator of diet quality, was constructed using the low-burden Diet Quality Questionnaire. Free sugar intake, including from beverages and foods, was measured using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Daily free sugar intake was divided into low, medium, and high categories based on the latest version of the dietary guidelines for Chinese residents. Binomial and multinominal logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of the overall GDR score and daily free sugar intake categories or different sources of free sugar intake with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. ResultsThe overall GDR score was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio[aOR] = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.87–0.98) and anxiety symptoms (0.95, 0.90–0.99), particularly with comorbid depression and anxiety (0.90, 0.84–0.97). Conversely, daily free sugar intake was positively associated with symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, the multiple aOR for symptoms depression or anxiety were significantly increased with higher daily free sugar intake (all Ptrend < 0.05). Both free sugar from beverages and from foods were positively associated with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. These associations were consistent between males and females. LimitationsCross-sectional design and self-reported symptoms. ConclusionsDiet quality was negatively associated with symptoms of depression or anxiety, especially with comorbid symptoms among adolescents. Daily free sugar intake, regardless of its sources, was positively associated with symptoms of depression and/or anxiety.

Analyzing daily change patterns of indoor temperature in district heating systems: A clustering and regression approach

Measuring the indoor temperature of building rooms is a valuable approach for evaluating thermal comfort and providing feedback control for heat substations in district heating systems (DHSs) in China. Previous studies on indoor temperatures have primarily focused on analyzing their overall trends and influencing factors, while research on daily change patterns is lacking. This study utilized a clustering method to analyze the indoor temperature data from an actual DHS in Northeast China. First, a 24-h observation vector was constructed using the deviation between the actual and target values to represent the daily temperature pattern. Second, the k-means method was applied to cluster the values, and the quantity distribution and typical characteristics of each cluster were analyzed. Finally, a multi-nominal logistic regression model was used to analyze the influence of different factors on each cluster. The comparison results with the four representative clustering algorithms indicated that k-means was the optimal model and the optimal number of clusters was 4. The trend of each cluster was roughly the same, with the main difference being the fluctuation amplitude and distance from the target value. The differences between the clusters were related to various influencing features, with the primary return pressure for workdays and the secondary return pressure for holidays being the most significant. This study identified the optimal daily variation patterns of indoor temperature and analyzed the important features that affect this pattern, which is beneficial for enhancing the regulatory efficiency of DHS.

Determinants of the Innovation Behaviour of Teachers in Higher Education

The study examined what factors determine the use of educational innovations by teachers in higher education. Three sort of factors were compared: teachers’ motivation for the enhancement of education, their contact with or exposure to dissemination of educational innovations and institutional factors, that is, support provided by higher education institutions. Further, teachers were classified regarding their use of educational innovations. The study used survey data collected among academic staff at public Norwegian higher education institutions. Results of the multinominal logistic regression models showed that intrinsic motivation was an important factor for teachers' innovation behaviour in this context. Dissemination and institutional factors exerted little or no significant impact. The assumptions currently underlying research on educational innovations and the design of national and institutional support programmes are discussed against the background of these results.

The Effect of Radial Inclination on the Stage of Kienbock Disease at the Time of Initial Diagnosis.

Negative ulnar variance is a widely accepted risk factor for the development of Kienbock disease (KD). Variation in radial inclination has been proposed as a risk factor, but evidence thus far has been inconclusive. We aim to clarify the relationship between radial inclination and KD. A retrospective analysis of all KD patients from a single institution from 2007 to 2021 was conducted. Radiographs were reviewed to measure anatomic parameters and stage of disease. An exploratory multinomial regression model was created to examine the association of patient age, radial height, ulnar variance, radial inclination, volar tilt, scapholunate angle, duration of symptoms prior to evaluation, history of wrist trauma, and diagnosis of diabetes with stage of disease. Fifty-seven cases of KD were identified, with a mean duration of disease of 33.3 months. A history of trauma to the wrist was common (53%) and significantly associated with stage of disease at initial presentation. Twenty-seven cases (47%) were stage IIIB or greater. The average initial radial inclination, radial height, and ulnar variance was 21.9°, 10.7 mm, and -1.23 mm, respectively. A multinominal logistic regression model revealed decreased initial radial inclination is associated with Lichtman stage IIIB or greater at the time of initial patient presentation. A correlation exists between decreased radial inclination and more advanced KD at presentation, suggesting this may be a risk factor for disease progression. This correlation is strengthened by our finding of decreased ulnar variance being associated with later stage at presentation, which is one of the most widely accepted proposed risk factors for development and progression of disease. IV.

Healthcare workers’ attitudes toward children getting Covid-19 vaccinations in Gaza Strip

Healthcare workers’ attitudes toward children getting Covid-19 vaccinations in Gaza Strip

A global typology of school principals’ time use: Exploring the effects of contextual and individual factors

This study aims to provide quantitative evidence regarding school principals’ time use by employing Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and multinominal logistic regression to the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) data from 47 societies. We examined (1) how principals spend their time across different societies by developing a global typology and (2) what macro (national) and micro (organizational) level contextual factors, as well as principals’ demographic characteristics, predict principals’ association with the identified typology. The results suggest four distinguishable categories of principal leadership in terms of their time use: Balanced Leadership, Administrative Leadership, Instructional Leadership, and Student-Centered Leadership. Several contextual (national and organizational) and individual variables influencing principals’ prioritization of their leadership responsibilities were also identified.

Use of insect repellent as personal protection among women of childbearing age in an arbovirus endemic area in Northeastern Brazil.

To analyze the factors associated with the individual use of insect repellent by women of childbearing age living in area endemic for arboviruses in Fortaleza, Brazil. This is a cohort study carried out between 2018 and 2019 with women aged between 15 and 39 years in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. A total of 1,173 women users of one of the four selected primary health care units participated in the study. The outcome was divided into: continued use, discontinued use, and nonuse of insect repellent. Crude and adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis was carried out guided by a hierarchical model, with presentation of the respective odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The independent variables include: socioeconomic and demographic data, environmental and sanitary characteristics, knowledge of the insect repellent, and behavioral and pregnancy-related aspects. Only 28% of the participants reported using insect repellent during the two waves of the cohort. Women with higher education (OR=2.55; 95%CI 1.44-4.51); who are employed (OR=1.51; 95%CI 1.12-2.03); who received guidance from healthcare professionals (OR=1.74; 95%CI 1.28-2.36) and the media (OR=1.43; 95%CI 1.01-2.02); who intensified precautions against mosquitoes during the epidemic (OR=3.64; 95%CI 2.29-5.78); and who were pregnant between 2016 and 2019 (OR=2.80; 95%CI 1.83-4.30) had increased odds for continued use of insect repellent. The use of insect repellent among women of childbearing age was associated with a higher level of education, employment, guidance on insect repellent provided by healthcare professionals and the media, behavioral changes to protect against mosquitoes during the Zika virus epidemic, and pregnancy when occurring as of the beginning of the epidemic period.

잠재프로파일을 적용한 직업계고 학생들의 진로개발역량과 자기주도학습역량에 대한 잠재집단분류 및 영향요인 검증

The purpose of the study is to estimate the latent classes of vocational high school career development competencies and self-directed learning also, individual and school factors determining these latent profiles. To this end, we used data from the "2022 Career Education Status Survey" of 1,363 students, including (804 male and 559 female students). Based on the latent profile modeling analysis, we identified three distinct latent classes of students' career development competencies and self-directed learning. These classes were named ‘low-level group,’ ‘intermediate-level group,’ and ‘high-level group.’ Second, multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that gender, career activity participation satisfaction, need for career information, conversation with parents, career information awareness, desired career preparation and learning motivation were significant predictors of the latent profiles at the individual-level. Also, perception of the principal's perception of career education support, career teacher's job performance, and the number of career experience operations were derived as predictive factors that distinguish the potential class was significant predictors of the latent profiles at the school-level. Implications of this study and suggestions for follow-up research were discussed.

Co-occurrence of insufficient physical activity, smoking, inadequate diet, and alcohol consumption in university students from Minas Gerais, Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the co-occurrence of insufficient physical activities, smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages, and inappropriate eating habits in university. This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of students from the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, MG, Brazil. The information was obtained through a questionnaire and the risk criteria adopted were irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables, insufficient physical activity, smoking, and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. The independent variables were sex, age group, marital status, area of study and time of study. The outcomes were the co-occurrence of two and three/four risk factors. The association was measured using Odds Ratio (OR) and a multinominal logistic regression with a significance level of 5%. 1.110 university students participated. The prevalence of two and three/four risk factors was of 35.3% and 15.4%, respectively. College students with a partner were associated with lower chances for two risk factors (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21–0.98), and there was an association between three or four factors of behavioral risk with university students belonging to areas not related to health (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.26–2.86). It was concluded that the prevalence of occurrence of two risk factors or more was high and that single students and those in fields unrelated to health were associated with the risk factors.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HELP-SEEKING AMONG US CHINESE OLDER ADULTS WHO REPORTED ELDER MISTREATMENT

Abstract Purpose Elder mistreatment (EM) is an important public health issue. Guided by the Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, this study aimed to examine factors that impede or facilitate help-seeking intentions and behaviors among U.S. Chinese older adults who reported EM. Methods Data were from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE). Different types of mistreatments, informal and formal help-seeking intentions and behaviors were assessed. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, and multinominal logistic regression were used. Results Among 450 participants who reported EM, 46.55% experienced psychological mistreatment, 29.91% had financial exploitation, 14.92% had caregiver neglect, 4.68% had physical mistreatment, 1.11% had sexual mistreatment, and 17.78% had multiple victimizations. Intentions of informal help-seeking was higher among victims who were female and married, and those who experienced financial exploitation and caregiver neglect. Formal help-seeking intentions were lower among victims who had a larger social network size. EM victims who were female, married, perceived more social support, experienced financial exploitation, and experienced caregiver neglect were more likely to seek help from informal resources. EM victims who had higher income, perceived more social support, and had multiple victimizations were more likely to seek formal resources. Conclusion/implication: Our findings suggest that the predisposing factors, enabling resources, and need factors that impacted seeking help from informal and formal resources among older Chinese Americans who reported mistreatment. Findings provided important insights for developing early screening programs and interventions, such as increasing help-seeking channels and improving access to care services.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMAL AND FORMAL HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIORS FOR ELDER MISTREATMENT AMONG CHINESE IMMIGRANTS

Abstract Purpose Help-seeking minimizes the consequences from elder mistreatment (EM). However, formal help-seeking could be challenging for older immigrants due to cultural and linguistic barriers. Informal supporters have been shown to promote formal help-seeking among EM victims. This study aimed to examine whether informal help facilitates U.S. Chinese EM victims with seeking help from formal sources. Methods Data were derived from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago. EM measurements included psychological, physical, sexual mistreatment, financial exploitation, and caregiver neglect. Seeking help from informal and formal sources were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and multinominal logistic regression were conducted. Results Among 450 EM victims, 53.48% of them sought informal help, 31.75% did not seek any help, 11.42% sought both informal and formal help, and 3.34% sought formal help. The most common informal sources were adult children, partners, and friends/neighbors. The most common formal sources were community social services organizations, followed by legal criminal justice systems. Compared to those who did not seek any help, victims who reported more emotional closeness within their social network and experienced financial exploitation were more likely to seek help from formal sources. However, informal help-seeking was not significantly associated with formal help-seeking. Conclusion/implication: The findings suggest that most U.S. Chinese older adults who experienced EM did not seek formal help. Higher levels of contact with social networks could increase seeking help from formal sources. However, future research is needed to explore why informal supporters did not facilitate seeking help from formal sources in Chinese EM victims.

Exploring factors influencing the severity of pregnancy anemia in India: a study using proportional odds model

Pregnancy-associated anemia is a significant health issue that poses negative consequences for both the mother and the developing fetus. This study explores the triggering factors of anemia among pregnant females in India, utilizing data from the Demographic and Health Survey 2019–21. Chi-squared and gamma tests were conducted to find out the relationship between anemia and various socioeconomic and sociodemographic elements. Furthermore, ordinal logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to gain deeper insight into the factors that affect anemia among pregnant women in India. According to these findings, anemia affects about 50% of pregnant women in India. Anemia is significantly associated with various factors such as geographical location, level of education, and wealth index. The results of our study indicate that enhancing education and socioeconomic status may serve as viable approaches for mitigating the prevalence of anemia disease developed in pregnant females in India. Employing both Ordinal and Multinominal logistic regression provides a more comprehensive understanding of the risk factors associated with anemia, enabling the development of targeted interventions to prevent and manage this health condition. This paper aims to enhance the efficacy of anemia prevention and management strategies for pregnant women in India by offering an in-depth understanding of the causative factors of anemia.

Sociodemographic Correlates of Low Health Literacy Skills Among Cancer Survivors: National Findings From BRFSS 2016

Purpose This study aimed to explore associations of sociodemographic factors with difficulties in three health literacy (HL) skills and the severity of low HL skills. Design Cross-sectional secondary data analysis. Subjects: Data came from 17,834 adults who responded to the HL module with a response rate of 47% in the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Measures Independent variables included sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, employment and income. Dependent variables are three HL skills: obtaining, understanding oral, and understanding written health information. Analysis We conducted weighted Chi-square tests and multinominal logistic regressions. Results Cancer survivors younger than 65 (aged 18-39: AOR = 4.46, P &lt; .001; aged 40-64: AOR = 2.29, P &lt; .001), Hispanic (AOR = 2.17, CI = 1.61-2.50, P &lt; .01) had higher odds of difficulty obtaining health information. Female cancer survivors had lower odds of difficulty comprehending oral (AOR = .69, CI = .55-.87, P &lt; .01) and written (AOR = .58, CI = .46-.74, P &lt; .001) information. The relative risk ratio of having difficulties in three HL tasks was higher for those who were younger than 65 (aged 18-39: RRR = 10.18, CI = 2.41-4.3, P &lt; .01; aged 40-64: RRR = 4.01, CI = 2.09-7.69, P &lt; .001), Hispanic (RRR = 3.24, CI = 1.66-11.34, P &lt; .01), unemployed (RRR = 6.1, CI = 2.88-12.76, P &lt; .001), education levels lower than some college (some high school: RRR = 4.34, P &lt; .01; high school: RRR = 2.62, P &lt; .05) and household income under $25,000 (RRR = 6.99, CI = 2.8-17.5, P &lt; .001). Conclusion Intervention and communication materials need to be tailored for patients with different HL skills considering age, gender, socioeconomic status and cultural backgrounds.

The public's antibiotic use behavioural patterns and their determinants for upper respiratory tract infections: a latent class analysis based on consumer behaviour model in China.

The irrational use of antibiotics among the public is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a serious global threat. Prior studies have demonstrated that there are different behavioural patterns regarding antibiotic use among the public, and targeted interventions for subgroups with different behavioural patterns may be more effective. Thus, this study aimed to identify the public's behavioural patterns of antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and their influencing factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the general population in Chongqing, China. Consumer decision-making (Consumer Behaviour Model, CBM) was used to assess the public's behaviours regarding antibiotic use, including need recognition, information searching, alternative evaluation, obtaining antibiotics, antibiotic consumption, and postuse evaluation. Furthermore, a latent class analysis was used to identify the underlying behavioural patterns among the public. The identified behavioural patterns of antibiotic use were further linked with individuals' capacity, opportunity, and motivation factors of antibiotic use based on a multinominal logistic regression to explore possible determinants. A total of 815 respondents were enrolled in the study. The public's irrational use of antibiotics was prevalent, including antibiotic self-medication (39.63%), nonprescription antibiotic purchasing (59.02%), and early stopping of antibiotic prescriptions (76.56%). Participants had inadequate knowledge of antibiotics (Mean = 2.33, SD = 1.71), reported high availability to antibiotics (Mean = 7.13, SD = 2.41), held strong belief in antibiotic effectiveness (Mean = 10.29, SD = 2.71), and demonstrated a high perceived threat of AMR (Mean = 12.30, SD = 3.20). Four behavioural patterns regarding antibiotic use for URTIs were identified, namely, "antibiotic self-medicators" (n = 165, 20.25%), "formal health care seekers" (n = 216, 26.50%), "various treatment users" (n = 198, 24.20%), and "self-medication without antibiotics" (n = 236, 28.96%). Individuals' self-efficacy of antibiotic use, belief in antibiotic effectiveness, awareness of antibiotic side effects, perceived antibiotic availability, social influence, and demographics (age, education, medical insurance, and having a medical background) were significantly associated with the public's different behavioural patterns of antibiotic use for URTIs. This study calls for collaborative efforts among the public, physicians, policy makers, and the implementation of precise and multifaceted interventions to effectively reduce irrational use of antibiotics in the public. Such interventions include identifying subgroups within the public to provide more targeted education about antibiotics and the management of URTIs, reinforcing the regulation of antibiotic dispensing, and improving physicians' rational antibiotic prescriptions.

What happens after forensic psychiatric care? A latent class analysis of dimensions of welfare for former forensic psychiatric patients

BackgroundMentally disordered offenders are a heterogenous group regarding psychopathology as well as background factors, which makes it likely that more than one stereotypical life situation will apply to all forensic psychiatric patients following discharge. Knowledge about typical life situations would be valuable for optimising support for improving the overall life situation of these individuals. This paper investigates life situations from the perspective of level of living research and resources in terms of different welfare dimensions.MethodsIncluded were all all individuals (n = 1146) who had been discharged from forensic psychiatric care in Sweden during 2009–2018 and were included in the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register. Follow-up time varied from 4 to 3644 days, (m = 1697, Md = 1685). Register data from several different registers was combined. Data was analysed using latent class analysis, and multinominal logistic regression analysis investigated what background factors were associated with class membership.ResultsThe results show that there are four subgroups of post-discharge life situations: the high support group, the general psychiatric needs group, the working group, and the family group. The high support group was the largest, representing 54% of the entire sample. There are background factors associated with group membership, including both age at discharge, length of stay in forensic psychiatric care and pre-index crime historical factors.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the understanding of the post-discharge lives of former forensic psychiatric patients and shows that for several subgroups, negative outcomes are rare. Knowledge about these subgroups could be drawn upon to make informed decisions about in- and outpatient forensic psychiatric care, discharge from forensic psychiatric services, and what support is offered to former forensic psychiatric patients.

Relationship between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration in American adults: a population-based study

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration.MethodsAdults enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018 without missing information on dietary carotenoid intake (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin), sleep duration, and covariates were included. Participants’ carotenoid consumption was divided into three groups by quartiles and sleep duration was grouped as short (< 7 h/night), optimal (7–8 h/night), and long (> 8 h/night). Multinominal logistic regression was constructed to examine the association between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was further utilized to explore their dose-response relationship. The weighted quantile sum (WQS) model was adopted to calculate the mixed and individual effect of 5 carotenoid sub-types on sleep duration.ResultsMultinominal logistic regression presented that people with higher intakes of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin were less likely to sleep too short or too long. Consistent with the findings from multinominal logistic regression, the RCS models suggested a reverse U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and carotenoid intakes. The mixed effects were also significant, where β-cryptoxanthin and lutein + zeaxanthin were the top 2 contributors associated with the decreased risks of short sleep duration, while β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin were the main factors related to the lower risk of long sleep duration.ConclusionOur study revealed that the American adults with optimal sleep duration were associated with more dietary carotenoid intake, in comparison to short or long sleepers.

Mental health profiles and the related socio-demographic predictors in Hong Kong university students under the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent class analysis

While the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant challenges to mental health of university students, there is limited research in this area. Particularly, few studies examined the person-centered mental health symptom profiles such as depression and anxiety and the related socio-demographic predictors. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), this study investigated the symptom profiles of depression and anxiety in university students in Hong Kong under the COVID-19 pandemic and the socio-demographic predictors. A total of 978 undergraduate students completed an online questionnaire including socio-demographic factors and measures of depression and anxiety during the summer of 2022. The LCA identified three latent classes: “normal” group, “moderate comorbid depression and anxiety” group and “severe comorbid depression and anxiety” group. Multinominal logistic regression showed that comparing with the “normal” group and the “moderate symptom” group, the “severe symptom” group had higher personal financial difficulties and individual/family member unemployment during the pandemic. In contrast, other socio-demographic factors (age, gender, year of study, living status, and COVID-19 infection status) had no significant association with group status. The study contributes to understanding of person-centered depression and anxiety symptom profiles and the risk role of personal financial difficulty in mental health of university students under the pandemic.