Multimodal Dialogue System Research Articles

Multimodal Dialogue Systems via Capturing Context-aware Dependencies and Ordinal Information of Semantic Elements

The topic of multimodal conversation systems has recently garnered significant attention across various industries, including travel and retail, among others. While pioneering works in this field have shown promising performance, they often focus solely on context information at the utterance level, overlooking the context-aware dependencies of multimodal semantic elements like words and images. Furthermore, the ordinal information of images, which indicates the relevance between visual context and users’ demands, remains underutilized during the integration of visual content. Additionally, the exploration of how to effectively utilize corresponding attributes provided by users when searching for desired products is still largely unexplored. To address these challenges, we propose PMATE, a P osition-aware M ultimodal di A logue system with seman T ic E lements. Specifically, to obtain semantic representations at the element level, we first unfold the multimodal historical utterances and devise a position-aware multimodal element-level encoder. This component considers all images that may be relevant to the current turn and introduces a novel position-aware image selector to choose related images before fusing the information from the two modalities. Finally, we present a knowledge-aware two-stage decoder and an attribute-enhanced image searcher for the tasks of generating textual responses and selecting image responses, respectively. We extensively evaluate our model on two large-scale multimodal dialogue datasets, and the results of our experiments demonstrate that our approach outperforms several baseline methods.

A multimodal dialogue system for customer service based on user personality adaptation and dialogue strategies

ABSTRACT This paper presents a multimodal dialogue system with user personality adaptation and multiple nonverbal behavior generation for a conversational android robot that plays a customer service role in recommending travel plans. It is useful to estimate the user's personality to realize a dialogue system that adapts the dialogue strategy to individual users. To improve the user's impression of the conversation robot as a customer service agent, we must control the nonverbal behavior of the robot, such as its facial expressions and motions. Moreover, we need to design the dialogue strategy to provide information and make users enjoy the conversation by adding an ice-breaking step. Against this background, we develop a dialogue system prototype that adjusts the dialogue strategy based on the user's personality, as estimated by a pre-trained multimodal sensing model. Furthermore, we implement appropriate nonverbal behavior patterns for each situation, including the voice, motion, and facial expressions of the android robot, to provide it appropriate and polite service agent behaviors. A personality assessment game is introduced into the dialogue to prevent the user from becoming bored. The game plays an ice-breaking role in the dialogue. To let the user engage with the robot, we implement a complement to the user as a dialogue act. We evaluate the proposed multimodal dialogue system for customer service by means of participation in a dialogue robot competition. The fair evaluation results from 26 dialogue users who conversed with multiple systems show that the proposed dialogue system achieved the best score among 13 teams participating in the preliminary round of the competition, indicating that the user personality adaptation and various elements implemented in our dialogue system improve the dialogue experience of general users. The results of a third-party evaluation and multiple regression analysis show that natural response is the most important factor contributing to user impression.

Two-Step Masked Language Model for Domain-Adapting Multi-Modal Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems

Two-Step Masked Language Model for Domain-Adapting Multi-Modal Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems

Multimodal Dialog Systems with Dual Knowledge-enhanced Generative Pretrained Language Model

Text response generation for multimodal task-oriented dialog systems, which aims to generate the proper text response given the multimodal context, is an essential yet challenging task. Although existing efforts have achieved compelling success, they still suffer from two pivotal limitations: (1) overlook the benefit of generative pretraining and (2) ignore the textual context-related knowledge . To address these limitations, we propose a novel dual knowledge-enhanced generative pretrained language mode for multimodal task-oriented dialog systems (DKMD), consisting of three key components: dual knowledge selection , dual knowledge-enhanced context learning , and knowledge-enhanced response generation . To be specific, the dual knowledge selection component aims to select the related knowledge according to both textual and visual modalities of the given context. Thereafter, the dual knowledge-enhanced context learning component targets seamlessly, integrating the selected knowledge into the multimodal context learning from both global and local perspectives, where the cross-modal semantic relation is also explored. Moreover, the knowledge-enhanced response generation component comprises a revised BART decoder, where an additional dot-product knowledge-decoder attention sub-layer is introduced for explicitly utilizing the knowledge to advance the text response generation. Extensive experiments on a public dataset verify the superiority of the proposed DKMD over state-of-the-art competitors.

A multimodal dialog approach to mental state characterization in clinically depressed, anxious, and suicidal populations.

The rise of depression, anxiety, and suicide rates has led to increased demand for telemedicine-based mental health screening and remote patient monitoring (RPM) solutions to alleviate the burden on, and enhance the efficiency of, mental health practitioners. Multimodal dialog systems (MDS) that conduct on-demand, structured interviews offer a scalable and cost-effective solution to address this need. This study evaluates the feasibility of a cloud based MDS agent, Tina, for mental state characterization in participants with depression, anxiety, and suicide risk. Sixty-eight participants were recruited through an online health registry and completed 73 sessions, with 15 (20.6%), 21 (28.8%), and 26 (35.6%) sessions screening positive for depression, anxiety, and suicide risk, respectively using conventional screening instruments. Participants then interacted with Tina as they completed a structured interview designed to elicit calibrated, open-ended responses regarding the participants' feelings and emotional state. Simultaneously, the platform streamed their speech and video recordings in real-time to a HIPAA-compliant cloud server, to compute speech, language, and facial movement-based biomarkers. After their sessions, participants completed user experience surveys. Machine learning models were developed using extracted features and evaluated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). For both depression and suicide risk, affected individuals tended to have a higher percent pause time, while those positive for anxiety showed reduced lip movement relative to healthy controls. In terms of single-modality classification models, speech features performed best for depression (AUC = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.51-0.78), facial features for anxiety (AUC = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.43-0.71), and text features for suicide risk (AUC = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.52-0.78). Best overall performance was achieved by decision fusion of all models in identifying suicide risk (AUC = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.65-0.87). Participants reported the experience comfortable and shared their feelings. MDS is a feasible, useful, effective, and interpretable solution for RPM in real-world clinical depression, anxiety, and suicidal populations. Facial information is more informative for anxiety classification, while speech and language are more discriminative of depression and suicidality markers. In general, combining speech, language, and facial information improved model performance on all classification tasks.

Aoba_v3 bot: a multimodal chatbot system combining rules and various response generation models

In this paper, we present a multimodal dialogue system combining a neural response generation mechanism, a reranking mechanism, and a rule-based avatar control mechanism. Our system was submitted to the open track at the Fifth Dialogue System Live Competition and won second place. Remarkably, our system received the best human evaluation performance for visual information control (i.e. speaking style of avatar) in the preliminary round. The assessment of the competition evaluators revealed that our system generates natural utterances appropriate to the conversational context and topic with an appealing speaking style. Through the analysis, we found that our devices, such as post-processing on speech recognition results and the final response selection method, are effective, but we also found room for improvement, such as speech recognition errors and challenges in the reranking module.

A Unified Framework for Slot based Response Generation in a Multimodal Dialogue System

A Unified Framework for Slot based Response Generation in a Multimodal Dialogue System

A multimodal dialogue system for improving user satisfaction via knowledge-enriched response and image recommendation

A multimodal dialogue system for improving user satisfaction via knowledge-enriched response and image recommendation

Transformer-Based Multimodal Infusion Dialogue Systems

The recent advancements in multimodal dialogue systems have been gaining importance in several domains such as retail, travel, fashion, among others. Several existing works have improved the understanding and generation of multimodal dialogues. However, there still exists considerable space to improve the quality of output textual responses due to insufficient information infusion between the visual and textual semantics. Moreover, the existing dialogue systems often generate defective knowledge-aware responses for tasks such as providing product attributes and celebrity endorsements. To address the aforementioned issues, we present a Transformer-based Multimodal Infusion Dialogue (TMID) system that extracts the visual and textual information from dialogues via a transformer-based multimodal context encoder and employs a cross-attention mechanism to achieve information infusion between images and texts for each utterance. Furthermore, TMID uses adaptive decoders to generate appropriate multimodal responses based on the user intentions it has determined using a state classifier and enriches the output responses by incorporating domain knowledge into the decoders. The results of extensive experiments on a multimodal dialogue dataset demonstrate that TMID has achieved a state-of-the-art performance by improving the BLUE-4 score by 13.03, NIST by 2.77, image selection Recall@1 by 1.84%.

감정에 기반한 가상인간의 대화 및 표정 실시간 생성 시스템 구현

Virtual humans are implemented with dedicated modeling tools like Unity 3D Engine in virtual space (virtual reality, mixed reality, metaverse, etc.). Various human modeling tools have been introduced to implement virtual human-like appearance, voice, expression, and behavior similar to real people, and virtual humans implemented via these tools can communicate with users to some extent. However, most of the virtual humans so far have stayed unimodal using only text or speech. As AI technologies advance, the outdated machine-centered dialogue system is now changing to a human-centered, natural multi-modal system. By using several pre-trained networks, we implemented an emotion-based multi-modal dialogue system, which generates human-like utterances and displays appropriate facial expressions in real-time.

A spatially-aware dialogue system for immersive classrooms

Dialogue systems have become a popular research medium as recent advances in task-oriented and open-domain systems combined with deep learning technologies have increased the potential for practical applications across many disciplines. One such vein of applications involves multi-modal dialogue systems deployed in interactive spaces that seek to provide an immersive experience for participants. This project proposes a combination of spatial awareness with a multi-modal, immersive dialogue system as a potential interactive medium to provide an additional layer of immersion. The system employs an array of audio/visual sensors that tracks participants within the interactive space. It responds contextually depending on the application and information domain, for example, by displaying and sonifying conversational agents at accurate spatial locations. The current application of this system involves Mandarin language learning in which the system will act as both a learning medium and conversation augmentation system to provide students with an immersive environment to learn a language and provide real-time feedback during the learning process. This project aims to provide insight into interactive spaces for education and general conversation applications, and demonstrate the capabilities of combining spatial awareness with a multi-modal dialogue system. [Work supported by NSF IIS-1909229, IBM GATOR, and CISL.]

On the Gap between Domestic Robotic Applications and Computational Intelligence

Aspired to build intelligent agents that can assist humans in daily life, researchers and engineers, both from academia and industry, have kept advancing the state-of-the-art in domestic robotics. With the rapid advancement of both hardware (e.g., high performance computing, smaller and cheaper sensors) and software (e.g., deep learning techniques and computational intelligence technologies), robotic products have become available to ordinary household users. For instance, domestic robots have assisted humans in various daily life scenarios to provide: (1) physical assistance such as floor vacuuming; (2) social assistance such as chatting; and (3) education and cognitive assistance such as offering partnerships. Crucial to the success of domestic robots is their ability to understand and carry out designated tasks from human users via natural and intuitive human-like interactions, because ordinary users usually have no expertise in robotics. To investigate whether and to what extent existing domestic robots can participate in intuitive and natural interactions, we survey existing domestic robots in terms of their interaction ability, and discuss the state-of-the-art research on multi-modal human–machine interaction from various domains, including natural language processing and multi-modal dialogue systems. We relate domestic robot application scenarios with state-of-the-art computational techniques of human–machine interaction, and discuss promising future directions towards building more reliable, capable and human-like domestic robots.

Aspect-Aware Response Generation for Multimodal Dialogue System

Multimodality in dialogue systems has opened up new frontiers for the creation of robust conversational agents. Any multimodal system aims at bridging the gap between language and vision by leveraging diverse and often complementary information from image, audio, and video, as well as text. For every task-oriented dialog system, different aspects of the product or service are crucial for satisfying the user’s demands. Based upon the aspect, the user decides upon selecting the product or service. The ability to generate responses with the specified aspects in a goal-oriented dialogue setup facilitates user satisfaction by fulfilling the user’s goals. Therefore, in our current work, we propose the task of aspect controlled response generation in a multimodal task-oriented dialog system. We employ a multimodal hierarchical memory network for generating responses that utilize information from both text and images. As there was no readily available data for building such multimodal systems, we create a Multi-Domain Multi-Modal Dialog (MDMMD++) dataset. The dataset comprises the conversations having both text and images belonging to the four different domains, such as hotels, restaurants, electronics, and furniture. Quantitative and qualitative analysis on the newly created MDMMD++ dataset shows that the proposed methodology outperforms the baseline models for the proposed task of aspect controlled response generation.

Personalized weather information for low-literate farmers using multimodal dialog systems

Speech-based services over simple mobile phones are a viable way of providing information-access to under-served populations (low-literate, low-income, tech-shy, handicapped, linguistic minority, marginalized). Despite the simplicity and flexibility of speech input, telephone-based information services commonly rely on push-button (DTMF) input. This is primarily because high accuracy automatic speech recognition (ASR), that is essential for an end-to-end spoken interaction, is not available for several languages in developing regions. We share findings from an HCI design intervention for a dialog system-based weather information service for farmers in Pakistan. We demonstrate that a high accuracy ASR alone is not sufficient for effective, inclusive speech interfaces. We present the details of the iterative improvement of the existing service that had low task success rate (37.8%) despite being based on a very high accuracy ASR (trained on target language speech data). Based on a deployment spanning 23,997 phone calls from 6893 users over 10 months, we show that as multimodal input, user adaptation and context-specific help were added to supplement the ASR, the task success rate increased to 96.3%. Following this intervention, the service was made the national weather hotline of Pakistan.

More to diverse: Generating diversified responses in a task oriented multimodal dialog system

Multimodal dialogue system, due to its many-fold applications, has gained much attention to the researchers and developers in recent times. With the release of large-scale multimodal dialog dataset Saha et al. 2018 on the fashion domain, it has been possible to investigate the dialogue systems having both textual and visual modalities. Response generation is an essential aspect of every dialogue system, and making the responses diverse is an important problem. For any goal-oriented conversational agent, the system's responses must be informative, diverse and polite, that may lead to better user experiences. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end neural framework for generating varied responses in a multimodal dialogue setup capturing information from both the text and image. Multimodal encoder with co-attention between the text and image is used for focusing on the different modalities to obtain better contextual information. For effective information sharing across the modalities, we combine the information of text and images using the BLOCK fusion technique that helps in learning an improved multimodal representation. We employ stochastic beam search with Gumble Top K-tricks to achieve diversified responses while preserving the content and politeness in the responses. Experimental results show that our proposed approach performs significantly better compared to the existing and baseline methods in terms of distinct metrics, and thereby generates more diverse responses that are informative, interesting and polite without any loss of information. Empirical evaluation also reveals that images, while used along with the text, improve the efficiency of the model in generating diversified responses.

EmoSen: Generating Sentiment and Emotion Controlled Responses in a Multimodal Dialogue System

An essential skill for effective communication is the ability to express specific sentiment and emotion in a conversation. Any robust dialogue system should handle the combined effect of both sentiment and emotion while generating responses. This is expected to provide a better experience and concurrently increase users’ satisfaction. Previously, research on either emotion or sentiment controlled dialogue generation has shown great promise in developing the next generation conversational agents, but the simultaneous effect of both is still unexplored. The existing dialogue systems are majorly based on unimodal sources, predominantly the text, and thereby cannot utilize the information present in the other sources, such as video, audio, image, etc. In this article, we present at first a large scale benchmark Sentiment Emotion aware Multimodal Dialogue (SEMD) dataset for the task of sentiment and emotion controlled dialogue generation. The SEMD dataset consists of 55k conversations from 10 TV shows having text, audio, and video information. To utilize multimodal information, we propose multimodal attention based conditional variational autoencoder (M-CVAE) that outperforms several baselines. Quantitative and qualitative analyses show that multimodality, along with contextual information, plays an essential role in generating coherent and diverse responses for any given emotion and sentiment.

Converness: Ontology‐driven conversational awareness and context understanding in multimodal dialogue systems

AbstractDialogue‐based systems often consist of several components, such as communication analysis, dialogue management, domain reasoning, and language generation. In this paper, we present Converness, an ontology‐driven, rule‐based framework to facilitate domain reasoning for conversational awareness in multimodal dialogue‐based agents. Converness uses Web Ontology Language 2 (OWL 2) ontologies to capture and combine the conversational modalities of the domain, for example, deictic gestures and spoken utterances, fuelling conversational topic understanding, and interpretation using description logics and rules. At the same time, defeasible rules are used to couple domain and user‐centred knowledge to further assist the interaction with end users, facilitating advanced conflict resolution and personalised context disambiguation. We illustrate the capabilities of the framework through its integration into a multimodal dialogue‐based agent that serves as an intelligent interface between users (elderly, caregivers, and health experts) and an ambient assistive living platform in real home settings.

A Multimodal Dialog System for Language Assessment: Current State and Future Directions

We present work in progress on a multimodal dialog system for English language assessment using a modular cloud-based architecture adhering to open industry standards. Among the modules being developed for the system, multiple modules heavily exploit machine learning techniques, including speech recognition, spoken language proficiency rating, speaker recognition, and the scoring of behaviors in multimodal data streams.

Using Vision and Speech Features for Automated Prediction of Performance Metrics in Multimodal Dialogs

Predicting and analyzing multimodal dialog user experience (UX) metrics, such as overall call experience, caller engagement, and latency, among other metrics, in an ongoing manner is important for evaluating such systems. We investigate automated prediction of multiple such metrics collected from crowdsourced interactions with an open-source, cloud-based multimodal dialog system in the educational domain. We extract features from both the audio and video signals and examine the efficacy of multiple machine learning algorithms in predicting these performance metrics. The best performing audio features consist of multiple low-level audio descriptors—intensity, loudness, cepstra, pitch, and so on—and their functionals, extracted using the OpenSMILE toolkit, while the video features are bags of visual words that use 3D Scale-Invariant Feature Transform descriptors. We find that our proposed methods outperform the majority vote classification baseline in predicting various UX metrics rated by both the user and experts. Our results suggest that such automated prediction of performance metrics can not only inform the qualitative and quantitative analysis of dialogs but also be potentially incorporated into dialog management routines for positively impacting UX and other metrics during the course of the interaction.

A Natural Conversational Virtual Human with Multimodal Dialog System

The making of virtual human character to be realistic and credible in real time automated dialog animation system is necessary. This kind of animation carries importance elements for many applications such as games, virtual agents and movie animations. It is also considered important for applications which require interaction between human and computer. However, for this purpose, it is compulsory that the machine should have sufficient intelligence for recognizing and synthesizing human voices. As one of the most vital interaction method between human and machine, speech has recently received significant attention, especially in avatar research innovation. One of the challenges is to create precise lip movements of the avatar and synchronize it with a recorded audio. This paper specifically introduces the innovative concept of multimodal dialog systems of the virtual character and focuses the output part of such systems. More specifically, its focus is on behavior planning and developing the data control languages (DCL).