Multilingual Web Research Articles

Open, web-based internationalization and localization tools

As many software applications have moved from a desktop software deployment model to a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model so we have seen tool vendors in the language service industry move to a SaaS model, e.g., for web-based Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools. However, many of these offerings fail to take full advantage of the Open Web Platform, i.e., the rich set of web browser-based APIs linked to HTML5. We examine the interoperability landscape that developers of web-based translation tools can benefit from, and in particular the potential offered by the open metadata defined in the W3C’s (World Wide Web Consortium) recent Internationalization Tag Set v2.0 Recommendation. We examine how this can be used in conjunction with the XML Localisation Interchange File Format (XLIFF) standardized by OASIS to exchange translation jobs between servers and Javascript-based CAT tools running in the web browser. We also explore how such open metadata can support activities in the multilingual web processing chain before and after translation.

E-Symbiosis: technology-enabled support for Industrial Symbiosis targeting Small and Medium Enterprises and innovation

The paper introduces a new paradigm for Industrial Symbiosis by pioneering the use of ontology engineering in the field. Semantics are used to model Industrial Symbiosis flows, to model enabling technologies and to systematise the development of a matching service. Combined with a systems engineering approach, semantics further combine tacit knowledge from Industrial Symbiosis experts with explicit knowledge from Industrial Symbiosis participants. The new approach promises systematic venues to discoveries, innovative solutions, and a holistic methodology in the development of Industrial Symbiosis networks. The paradigm has been implemented as a multilingual web service to support Industrial Symbiosis communities and to embrace small and medium enterprises that are currently side-lined from developments. The approach has been tested and validated using real-life data and its functions are demonstrated with illustrative examples.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology was launched in 1985. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of gastroenterology is divided into 12 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Anthony KallooAnthony KallooDr Anthony Kalloo is a Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, USA. He is the Director of The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He has special interests in natural orifice surgery, therapeutic endoscopy, biliary and pancreatic diseases and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. After receiving his medical degree from the University of West Indies Medical School, West Indies, Dr Kalloo interned and completed his residency in Internal medicine at Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C., USA. He completed his fellowship training program at the combined Georgetown University, USA, VA Medical Center, USA and NIH program. He was an Instructor in Medicine at Georgetown University prior to joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins in 1988. He was an Associate Editor of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. He is the founder and immediate past medical director of The Hopkins Gastroenterology and Hepatology Resource Center (http://www.hopkins-gi.org), a 3000 page multilingual web resource for patients and physicians. He has authored over 150 scientific papers, review articles and book chapters. He has pioneered and has multiple patents including the use of Botulinum Toxin in the gastrointestinal tract, endoscopic cryotherapy and the winged biliary/pancreatic stent. He is the pioneer of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES), a technique that will enable abdominal surgery without the use of incisions. Dr Kalloo is a past Panel Chair for Gastroenterology and Urology Devices with the United States Food and Drug Administration. He is the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Educator of the Year of the Award from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Chung OwyangChung OwyangProfessor Owyang is currently Professor of Internal Medicine and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. He also holds the H. Marvin Pollard Chair in Gastroenterology. He received his M.D. degree from McGill University, USA and completed his post graduate training at the Mayo Clinic, USA. In 1979 he joined the medical faculty at the University of Michigan where currently he holds numerous committee and administrative appointments. He serves as Director of the Marvin Pollard Institute for Medical Research, Director of the Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory and is a member of numerous prestigious national and international organizations. He was a member of the National Institute of Health Study Section, the Federal Drug Advisory Board (FDA) and the American Board of Internal Medicine. He has also served on the Council of the American Gastroenterological Association and chaired the International Committee. He served as the President of the American Motility Society in 2000–2004. Professor Owyang's work has focused on the molecular mechanisms of information processing in the enteric nervous system. His research has provided important insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of human disease states which has had important physiological and clinical implications, particularly in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and irritable bowel syndrome. His studies include the purification and characterization of the role of CCK-releasing peptide in health and in chronic pancreatitis. In addition, his laboratory is also doing studies to investigate the circuitry of the enteric nervous system in different regions of the GI tract and determine the mechanism of information processing. Professor Owyang authored more than 250 publications and co-authored with Professor Tadataka Yamada the Textbook of Gastroenterology which is considered by many to be the best in its field. In recognition of his outstanding achievements in clinical research Professor Owyang received the prestigious Joseph B. Kirsner Award in Gastroenterology. In 2012, he received the Distinguished Mentor Award from the American Gastroenterological Association and in 2013, he received the Julius Friedenwald Award, the highest honor bestowed upon a member by the AGA.

Lay People’s Views on the Appropriateness of Psychotherapies

Rationale, aims and objectives When choosing a particular psychotherapy, psychotherapists are expected to take into account their clients’ preferences, needs, and values, their own professional experience, and what is currently known regarding the real impact of these therapies. Psychotherapists widely vary the one from the other in the weight they attribute to each of these factors. We examined the way lay people judge of the appropriateness of therapeutic decisions taken by clinical psychologists.Methods 206 participants were presented with 24 vignettes depicting the way a psychotherapist has selected therapy. They were composed according to a three within-subject factor design: (a) the frequency with which the therapy was used in clinical practice in the area, (b) the patients’ usual level of appreciation of this therapy, and (c) the level of scientific evidence supporting the use of this therapy (strong evidence, weak evidence, unknown evidence and no evidence). The participants rated appropriateness of the decision in each case.Results For half the participants, the most important factor was the patients’ appreciation of the therapy in general. Even scientifically supported therapies were considered as only mildly appropriate if patients in general didn’t like them much. For the remaining half of participants, scientific evidence was the most important factor: Therapies that were well appreciated by patients were not viewed as appropriate if they were not scientifically grounded.Conclusions Creating authoritative multilingual web sites synthesizing the main findings regarding the impact of diverse therapies would be a way through which at least some patients could judge of the appropriateness of the technique they have been offered by their psychotherapists. Their (informed) reactions could ease changes in direction of more weight attributed to existing scientific evidence from the part of therapists.

Dropout Rates and Response Times of an Occupation Search Tree in a Web Survey

Abstract Occupation is key in socioeconomic research. As in other survey modes, most web surveys use an open-ended question for occupation, though the absence of interviewers elicits unidentifiable or aggregated responses. Unlike other modes, web surveys can use a search tree with an occupation database. They are hardly ever used, but this may change due to technical advancements. This article evaluates a three-step search tree with 1,700 occupational titles, used in the 2010 multilingual WageIndicator web survey for UK, Belgium and Netherlands (22,990 observations). Dropout rates are high; in Step 1 due to unemployed respondents judging the question not to be adequate, and in Step 3 due to search tree item length. Median response times are substantial due to search tree item length, dropout in the next step and invalid occupations ticked. Overall the validity of the occupation data is rather good, 1.7-7.5% of the respondents completing the search tree have ticked an invalid occupation.

Development of an Agent Based Specialized Multi-Lingual Web Browser for Visually Handicapped

In the modern age everyone needs access to Internet; Visually handicapped are not an exception for that. SPECS (SPEcialized Computer System) is a system developed to give access to the visually handicapped. It has a Braille shell. The user can enter his spoken language. After the selection of the language the user can present his request to the browser through chosen language in Braille. The output generated by the browser is given out as voice message. The effectiveness of this system is measured based on number of requests processed, access speed and precision of the system

Analyzing chinese-english mixed language queries in a web search engine

With the increasing number of multilingual web pages on the Internet, multilingual information retrieval has become an important research issue. While queries are the key element of information retrieval process, mixed-language queries have not yet been adequately studied. This study investigates the search topics and user intents of Chinese-English mixed language queries submitted to a Chinese web search engine, and develops a typology of English terms used in those mixed language queries. The preliminary findings show that the category of search topics and distribution of user intents differ from those of monolingual queries reported in previous studies, suggesting a specific searching behavior of Chinese-English mixed language queries users. The findings of this study could provide useful insights in understanding specific searching behavior of Chinese-English mixed language queries users, and inform the construction of controlled vocabularies and cross-lingual query expansion.

Towards Defining the Role of Localisation Professionals in the Achievement of Multilingual Web Accessibility

Expertise in web accessibility matters has not been traditionally observed as a requirement for localisation professionals. Similarly, not enough evidence exists with regard their role as contributors to multilingual web accessibility. This paper presents the initial results of a study carried out with the goal of clarifying localisers’ involvement in the achievement of web accessibility. Data gathered suggest that (1) localisation experts should have web accessibility knowledge as part of their skills set; and that (2) localisers’ participation in multilingual web assessment for accessibility would be of added-value for evaluators.

Comparing tasks of 160 occupations across eight European countries

Purpose – Do similar job titles refer to the same work activities, as assumed often, but hardly empirically tested? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the similarity of 160 occupations within and across eight European countries using interrater agreement statistics (rWG). Design/methodology/approach – Using a multilingual web survey, experts and jobholders in the eight countries rated the frequency of ten tasks per occupation they had knowledge of (n=4,197 ratings). Three hypotheses are investigated: first, interrater agreements of occupations are similar regardless the country; second, interrater agreements of occupations are similar within countries; and third, experts and jobholders are similar in their ratings. Findings – Half of the occupations reveal no agreement across ratings, one-third shows a weak/moderate agreement and one in ten shows a strong agreement. H1 is rejected for task frequency but not for task importance. Within-country similarity of occupations is larger than across-country similarity. H2 is supported for two countries and rejected for two other countries. H3 is not supported. Jobholders demonstrate higher agreement than experts. Research limitations/implications – An empirical testing of occupation-specific tasks for a wide range of occupations across Europe seems a viable approach. Practical implications – The paper contributes to the challenges related to labor market mobility across borders. Originality/value – Work tasks for a wide range of occupations and countries, using job-specific work activities in combination with web surveys and the internet for recruitment of jobholders, have not been used before.

Variability of hospital resources for acute care of COPD patients: the European COPD Audit

Studies have suggested that larger hospitals have better resources and provide better care than smaller ones. This study aimed to explore the relationship between hospital size, resources, organisation of care and adherence to guidelines. The European COPD Audit was designed as a pilot study of clinical care and a survey of resources and organisation of care. Data were entered by clinicians to a multilingual web tool and analysed centrally. Participating hospitals were divided into tertiles on the basis of bed numbers and comparisons made of the resources, organisation of care and adherence to guidelines across the three size groups. 13 national societies provided data on 425 hospitals. The mean number of beds per tertile was 220 (lower), 479 (middle), and 989 (upper). Large hospitals were more likely to have resources and increased numbers of staff; hospital performance measures were related in a minority of indicators only. Adherence to guidelines also varied with hospital size, but the differences were small and inconsistent. There is a wide variation in the size, resources and organisation of care across Europe for hospitals providing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease care. While larger hospitals have more resources, this does not always equate to better accessibility or quality of care for patients.

Health workforce remuneration: comparing wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of 16 occupational groups in 20 countries

BackgroundThis article represents the first attempt to explore remuneration in Human Resources for Health (HRH), comparing wage levels, ranking and dispersion of 16 HRH occupational groups in 20 countries (Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Republic of South Africa (RSA), Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom (UK), and United States of America (USA)). The main aim is to examine to what extent the wage rankings, standardized wage levels, and wage dispersion are similar between the 16 occupational groups and across the selected countries and what factors can be shown to be related to the differences that emerge.MethodThe pooled data from the continuous, worldwide, multilingual WageIndicator web survey between 2008 and 2011 (for selected HRH occupations, n=49,687) have been aggregated into a data file with median or mean remuneration values for 300 occupation/country cells. Hourly wages are expressed in standardized US Dollars (USD), all controlled for purchasing power parity (PPP) and indexed to 2011 levels.ResultsThe wage ranking of 16 HRH occupational groups is fairly similar across countries. Overall Medical Doctors have the highest and Personal Care Workers the lowest median wages. Wage levels of Nursing & Midwifery Professionals vary largely. Health Care Managers have lower earnings than Medical Doctors in all except six of the 20 countries. The largest wage differences are found for the Medical Doctors earning 20 times less in Ukraine than in the US, and the Personal Care Workers, who earn nine times less in the Ukraine than in the Netherlands. No support is found for the assumption that the ratio across the highest and lowest earning HRH occupations is similar between countries: it varies from 2.0 in Sweden to 9.7 in Brazil. Moreover, an increase in the percentage of women in an occupation has a large downward effect on its wage rank.ConclusionsThis article breaks new ground by investigating for the first time the wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of occupational groups in the HRH workforce across countries. The explorative findings illustrate that the assumption of similarity in cross-country wage ranking holds, but that wage dispersion and wage levels are not similar. These findings might contribute to the policies for health workforce composition and the planning of healthcare provisions.

Reading Tutor, A Reading Support System for Japanese Language Learners

The present paper gives an overview of the tools and materials included in the Japanese language reading tutorial system Reading Tutor and the multilingual lexicographical project Reading Tutor Web Dictionary, and discusses their possible uses both for Japanese language instruction and to support autonomous language learning. The paper further presents one particular use of these tools and resources for the development of learning materials for foreign candidates to the Japanese certified care worker national examination, and concludes with suggestions for effective guidance geared at fostering autonomous vocabulary learning.

Use of a Web Portal for Support and Research After a Disaster: Opportunities and Lessons Learned

BackgroundIn this report we describe the development and use of a web portal in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. This large scale disaster confronted many displaced people with death, despair and need for information and support. Awareness and insight in the emotional impact of disasters can provide opportunities for surveillance and early treatment. Moreover, online support systems can contribute to community building, empowerment of victims and resilience.ObjectiveWe evaluate the development and use of a multilingual web portal that combined a platform for information, emotional support, self assessment and referral with research opportunities. The rapid development, use, advantages, difficulties and learning points are discussed.MethodsA multidisciplinary working group from the University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Major Incident Hospital and the Central Military Hospital developed a web portal for tsunami victims. The webportal combined: (1) a forum aimed at community building, (2) self assessment tools that in the same time function as a reseach survey, (3) e-consultation, and (4) an information portal.ResultsWithin 3 weeks after the tsunami, the working group launched an open, online service (www.TISEI.org. Tsunami Intrenational Survey on Emotional Impact) to foster community) support in the aftermath of the disaster. It combined four functionalities that were earlier previously only used separately. The portal had over 36.800 unique visitors in the first two years. At least 31% (144/464) percent of the Dutch surviving victims could be reached for a survey through the site. The TISEI-environment was available in 15 languages and visitors came from all over the world. Ninety-five percent of all visitors came from Europe or the United States. Subsequent to immediate disaster support, the web portal also served as a memorial archive for anniversary meetings and follow-up incentives. Difficulties we experienced were lack of funding, time pressure, victim-anonymisation, international collaboration and long term maintenance.ConclusionsA multilingual website with combined modalities for emotional care and research after a natural disaster proved feasible. Web based services like www.TISEI.org in the aftermath of mass disasters can help community building and deliver low level, patient centred and easily accessible information and care. A multilingual website with combined modalities for emotional care and research after a natural disaster proved feasible. Growing Internet penetration world wide and especially the rapid expansion and influence of online communities enables delivery of care and perform research with the internetInternet as a platform. The unpredictable nature of disaster does put time pressure on the development of online solutions and influenced the yield of our site. This highlights the necessity of developing methods and (inter) national collaborations in advance, secure funding, and learn from earlier initiatives.

Glocal Arabic online: The case of 3arabizi

The term glocal has been used to describe phenomena that simultaneously blend both global and local elements (see Featherstone, Lash, & Robertson, 1995, p. 101). Nowhere is this more evident than in the existence of 3arabizi, itself a blended language composed of English and Vernacular Arabic, written in Latin letters but using arithmographemes, that is, numerals as letters to represent hard-to-transliterate sounds because they do not exist in English (see Bianchi, 2012).1 As part of a doctoral study investigating online language choice involving Arabic and English, this paper examines the unique stylistic and topical functions of 3 arabizi when compared with its linguistic forbears, that is, Arabic and English in a multilingual web forum. The findings indicate that 3arabizi is used for more informal, intimate and phatic communication than either Arabic or English, though these latter two languages or codes are not entirely formal in form and purpose either.

Challenges for the Multilingual Web of Data

The Web has witnessed an enormous growth in the amount of semantic information published in recent years. This growth has been stimulated to a large extent by the emergence of Linked Data. Although this brings us a big step closer to the vision of a Semantic Web, it also raises new issues such as the need for dealing with information expressed in different natural languages. Indeed, although the Web of Data can contain any kind of information in any language, it still lacks explicit mechanisms to automatically reconcile such information when it is expressed in different languages. This leads to situations in which data expressed in a certain language is not easily accessible to speakers of other languages. The Web of Data shows the potential for being extended to a truly multilingual web as vocabularies and data can be published in a language-independent fashion, while associated language-dependent (linguistic) information supporting the access across languages can be stored separately. In this sense, the multilingual Web of Data can be realized in our view as a layer of services and resources on top of the existing Linked Data infrastructure adding i) linguistic information for data and vocabularies in different languages, ii) mappings between data with labels in different languages, and iii) services to dynamically access and traverse Linked Data across different languages. In this article we present this vision of a multilingual Web of Data. We discuss challenges that need to be addressed to make this vision come true and discuss the role that techniques such as ontology localization, ontology mapping, and cross-lingual ontology-based information access and presentation will play in achieving this. Further, we propose an initial architecture and describe a roadmap that can provide a basis for the implementation of this vision.

Data Extraction for Deep Web Using WordNet

Our survey shows that the techniques used in data extraction from deep webs need to be improved to achieve the efficiency and accuracy of automatic wrappers. Further investigations indicate that the development of a lightweight ontological technique using existing lexical database for English (WordNet) is able to check the similarity of data records and detect the correct data region with higher precision using the semantic properties of these data records. The advantages of this method are that it can extract three types of data records, namely, single-section data records, multiple-section data records, and loosely structured data records, and it also provides options for aligning iterative and disjunctive data items. Experimental results show that our technique is robust and performs better than the existing state-of-the-art wrappers. Tests also show that our wrapper is able to extract data records from multilingual web pages and that it is domain independent.

Challenges for the multilingual Web of Data

The Web has witnessed an enormous growth in the amount of semantic information published in recent years. This growth has been stimulated to a large extent by the emergence of Linked Data. Although this brings us a big step closer to the vision of a Semantic Web, it also raises new issues such as the need for dealing with information expressed in different natural languages. Indeed, although the Web of Data can contain any kind of information in any language, it still lacks explicit mechanisms to automatically reconcile such information when it is expressed in different languages. This leads to situations in which data expressed in a certain language is not easily accessible to speakers of other languages.The Web of Data shows the potential for being extended to a truly multilingual web as vocabularies and data can be published in a language-independent fashion, while associated language-dependent (linguistic) information supporting the access across languages can be stored separately. In this sense, the multilingual Web of Data can be realized in our view as a layer of services and resources on top of the existing Linked Data infrastructure adding (i) linguistic information for data and vocabularies in different languages, (ii) mappings between data with labels in different languages, and (iii) services to dynamically access and traverse Linked Data across different languages.In this article, we present this vision of a multilingual Web of Data. We discuss challenges that need to be addressed to make this vision come true and discuss the role that techniques such as ontology localization, ontology mapping, and cross-lingual ontology-based information access and presentation will play in achieving this. Further, we propose an initial architecture and describe a roadmap that can provide a basis for the implementation of this vision.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology was launched in 1985. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of gastroenterology is divided into 12 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the two Section Editors for this issue. Section Editors Anthony KallooAnthony KallooDr Anthony Kalloo is a Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. He is the Director of The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He has special interests in Natural Orifice Surgery, therapeutic endoscopy, biliary and pancreatic diseases and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. After receiving his medical degree from the University of West Indies Medical School, Dr Kalloo interned and completed his residency in Internal medicine at Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C. He completed his fellowship training program at the combined Georgetown University, VA Medical Center and NIH program. He was an Instructor in Medicine at Georgetown University prior to joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins in 1988. He was an Associate Editor of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. He is the founder and immediate past medical director of The Hopkins Gastroenterology and Hepatology Resource Center (www.hopkins-gi.org), a 3000 page multilingual web resource for patients and physicians. He has authored over 150 scientific papers, review articles and book chapters. He has pioneered and has multiple patents including the use of Botulinum Toxin in the gastrointestinal tract, endoscopic cryotherapy and the winged biliary/pancreatic stent. He is the pioneer of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES), a technique that will enable abdominal surgery without the use of incisions. Dr Kalloo is a past Panel Chair for Gastroenterology and Urology Devices with the United States Food and Drug Administration. He is the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Educator of the Year Award from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Chung OwyangChung OwyangProfessor Owyang is currently Professor of Internal Medicine and Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He also holds the H. Marvin Pollard Chair in Gastroenterology. He received his M.D. degree from McGill University and completed his post graduate training at the Mayo Clinic, USA. In 1979 he joined the medical faculty at the University of Michigan where currently he holds numerous committee and administrative appointments. He serves as Director of the Marvin Pollard Institute for Medical Research, Director of the Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory and is a member of numerous prestigious national and international organizations. He was a member of the National Institute of Health Study Section, the Federal Drug Advisory Board (FDA) and the American Board of Internal Medicine. He has also served on the Council of the American Gastroenterological Association and chaired the International Committee. He served as the President of the American Motility Society from 2000 to 2004. Professor Owyang's work has focused on the molecular mechanisms of information processing in the enteric nervous system. His research has provided important insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of human disease states which has had important physiological and clinical implications, particularly in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and irritable bowel syndrome. His most recent studies include the purification and characterization of the role of CCK-releasing peptide in health and in chronic pancreatitis. In addition, his laboratory is also doing studies to investigate the circuitry of the enteric nervous system in different regions of the GI tract and determine the mechanism of information processing. In recognition of his outstanding achievements in clinical research, Professor Owyang received the prestigious Joseph B. Kirsner Award in Gastroenterology and was inducted as a honorary member of the Royal College of Physicians, Thailand. Professor Owyang takes pride in the over 25 fellows he has trained, many of whom are now important contributors in the field of gastroenterology. Professor Owyang has authored more than 250 publications and co-authored with Professor Tadataka Yamada the new Textbook of Gastroenterology, which is considered by many to be the best in its field.

A Telematic Tool to Predict the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in White Men and Women: ColoRectal Cancer Alert (CRCA)

Colorectal cancer is an important disease because of its severity and also since it affects much of the population. Nothing helps patients and doctors to determine the risk of suffering from colorectal cancer during their lives, except for medical tests such as the colonoscopy. There have been several studies and research to try to estimate the relative risks of colorectal cancer based on various factors and the applications to calculate the risk of this cancer, but these are not within everyone's research. This project offers a multilingual Web tool, called ColoRectal Cancer Alert (CRCA), to calculate the risk of colorectal cancer for life in men and women of white race. With this application, doctors can carry out research in a few minutes to explore this risk when they are seeing a patient. The platform is designed in such a way that anyone can use it. It is easy to use and intuitive. We should keep in mind that this tool does not replace diagnostic tests such as the colonoscopy or the sigmoidoscopy. It is designed so that users with the assistance of their doctor know the risk and act accordingly (for example, having more checkups on the disease in case of high risk). To access the tool a computer with Internet connection will be required. Currently, 250 users of white race under the supervision of a specialist have completed the questionnaire.

Constructing Glocal Identities Through Multilingual Writing Practices on Flickr.com®

This article reports on a study of user-generated multilingual writing activities on the photo sharing site, Flickr.com®. It discusses how Flickr users deploy their multilingual resources when interacting with international audiences, the factors affecting their language choice, and how new multilingual identities are constructed. An exploratory content analysis of the photo sites and profiles of 100 Flickr users was followed up by an online questionnaire survey and focused online interviews of Chinese and Spanish users. This article shows that Flickr is a highly multilingual Web 2.0 space, where language choice is affected by the users' situated linguistic ecology, their imagined audience, the content of their photos, and the perceived functions of Flickr. Our findings also reveal new relations between the local and the global. The article concludes by arguing that multilingual writing practices are crucial in negotiating “glocal” identities and widening participation in Web 2.0 spaces such as Flickr.