Multi Line Research Articles

Support mechanical response analysis and surrounding rock pressure calculation method for a shallow buried super large section tunnel in weak surrounding rock

At present, China's demand for high-speed railway construction is constantly increasing, and the construction of Multi line high-speed railway tunnels has been put on the agenda. The design and construction issues of super-large-sections tunnels urgently need to be addressed. The Xiabei mountain No. 1 and No. 2 tunnels in the Hangzhou-Taizhou Railway are typical shallow-buried super-large-section-tunnels in weak surrounding rock, and their design and construction issues are representative. Eleven monitoring sections were set up in the tunnel, including tunnel deformation, surrounding rock, shotcrete, steel frames, bolts and temporary support mechanical responses. Taking the monitoring data of the most typical cross-section as an example, the mechanical response of the support structure of a shallow-buried super-large-section tunnel was analyzed in detail. Based on previous research results, this paper discusses and summarizes the common construction problems of this type of tunnel, and puts forward corresponding suggestions. The existing formula for calculating surrounding rock pressure has poor applicability to super-large-section tunnels constructed by step excavation, resulting in conservative support parameters. Therefore, based on the monitoring values of surrounding rock pressure at 10 monitoring sections in Xiabei mountain No. 1 and No. 2 tunnels, empirical parameters reflecting the impact of step excavation were summarized. Based on the Wang formula and combined with the step excavation empirical parameters, an empirical formula for the surrounding rock pressure of shallow-buried super-large-section tunnels considering step excavation was constructed. The calculated results are in good agreement with the on-site monitoring data. This study can provide a good reference for similar projects.

P‐2.7: Slam Fusion Location Mapping Based on Lidar

Aiming at the low accuracy of GNSS/INS integrated navigation caused by the outdoor road environment without GNSS signal or poor GNSS signal, this thesis proposes to combine slam technology with on-board laser scanning system, which can still maintain good robustness in the weak GNSS area. By coupling slam and IMU through the factor graph optimization algorithm, it can improve the mapping results affected by the high speed in the on-board laser scanning system. this thesis uses the system calibration to improve the lio-sam algorithm.Based on the factor graph optimization algorithm, the multi line laser is added to the vehicle lidar scanning system to solve the long-distance and high-precision positioning and attitude determination in the case of weak GNSS signal. The feasibility and effectiveness are verified by the specific application in the field.

Orthotropic plates with dynamic vertical seismic load modeled as multi line

Calculation plate floor concrete, using a static load which is a gravity load consisting of a live load and a dead load, with various of boundary conditions, floor slabs are orthotropic plate, and rarely account for dynamic loads due to vertical seismic loads, with other boundary conditions, such as Clamped, simply supported, ES (Elastic Support), ER (Elastic Restraint), and ESR (Elastic Support and Restraint). Analytical solution based on the Modified Bolotin Method to analyze floor slab under Vertical Peak Ground Acceleration (PGAv), the natural frequency solution based on auxiliary Levy’s type problems. Dynamic vertical seismic loads using multiline, first line at 0 < t < 0.5 is linear equation, second line at 0.05 < t < 0.15 is quadratic equation, third line 0.15 > t < 0.6 is sextic equation, last line, t > 0.6 is linear equation, vertical seismic load with two conditions far fault and near fault, multi-line equation are depending on (PGAv/g). A numerical example is given, for various boundary conditions, and far fault, translational stiffness (kx, ky) and rotational stiffness (cx ,cy), from the results of plate calculations due to dynamic vertical seismic loads with 5 types of edge support, ES (elastic support) is the best result.

The direct scattering problem for perturbed Kadomtsev–Petviashvili multi line solitons

Regular Kadomtsev–Petviashvili II line solitons have been investigated and classified successfully by the Grassmannians. The inverse scattering method provides a promising and powerful approach to study the stability properties of Gr(N, M)>0 Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) solitons. In this paper, we complete rigorous analysis for the direct scattering problem of perturbed Gr(N, M)>0 KP solitons.

Applying an association weight matrix in weighted genomic prediction of boar taint compounds.

Biological information regarding markers and gene association may be used to attribute different weights for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genome-wide selection. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the predictive ability and the bias of genomic prediction using models that allow SNP weighting in the genomic relationship matrix (G) building, with and without incorporating biological information to obtain the weights. Firstly, we performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in data set containing single- (SL) or a multi-line (ML) pig population for androstenone, skatole and indole levels. Secondly, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 30% and 50% of the markers explaining the highest proportions of the genetic variance for each trait were selected to build gene networks through the association weight matrix (AWM) approach. The number of edges in the network was computed and used to derive weights for G (AWM-WssGBLUP). The single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) and weighted ssGBLUP (WssGBLUP) were used as standard scenarios. All scenarios presented predictive abilities different from zero; however, the great overlap in their confidences interval suggests no differences among scenarios. Most of scenarios of based on AWM provide overestimations for skatole in both SL and ML populations. On the other hand, the skatole and indole prediction were no biased in the ssGBLUP (S1) in both SL and ML populations. Most of scenarios based on AWM provide no biased predictions for indole in both SL and ML populations. In summary, using biological information through AWM matrix and gene networks to derive weights for genomic prediction resulted in no increase in predictive ability for boar taint compounds. In addition, this approach increased the number of analyses steps. Thus, we can conclude that ssGBLUP is most appropriate for the analysis of boar taint compounds in comparison with the weighted strategies used in the present work.

Optimal Location and Parameter Setting of IPFCDevices based on ITLBO for Power System SecurityEnhancement Under Multi line Contingency

Optimal Location and Parameter Setting of IPFCDevices based on ITLBO for Power System SecurityEnhancement Under Multi line Contingency

The Two Alternative Oxidation State Assignments of Manganese Ions: What S2 CW-EPR Multiline (ML) Signal Simulations Reveal?

Characterizing the photosystem II (PSII) sample, continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) simulations of the S2 ML signal at X-band frequencies was our focus. This can help increase our understanding of how the manganese (Mn) atoms in the catalytic site of the PSII magnetically interact using ML signals. It can also be used to further the understanding of possible water-splitting mechanisms in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The question that remains is how much does each manganese (Mn) ion contribute to the ML signal through its hyperfine interactions in the OEC? Currently, there are two proposals for the average oxidation states of the Mn ions, denoted the ‘high’ oxidation paradigm (HOP) and the ‘low’ oxidation paradigm (LOP). Majority of PSII researchers favour the HOP. Various experiments have been conducted to investigate the two alternative oxidation states, including EPR (Jin et al. in Phys Chem Chem Phys 16(17):7799–7812, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55189j, 2014; Baituti in Hyperfine Interact 238(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-017-1440-8, 2017; Ioannidis et al. in Biochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1021/bi060520s, 2006). The S2 ML EPR signal simulation using the 55Mn hyperfine coupling constants, with one very large, one medium, and two small hyperfine values, fits the experimental data. The Mn1 has a large hyperfine coupling, which agrees well with earlier data by Jin et al. [19]. Three large fractional anisotropy observed on three Mn centers (Mn1,3,4), suggests the presence of three MnIII ions, and Mn2 center is likely to be MnIV ion, hence favouring the LOP (MnIII MnIV MnIII MnIII).

Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm for Power System Security Enhancement

The present-day power system is vulnerable to instability and security threats due to the continuously changing load pattern. To enhance the security of the power system and to avoid the electrical power system from collapsing, the condition of the system security has to be inspected by security analysis tools and it can be enhanced by the proper integration of FACTS devices into the network. This paper presents a methodology in which the security of the system can be analyzed with the help of an index called Line Overload Severity Index (LOSI). Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is preferred to improve the security of the power system. Owing to the cost involved in placing UPFCs it is obligatory to use minimum number of devices, by optimally placing them in the network. It is obligatory to recognize an ideal location to install UPFC. Considering the Line overload Sensitivity Index, the optimal location identification for UPFC is done. The paper also presents the formulation of a new severity function using transmission line loadings. The severity function combines the objectives of reducing transmission line loadings and improvement of voltage profile during multi line contingencies. In the event of multi-line contingencies, the objective function for reducing the fuel cost and the severity function are analyzed. Optimal power flow method is followed to analyze the security of the electrical power system during contingency situations. This optimal location identification procedure and the OPF are solved using a metaheuristic technique, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). The whole methodology that is proposed is experimented on a standard IEEE-30 bus test system.

Impact of Wind Units in Congestion Management for Hybrid Electricity Market

This paper presents the impact of Wind energy source in CM (congestion management) problem and CMP (congestion management approach) based on rescheduling of generators for a bilateral/pool electricity market considering secure bilateral transactions. The functioning constraints with and without Wind units are included in the optimization problem. Participation of Wind units in CM is dependent on the availability of wind during the congestion. The Weibull PDF is utilized for wind model and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is utilized for 24-hours wind speed sample. The multi line congestion cases with one/two/three lines have been considered and the selection of the lines is based on the sensitivity factors based on congestion distribution factors. The MINLP (mixed-integer non-linear programming) CM optimization problem has been solved. The results have been obtained for IEEE-24 bus Reliability Test System with modification adding wind generators.

Filter optimization for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing combined with multi line transmission for ultrafast ultrasound imaging

Multi-line transmission (MLT) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are two types of approaches which have been individually applied to increase ultrasound data acquisition rate. Both consist in the simultaneous transmission of several beams to reconstruct multiple image lines at the same time, which, however, implies interbeam cross-talk that deteriorates image quality. In particular, as a consequence of interbeam cross-talk, imaging artifacts are generated. While MLT essentially relies on beams spatial-separations to limit interbeam cross-talk, OFDM mitigates interbeam-cross-talk by assigning to each beam a fraction of the transducer bandwidth. Recently the combination of the two techniques has been tested and shown effective to further boost the data acquisition rate [doi:10.1109/ULTSYM.2018.8580107]. In this work, results from a filter optimization study are reported and discussed. Data as obtained from wire targets and tissue mimicking phantoms have been analysed to asses the impact of filter type, order and bandwidth on key imaging features, i.e., axial resolution, interbeam cross-talk, and artifacts area. The ULA-OP 256 system equipped with a 2.4 MHZ phased array was employed to collect the data.

Transmission system regularization with 5-level cascaded IPFC

<p class="JESAbstract">In recent years, there is an immensely huge demand to power due to industrialization and modernization, butcorrespondingly the amplification of generation and transmission has not been done due to constrained resources and environmental limitations. The huge growth in demand leads to various problems in power systems. Heavy growth in semiconductor technology made power electronics plays a key role in solving these problems. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are used for fixing various problems in power system. They are used for enhancing the existing transmission capabilities and improving the system dynamic performance so that to make transmission system flexible and efficient in operation. Inter line power flow controller (IPFC) is a latest generation series connected FACTS device, having capability of controlling power flow among multi line in a transmission network. In this paper cascaded 5 level inverter is used as the inverter module for IPFC. Control techniques play a vital role in power flow control in the system, with the main objective of minimization of harmonics and obtaining a variable output with maximum fundamental component. This paper discusses various comparative case studies on IPFC with cascaded 5 level inverter using SPWM and SVM control techniques.</p>

Investing Tensile Strength of Aluminium Alloy 6061 for Multi Line Friction Stir Lap Welding

Investing Tensile Strength of Aluminium Alloy 6061 for Multi Line Friction Stir Lap Welding

Prediction of Plate Deformation by Multi-line Heating using SDB Method

The purpose of this study is to quickly and accurately predict the deformed shape of the curved plate located before and after the surface of the hull manufactured by multi line heating (or flame bending). Three dimensional thermo-elasto-plastic analysis takes long time and requires user’s guidance to simulate the deformation. To overcome these drawbacks, this study employed the SDB(Strain as Direct Boundary) method based on thermal strain rather than the three dimensional finite element analysis using solid element. The thermal strain, including material phase transformation and volumetric expansion occurred during Martensite phase transformation, is specially considered by SDB. This study calculates the temperature dependent phase portion using material chemical composition and reflects the martensite portion dependent volumetric expansion. The Heat Affected Zone(HAZ) is obtained by thermal analysis and virtual temperature substituting the heat input is assumed by the size and shape of HAZ. In order to reflect the initial deformation due to the former heating lines to the post-deformation analysis, this study predicts the deformation by multi-line heating using the plastic material properties. Thereafter, comparing the deformation of the plate with the 3D solid elasto-plastic analysis and the SDB method, this study shows the accuracy and efficiency of the SDB method. Key words: Plate deformation, Heat Affected Zone(HAZ), Strain as Direct Boundary (SDB), Line heating, Flame bending

Research on the control system of an amphibious transmission line Inspection UAV based on fuzzy PID control

The amphibious UAV combines the advantages of multi rotor UAV and line inspection robot. It can carry out two working modes: air flight and online driving. It can observe the running state of transmission line and improve the quality of patrol. In this paper, a fuzzy PID control algorithm is proposed to make the amphibious UAV flight control more flexible and close to the transmission line, and the simulation and software control process design are carried out.

Performance of generalised unified power flow controller in transmission system

This paper focuses on innovative dynamic performance of power electronics based on generalised unified power flow controller (PFC). The GUPFC is a voltage source converter (VSC) based flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controller used to provide series and shunt compensation among the multi transmission line systems of a substation. GUPFC improves the performance of power quality issues, active and reactive power oscillations in multiple transmission lines. This paper proposes a complete replica comprising of 48-pulse gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor based VSC which examines the dynamic operation of control scheme for shunt and two series VSC for voltage stabilisation and active and reactive power compensation by using POD controller among the transmission lines of the grid network. It is able to control injected voltage, at the same time as keeping injected voltage in quadrature with current within the power system is completely modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

What the multiline signal (MLS) simulation data with average of weighted computations reveal about the Mn hyperfine interactions and oxidation states of the manganese cluster in OEC?

Understanding the structure of oxygen evolving complex (OEC) fully still remains a challenge. Lately computational chemistry with the data from more detailed X-ray diffraction (XRD) OEC structure, has been used extensively in exploring the mechanisms of water oxidation in the OEC (Gatt et al., J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 104(1–2), 80–93 2011). Knowledge of the oxidation states is very crucial for understanding the core principles of catalysis by photosystem II (PSII) and catalytic mechanism of OEC. The present study involves simulation studies of the X-band continuous wave electron-magnetic resonance (CW-EPR) generated S 2 state signals, to investigate whether the data is in agreement with the four manganese ions in the OEC, being organised as a ‘3 + 1’ (trimer plus one) model (Gatt et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 12025–12028 2012; Petrie et al., Chem. A Eur. J. 21, 6780–6792 2015; Terrett et al., Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 50, 8–11 2014) or ‘dimer of dimers’ model (Terrett et al. 2016). The question that still remains is how much does each Mn ion contribute to the “ g2multiline” signal through its hyperfine interactions in OEC also to differentiate between the ‘high oxidation state (HOS)’ and ‘low oxidation state (LOS)’ paradigms? This is revealed in part by the structure of multiline (ML) signal studied in this project. Two possibilities have been proposed for the redox levels of the Mn ions within the catalytic cluster, the so called ‘HOS’ and ‘LOS’ paradigms (Gatt et al., J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 104(1–2), 80–93 2011). The method of data analysis involves numerical simulations of the experimental spectra on relevant models of the OEC cluster. The simulations of the X-band CW-EPR multiline spectra, revealed three manganese ions having hyperfine couplings with large anisotropy. These are most likely Mn III centres and these clearly support the ‘LOS’ OEC paradigm model, with a mean oxidation of 3.25 in the S2 state. This is consistent with the earlier data by Jin et al. (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (PCCP) 16(17), 7799–812 2014), but the present results clearly indicate that heterogeneity in hyperfine couplings exist in samples as typically prepared.

Extreme compression of fingerprint image databases using the model-based transform

In this paper, a model-based compression algorithm is proposed to compress the fingerprint image data. The proposed model is based on parallel lines with identical orientations, arbitrary widths, and similar gray-level values positioned on a rectangle with a constant gray-level value as the background. This algorithm is referred to as Parallel Stroked Multi Line (PSML). A compression algorithm is developed based on Adaptive Geometrical Wavelet which employs PSML to preserve the fingerprint structure and minutiae. The proposed PSML algorithm has significant advantages over Wedgelets Transform and JPEG2000 in terms of PSNR value, visual quality of the compressed images, and compression effect on Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). On the U.are.U 400 database, the mean EER rate for uncompressed images is 4.54%, whereas at extreme compression rates, like 267:1, this value is 49.41% and 6.22% for JPEG2000 and PSML, respectively. The results show a significant improvement compared to the standard JPEG2000 algorithm.

On a family of KP multi–line solitons associated to rational degenerations of real hyperelliptic curves and to the finite non–periodic Toda hierarchy

We classify the soliton data in the totally non--negative part of Gr(k,n) which may be associated to algebraic-geometric data on certain rational degenerations of regular hyperelliptic M-curves. Such degenerate rational curve G is a desingularization of that constructed in Abenda-Grinevich (arXiv:1506.00563) for soliton data in the totally positive part of Gr(n-1,n) and the KP wavefunctions are the same in such case. G is also the curve constructed in the paper for soliton data in the totally positive part of Gr(1,n). For any such G and for any fixed k between 2 and (n-2), we show that k-compatible soliton data correspond to a family of KP multi-line solitons (T-hyperelliptic) which parametrize soliton data in an (n-1)--dimensional variety of the totally positive part of the Grassmannian Gr(k,n). We explicitly characterize T-hyperelliptic solitons from the algebraic-point of view. T-hyperelliptic solitons are also connected to the solutions of the finite non-periodic Toda hierarchy because the tau function is the same for both systems. We investigate such relation from the algebraic point of view and compare the two spectral problems. In particular, the vacuum KP divisor and the Toda divisor coincide, while k--compatible divisors may be recursively constructed using known recursions for the Toda system. Finally, we also explain how KP divisors change under the space--time transformation which induces a duality tranformation from soliton data in Gr(k,n) to soliton data in Gr(n-k,n) and compare the action of such transformation both for the KP and the Toda systems.

On real bounded and regular ( n − k , k )–line KP solitons

After reviewing some of the recent results by S. Chakravarty and Y. Kodama and by Y. Kodama and L. Williams concerning the characterization of the asymptotic behavior of real regular and bounded multi–line soliton solutions to the KP-II equation, we introduce the finite–gap approach to the inverse spectral problem for this family of solutions.

Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) of Beans with Special Focus on Ethiopian Condition

Common bacterial blight (CBB) is the most devastating factor that affects common bean crops in all common bean growing areas. This review was to review with an objective of reviewing the biology, economic importance of CBB of common bean crop disease and its management options, with an emphasis on the future research direction and priorities. CBB disease, caused by the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and its fuscans variant Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff) is the major bottleneck in bean production in the world as well as in Ethiopia. It is a serious bacterial disease of common bean which causes lesions on the leaves, stems, pods and seeds of the plant. The disease affects seed quality and can reduce yield by up to 45%, may be more in susceptible cultivars. CBB is very difficult to control due to seed-borne nature of the bacteria and its capacity to produce huge amounts of secondary inoculum. Since the disease is very important in causing economic losses of yields on bean crop, developing and using effective and appropriate management options is unquestionable. Using resistant varieties supplemented with chemical seed treatment and proper cultural practices could be the best alternative options in managing common bacterial blight of common bean and avoiding yield loss. In general, integrated disease management is the preferred strategy because of increased understanding on residual effects of chemical control on non-target organisms and environment as well as the limitation of a single alternative management option to achieve the same level of control and reliability as that of chemical. In the case of Ethiopia, emphasis should be given to developing multi line resistance varieties by suitable breeding practice and developing molecular markers to enhance marker assisted selection.