Multilevel Modeling Analyses Research Articles

The use of mentalization-based techniques in online psychodynamic child psychotherapy

Objective: Psychodynamic child psychotherapy is an evidence-based approach for a range of child mental health difficulties and needs to constantly adapt to meet the needs of children. This study is the first to investigate whether the use of mentalization-based interventions (i.e., a focus on promoting attention control, emotion regulation, and explicit mentalization) predicted a good therapeutic outcome in online psychodynamic child therapy sessions conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The sample included 51 Turkish children (M age = 7.43, 49% girls) with mixed emotional and behavioral problems. Independent raters coded 203 sessions from different phases in each child’s treatment using the Mentalization-Based Treatment for Children Adherence Scale (MBT-CAS). Results: Multilevel modeling analyses showed children with higher emotional lability benefited more from attention control interventions compared to those with lower emotional lability. Discussion: Interventions that focus on developing the basic building blocks of mentalizing may be effective components of therapeutic action for online delivery of psychodynamic child psychotherapy, especially for children with greater emotional lability.

Cultural and Contextual Drivers of Triple Burden of Malnutrition among Children in India.

This study examines malnutrition's triple burden, including anaemia, overweight, and stunting, among children aged 6-59 months. Using data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021), the study identifies risk factors and assesses their contribution at different levels to existing malnutrition burden. A random intercept multilevel logistic regression model and spatial analysis are employed to identify child, maternal, and household level risk factors for stunting, overweight, and anaemia. The study finds that 34% of children were stunted, 4% were overweight, and 66% were anaemic. Stunting and anaemia prevalence were higher in central and eastern regions, while overweight was more prevalent in the north-eastern and northern regions. At the macro-level, the coexistence of stunting, overweight, and anaemia circumstantiates the triple burden of childhood malnutrition with substantial spatial variation (Moran's I: stunting-0.53, overweight-0.41, and anaemia-0.53). Multilevel analysis reveals that child, maternal, and household variables play a substantial role in determining malnutrition burden in India. The nutritional health is significantly influenced by a wide range of determinants, necessitating multilevel treatments targeting households to address this diverse group of coexisting factors. Given the intra-country spatial heterogeneity, the treatment also needs to be tailor-made for various disaggregated levels.

K-pop music diffusion in Korea and East Asia: the convergence of visual technology and concrete narratives

ABSTRACT This study explores the diffusion of Korean popular music (K-Pop) across East Asian countries and aims to understand why it has undergone such fast diffusion throughout the region. For this research, a multilevel model analysis is conducted to examine the role of concrete and abstract narratives in music industry diffusion. The results suggest that the entry of visual technologies into pop music has increased diffusion over that enabled by acoustic technology alone. Concrete narratives moderate the link between visual technology and music industry diffusion. Together, concrete technology and narrative produce positive results compared to those of either alone. Among countries, Korea and Japan are more closely related in terms of technology and narratives than, for instance, China and Vietnam, which also differ from one another. This study provides important insights into K-Pop diffusion and sheds light on the factors that influence the music industry’s growth in the East Asian region.

Short-Term Outcomes of Bimatoprost Sustained-Release Intracameral Implant in Glaucoma.

This retrospective study found a statistically significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of medications after intracameral Bimatoprost sustained release (SR) injection in patients with glaucoma. A history of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) did not impact treatment outcomes. To determine outcomes of Bimatoprost SR on IOP and the number of topical IOP-lowering medications in patients with glaucoma. A secondary objective was to determine the outcomes of Bimatoprost SR in patients with a prior history of SLT. Retrospective case series. One hundred eighteen eyes from 84 patients that received Bimatoprost SR by 6 glaucoma specialists at Wills Eye Hospital from March 2020 to September 2021 were examined. The intervention was a single injection of intracameral Bimatoprost SR. The main outcome measures included IOP and the number of medications. The most recent mean follow-up time for all eyes was 27.8 ± 18.6 weeks. The mean posttreatment IOP at the most recent follow-up of 16.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg was significantly lower than the mean under-therapy pretreatment IOP of 18.5 ± 5.7 mm Hg for all eyes ( P < 0.01). The mean posttreatment number of medications at the most recent follow-up of 1.3 ± 1.3 decreased compared with the number of pretreatment medications of 2.1 ± 1.4 for all eyes ( P < 0.01). Analysis of multilevel models controlling for demographic variables demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in IOP and number of medications posttreatment ( P < 0.01). A prior history of SLT (n = 54) had no impact on treatment for both IOP and the number of medications ( P > 0.1 for both). Intracameral Bimatoprost SR reduced IOP and decreased the number of medications. Prior history of SLT did not impact Bimatoprost SR treatment outcomes.

A multilevel investigation of the cascading effect of entrepreneurial leadership on employee creativity: Evidence from Chinese hospitality and tourism firms

This study aims to elucidate the cascading effect of entrepreneurial leadership on fostering employee creativity in hospitality and tourism firms. Drawing upon multiple theories (e.g., the affective events theory and conservation of resources theory) and utilizing a multilevel mediation model, this study predicts and examines the cross-level indirect relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and employee creativity, which is sequentially transmitted through employees’ surface acting and work-related flow. Based on a 2-wave longitudinal design, survey data were obtained from multiple sources consisting of 47 leaders and 352 employees in Chinese hospitality and tourism firms. Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) analysis provides empirical support for the cross-level mediation model. This study is among the first to provide empirical evidence of the cross-level effect of entrepreneurial leadership on workplace creativity via surface acting and work-related flow in the service industry, which enriches the leadership literature in the tourism discipline.

The effects of social identity and social identity content on cohesion, efficacy, and performance across a competitive rugby league season

ABSTRACT Social identity (one's sense of belongingness to a group) and social identity content (what it means to belong to a group) are important psychological constructs for cognition and behaviour. Whilst some longitudinal social identity research exists, researchers have yet to explore the temporal effects of social identity content in sport. Across a competitive season, we therefore explored the main and interactive effects of social identity and two types of social identity content (results and friendships) on cohesion, self and team-level efficacy, and subjective team performance. Participants were 167 male rugby league athletes (M age = 18.16 ± 0.44 years) drawn from all eight teams competing in a single English Premier Rugby League Division. At the start, middle, and end of their nine-week season, participants completed a series of measures. Multilevel modelling analyses found that social identity significantly and positively predicted all study outcomes amongst athletes, and self and team-level efficacy across time. As athletes’ social identity strengthened across the season, so too did self and team-level efficacy. Also at the time-level, the interaction between social identity and friendships content significantly and positively predicted team-level efficacy. In other words, social identity was important for team-level efficacy throughout the season when friendships content was high. Overall, our findings suggest that social identity is important for cohesion, efficacy, and team performance. The lack of interaction effects between social identity and results/friendships contents may be attributable to athletes adopting social creativity by altering the importance placed on results and friendships throughout the season.

Social comparison in physical education: Impact of frames of reference, motives to compare, and self-determined motivation

Physical education (PE) provides an important achievement setting for researchers to investigate social comparison processes, however, our understanding of how these processes function, and their consequences, remains limited in this setting. The present study aimed to determine the role of two frames of reference (the class and a chosen individual), motives for comparison, and motivational regulations in predicting physical self-concept (PSC), self-efficacy, and positive/negative affect in PE. Four hundred and ninety-one adolescents (Mage = 14.75, SD = 0.90 years, nested within 28 PE classes and nine teachers) completed a multi-section inventory assessing the key constructs. Multilevel modeling analysis showed that students’ perceptions of ability compared to the class as a whole were pertinent in determining all outcomes whereas comparisons with an individual were less influential. As for the effects of motives for comparison, both self-efficacy and positive affect were positively predicted by self-evaluation and self-improvement. In terms of motivational regulations, findings suggested that more autonomous forms of motivation positively predicted PSC, self-efficacy and positive affect, and were inversely related with negative affect. The results also endorsed the utility of studying intrapersonal moderators of social comparisons in PE, and provide important implications for professional practice.

Family resilience and its influencing factors among advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers: a multilevel modeling analysis

BackgroundCancer is highly prevalent worldwide. Family resilience is a positive variable that helps families burdened by advanced cancer to cope effectively. This study aimed to describe the family resilience of advanced cancer patients and caregivers in dyads and identify its influencing factors at the individual and dyadic levels.MethodsThis multisite cross-sectional study was conducted in oncology units in five tertiary hospitals in China. A total of 270 advanced cancer patient-caregiver dyads were recruited between June 2020 and March 2021. Patients’ and caregivers’ family resilience was measured by the Family Resilience Assessment Scale. Data on potential influencing factors, including demographic and disease-related characteristics as well as family sense of coherence, psychological resilience, perceived social support, symptom burden, and caregiver burden, were collected. Multilevel modeling analysis was adopted to control for the interdependence of the dyads.ResultsA total of 241 dyads were included in the data analysis. The mean ages of patients and caregivers were 53.96 (SD 15.37) and 45.18 (SD 13.79) years, respectively. Most caregivers were spouses and adult children (45.6% and 39.0%, respectively). Patients reported a higher mean family resilience score than caregivers (152.56 vs. 149.87, respectively). Undergoing fewer than two types of treatment and a lower symptom burden of patients predicted higher patient (B = -9.702, -0.134, respectively) and caregiver (B = -5.462, -0.096, respectively) family resilience. Patients also reported higher family resilience under the following conditions: 1) were on a medical insurance plan other than the new rural cooperative medical system (B = 6.089), 2) had a better family sense of coherence (B = 0.415), 3) whose caregivers were unmarried (B = 8.618), perceived lower social support (B = -0.145) and higher psychological resilience (B = 0.313). Caregivers who were ≤ 44 years old (B = -3.221), had similar previous caregiving experience (B = 7.706), and had a stronger family sense of coherence (B = 0.391) reported higher family resilience.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of adopting a dyadic approach when caring for advanced cancer patients and their caregivers. Dyadic longitudinal research is suggested to discover more modifiable factors of family resilience and tailored interventions are needed to obtain optimal dyadic outcomes.

Can a supportive supervisor be a treasure for teachers? A multilevel analysis of the relationship between perceived supervisor support, work engagement, and burnout

AbstractIn this study, we examined the relationships between perceived supervisor support, work engagement, and burnout levels of teachers by using multilevel analysis. We assumed that a high level of perceived supervisor support would relate positively to work engagement but negatively to burnout. We also suggested that work engagement would mediate the relationship between perceived supervisor support and burnout. The participants of the study consisted of 796 teachers from 87 schools located in the center of Elazig province in eastern Turkey. According to multilevel structural equation modeling analysis, we found that perceived supervisor support is positively related to work engagement but negatively to burnout at the teacher and school levels. We carried out a series of Sobel tests for multilevel mediation analyses and identified the presence of a mediating role in the relationship between perceived supervisor support and burnout at both levels of work engagement in general. In conclusion, this study indicates that perceived supervisor support can be a significant resource for teachers' well‐being.

Double-Edged Sword Effect of Flexible Work Arrangements on Employee Innovation Performance: From the Demands–Resources–Individual Effects Perspective

This study explores the double-edged sword effect of FWAs on employee innovation performance based on the Demand–Resource–Individual Effect (DRIVE) model. A total of 411 valid questionnaires from knowledge-based employees were collected in three stages through a survey of technology-based companies in China. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 22 software, and multi-level linear model analysis was conducted to test the double mediating effect of psychological empowerment and role ambiguity and the moderating effect of role breadth self-efficacy. This study found that, in terms of the job demand path, flexible work arrangements (FWAs) increased employees’ role ambiguity, which in turn decreased their innovation performance; in terms of the job resource path, FWAs increased employees’ psychological empowerment, which in turn increased their innovation performance. From the perspective of individual differences, under the flexible work system, employees with high role breadth self-efficacy can enhance their psychological empowerment and reduce role ambiguity, thus promoting their innovation performance. This study is the first to analyze the “double-edged sword” effect of FWAs on employee innovation performance based on the DRIVE model, which effectively extends the moderating variable of role breadth self-efficacy in the model and helps to understand the impact of different types of FWAs on employee innovation performance. In addition, this study provides a reference for technology-based companies to strengthen their digital capabilities and regulation of FWAs, which is conducive to achieving sustainable business development.

Structural and Psychological Empowerment in Explaining Job Satisfaction and Burnout in Nurses: A Two-Level Investigation

Aim. The aim of the study was to test a two-level model of the relationships between structural empowerment in a hospital department and job satisfaction and burnout in nurses. We tested whether psychological empowerment is a mediator of these relationships. Background. We drew on empowerment theory to examine whether psychological empowerment mediates the association between organizational-level structural empowerment and nurses’ job satisfaction and burnout at the individual level. The proposed two-level model takes into account the effect of both contextual and individual factors on individual nurse’s job satisfaction and burnout. Methods. The study was conducted in 29 public hospital departments and included 309 participants employed as nurses or midwives. To analyze the results, we applied multilevel modeling and cross-level mediation analysis, with nurses as Level 1 and hospital departments as Level 2. Results. Structural empowerment at the hospital department level is positively related to nurses’ individual sense of competence and autonomy, namely, to their psychological empowerment. Structural empowerment is also positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to burnout in nurses. Psychological empowerment is a mediator between structural empowerment and nurses’ job satisfaction as well as two dimensions of burnout: exhaustion and disengagement from work. Conclusions. These findings suggest that psychological empowerment is an underlying mechanism that may explain why structural empowerment in the hospital department is positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to burnout in nurses. This has implications for theory by extending the multilevel nomological network of the constructs and for management practice by highlighting the role of structural empowerment for work design in public health institutions. Implications for Nursing Management. The results indicate that structural and psychological empowerment can play a significant role in creating supportive workplace conditions in hospitals. Organizing nurses’ work in a way that empowers them promotes their sense of competence and autonomy, which in turn promotes their job satisfaction and reduces burnout.

Factors Associated with the Completion of the Continuum of Care for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Services in Ethiopia. Multilevel Model Analysis

Factors Associated with the Completion of the Continuum of Care for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Services in Ethiopia. Multilevel Model Analysis

Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills and Urges to Use Alcohol and Substances: An Examination of Diary Cards

Background: Skills learned in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are a proposed mechanism that prompts behavior change. Few studies have examined the effects of DBT skills on treatment outcomes. No published studies have examined the effects of DBT skills on alcohol and substance use outcomes. Objectives: This study examined 48 individuals in a community mental health facility that delivers DBT-adherent treatment. Utilizing intake data and diary cards, multilevel model analyses were conducted to examine the effects each DBT skills domain had on urges for participants that entered treatment with varying frequencies of alcohol and substance use. Results: Emotion regulation and mindfulness skills domains were related to decreased urges for individuals that entered treatment with high frequencies of alcohol and substance use. Previous-day distress tolerance skills were associated with decreased urges and previous-day interpersonal effectiveness skills were associated with decreased urges for individuals that entered treatment with high frequencies of substance use. Conclusions: DBT skills may be a helpful mechanism to decrease urges for individuals that use alcohol and other substances. However, more research on why certain skills domains may be more effective is needed.

A randomised controlled trial evaluating the Guide Cymru mental health literacy intervention programme in year 9 (age 13–14) school pupils in Wales

BackgroundAdolescent mental health has become a public health concern as 10–20% of adolescents have experiences with mental health problems. Improving mental health education is critical to reducing stigma and improving access to appropriate care when needed. Here we examine the impact of a mental health literacy programme (Guide Cymru) in young adolescents in the UK. A randomised controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of the Guide Cymru intervention.MethodA total of 1,926 pupils (860 males and 1066 females) aged 13–14 (year 9) took part in the study. The secondary schools were randomised into the active and control arms of the study. Teachers in the active arm of the study were trained on the Guide Cymru and then delivered the intervention to their pupils. Pupils in the active groups received six modules of mental health literacy (the Guide Cymru), and control schools received teaching as usual. Mental health literacy across several domains (e.g., knowledge, stigma, help-seeking intentions) were assessed both before and after the intervention. Data collection for the randomised controlled trial ran from September 2019 to March 2020. Multi-level modelling analysis was conducted to account for the clustered nature of the design.ResultsAll aspects of mental health literacy, including mental health knowledge (g = 0.32), good mental health behaviours (g = 0.22), mental health stigmas (g = 0.16), intentions to seek help (g = 0.15), and avoidant coping (g = 0.14) improved after completing the Guide Cymru programme (ps < .001).DiscussionThe current study presents evidence for the Guide Cymru’s effectiveness in improving secondary school pupils' mental health literacy. We demonstrate that providing teachers with appropriate resources and training to deliver the Guide Cymru programme within their classrooms can improve the mental health literacy of pupils. These findings have important implications for the beneficial impacts the secondary school system can have on reducing the burden of mental health problems at a critical point in a young person’s life.Trial registrationISRCTN15462041. Registered 03/10/2019.

0054 Does the Early Bird Get the Worm? Associations of Waketime Variability and Metacognition in College Students

Abstract Introduction Deviation in sleep patterns have been associated with cognitive functioning in college students, but little research has examined how deviation in bed and waketime impact next-day metacognition. Given college students have high daily variability with their bedtime and waketime, these are understudied parameter of interest in this population. Considering metacognition has been associated with academic outcomes (e.g., GPA), it is important to understand how daily bedtime and waketime patterns might impact metacognition. The present study examined how daily deviation from bedtime and waketime are associated with metacognitive ratings in college students. Methods College students (N=81, Mage=18.8, SD = 1.1, 64 females) completed seven days of sleep diaries reporting bedtime, sleep duration, and waketime. Students also provided morning metacognitive ratings regarding the perceived quality of mental functioning from very poor (0) to very good (100). Multilevel modeling analyses tested whether intraindividual patterns of associations between daily bedtime and daily waketime and daily morning metacognitive ratings, after controlling for intraindividual daily anxiety severity, interindividual levels of bed/wake time variability and sleep duration, as well as age, sex, and daily sleep medication usage. Results Daily waketime was associated with same morning metacognitive ratings (B=.02, p=0.03), in that those who woke up earlier than their typical average reported worse cognitive function. Findings did not reveal an association between bedtime variability and metacognition. Conclusion Findings suggest that regardless of how long one has slept, waking up earlier than typical may negatively impact perceptions of cognitive functioning in college students. Similar patterns are not observed at the average/interindividual level. Given younger adults typically have a delayed circadian preference, findings may reflect acute circadian disruption and associated “brain fog” in college students when waking up earlier than typical. Future studies should examine associations between daily waketime and objective cognition to better understand how regularity impacts daytime functioning. Similar to findings in adolescent populations, such evaluations could inform recommendations regarding college class start times. Support (if any)

Sociodemographic factors associated with anemia among reproductive age women in Mali; evidenced by Mali malaria indicator survey 2021: spatial and multilevel mixed effect model analysis

IntroductionAnemia is a severe global public health problem that threatens human health as well as social and economic development in both developing and developed nations. Anemia is a significant public health issue because; it affects people from all backgrounds. Anemia affected about one-third of non-pregnant women, 41.8% of pregnant women, and more than a quarter of the world’s population. Any stage of a woman’s life might result in anemia, due to physiological factors, infections, hormonal imbalances, pregnancy related complications, genetic factors, nutritional deficiency and environmental factors. Mali is a developing country with substantial anemia prevalence, particularly in the developing areas. In order to reduce anemia among women of reproductive age, the Mali government worked to enhance preventative and integrative interventions. One of the government’s objectives is to reduce the prevalence of anemia in order to decrease maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted using data from Mali Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 datasets. The study comprised a total of 10,765 reproductive-age women. Spatial and multilevel mixed effect analysis, chi-square, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed on determinant factors of anemia among reproductive age women in Mali. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported.ResultsThis study includes a total weighted sample of 10,765 reproductive-age women from Mali Malaria Indicator Survey 2021. The prevalence of anemia was 38%. Of them, 1.4%, were severely anemic, while 23.5% and 13.1% were moderately and mildly anemic, respectively in Mali. In the spatial analysis, the spatial distribution of anemia showed that a higher proportion of anemia found in southern and south west region of Mali. The northern and north east region of Mali had a low of proportion of anemia. being youngest age [20–24] years [ AOR = 0.817; 95% CI = (0.638,1.047); P = 0.000], attending higher education [AOR = 0.401; 95% CI= (0.278,0.579); P = 0.000], being male headed household [AOR = 0.653; 95% CI= (0.536,0.794); P = 0.000] and being richest [AOR = 0.629; 95% CI= (0.524,0.754) P = 0.000] were protective factors for anemia among reproductive age women. In contrast to this, living in rural area [ AOR = 1.053; 95% CI = (0.880,1.260); P = 0.000], being animist religion follower [AOR = 3.10; 95% CI= (0.763,12.623) P = 0.04], using unimproved drinking water sources [AOR = 1.117; CI= (1.017,1.228); P = 0.021} and using unimproved toilet facility [AOR = 1.018; CI= (0.917,1.130); P = 0.041} were considered as the risk factors for anemia among reproductive age women.ConclusionIn this study, anemia was linked to socio-demographic characteristics, and there were regional variations in the frequency of anemia among women of reproductive age. The most important measures to prevent anemia among women of reproductive age in Mali included empowering women to have higher levels of education, raising the wealth index, rise in awareness of improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities, spreading anemia education through religiously acceptable routes, and using an integrated approach to prevention and intervention in high-prevalent regions of the country.

Implementation leeway in the Dublin system: evidence from Switzerland

ABSTRACT (Non-)implementation of rules is a key issue in the EU literature. During the European 'migration crisis' in 2015/16, several member states openly deviated from the clear rules the legal framework of Schengen and Dublin established. Although these controversies have attracted much attention, member states' authorities can also deviate from European rules in everyday decision making. Little is known about this leeway. For example, the Dublin system allows countries to send asylum seekers in an ‘outgoing procedure’ when they conclude that another Dublin state is responsible for the asylum application. This paper develops the argument that efficiency considerations lead national authorities to specialise in asylum seekers from countries from which they already have many residents. Asylum seekers from these countries are less likely to be sent in an outgoing procedure. The Dublin system does not intend this type of selection based on nationality. Using unique, high-quality register panel data from Switzerland, the statistical analysis of multilevel models shows that an outgoing procedure is indeed more likely for applicants from countries with a comparatively small number of residents. The findings of this analysis have broader implications for the Common European Asylum System.

Actor and partner effects of prenatal coparenting behavior on postpartum depression in first-time parents

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health complication of pregnancy and childbirth with long- and short-term consequences for the wellbeing and the functioning of parents. In particular, first-time parents seem to be at high risk for developing post-birth depressive symptoms as the transition to parenthood elevates stress and demands adjustment to significant changes. Prior research has mostly documented individual characteristics, such as prenatal depression and psychiatric history, as predictors of PPD, but much less is known about the potential contribution of interpersonal processes within relational contexts, such as the coparenting relationship, to PPD among first-time mothers and fathers. With evidence suggesting that coparenting dynamics start developing prior to the birth, it is imperative to consider characteristics of coparenting interaction behaviors as early as during pregnancy to identify such behaviors as risk or protective factors for PPD. In the current study, we explored one’s own (actor) and partner’s observed prenatal coparenting behaviors as predictors of mothers' and fathers' PPD. A mixed-method longitudinal study with 107 expectant couples provided both partners' self-report measures and observational data from interaction tasks prenatally, and at 3 and 6 months post-birth. APIM multilevel model analyses revealed that both negative (i.e., withdrawal and conflict) and positive (i.e., communication skills, support, and problem solving attempts) prenatal coparenting behaviors were uniquely predictive of PPD among first-time parents above and beyond other potential predictors of PPD, although several similarities and dissimilarities among fathers and mothers were detected.

The Effects of “Media Tech Neck”: The Impact of Spinal Flexion on Cognitive and Emotional Processing of Videos

Adoption of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and tablets) has popularized a neck-down posture during media consumption that is different from the traditional upright body posture for video viewing. A neck-down posture exerts substantial pressure upon the spine, and this posture has been previously linked to psychological effects. This study advances the literature by studying the impact of posture effects on processing audiovisual information. In a mixed design experiment ( N = 87), the effect of neck posture when viewing 24 video PSAs was tested using physiological and self-report measures. Multilevel modeling analyses of heart rate and corrugator data showed that spinal flexion lowered attentional engagement and caused incongruent emotional responses to the messages compared to a neutral spine posture. However, spinal-flexion participants exhibited greater skin conductance, counter to the predicted emotional disengagement. The impact of neck posture on message processing was largest at the beginning of the experiment and faded over time.

Collaboration in the Co-teacher dyad in inclusive classrooms: Ownership vs. agency

This study examines the collaboration factors among co-teachers in inclusive co-taught classrooms in Greece. The participants included 52 dyads of general education teachers (GETs) and special education teachers (SETs); 104 co-teachers in total. SETs perceived their role to be assistive in the classroom. Multilevel modeling analysis was employed to predict individual co-teachers’ collaboration scores using their own perceptions, their partners' perceptions, and classroom characteristics as predictors. Classroom ownership emerged as an important factor affecting the GETs' collaboration, whereas agency seeking emerged as an important factor affecting SETs’ collaboration. Implications for teaching practice are discussed.