Multi-level Hierarchy Research Articles

РОЛЬ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ФАКТОРІВ У ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ МІСЦЕВОГО ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ

The article substantiates the role of territorial factors in the transformation of local food supply. It has been established that the modern globalized food system is the source of many economic, social and environmental problems. No economic system can guarantee absolute food security for the population. Retrospective analysis proved that economic crises were observed in different time periods, which were caused, among other things, by insufficient food supply in different countries and regions of the world. The food system built at the time was unable to solve the problems of food security in developing countries. In the future, this led to the creation of inequality, including in industrially developed countries, excluding the access of the most vulnerable part of the population to quality nutrition. The study established that the principle of geographical distribution and management is the basis for determining the territorial factors of influence on food supply. The negative content of the factors that determine the issue of local provision leads to the emergence of food threats. In response to these and other pressing social, economic and environmental challenges, the concept of a sustainable food system has recently emerged. In the article, the task of the research is defined and concerns the method of achieving a sustainable food system, namely the "territorial organization" of food systems. Within multi-level governance, the role of territorial factors in the transformation of local food supply plays a key role in the transition to a sustainable food system. The article structures the transformation factors of local food supply, which includes the following levels: national, regional, territorial, regional, local and individual. It was established that the relationships between the subjects of the food supply market have different scales, which is determined by their scope and territorial affiliation. In general, this contributes to a multi-level hierarchy of levels of factors influencing food security.

Разработка модели управления риском в системе экономической безопасности межрегиональной промышленной кооперации

The relevance of the study is confirmed by the fact that cooperative systems at the interregional level can increase the stability of participants through the formation of new economic ties. The process of manufacturing science-intensive products is presented as a chain of relationships between various enterprises, each of which contributes to increasing the sustainability of production. Involvement in the cooperation system of representatives of various types of activities allows you to maneuver the added value to reduce risks. The aim of the study is to form an approach to managing the risk of a cooperative system based on a typical algorithmic risk management model that takes into account the negative impacts on the economic security of economic entities participating in interregional industrial cooperation. In the article, the authors present an overview of the main components of the economic security of interregional industrial cooperation as a class of control objects. The objectives of the study are defined: firstly, to identify the main basic approaches to ensuring economic security on the scale of interregional industrial cooperation; secondly, to present a multi-level hierarchy of ensuring economic security, including the level of cooperative systems; thirdly, to build a typical algorithmic model of risk management in interregional industrial cooperation; fourthly, to form a procedure for the redistribution of risk between the participants of the cooperative system. As part of the study, the authors used the method of analysis and synthesis, the transition from particular to general, essential analysis, the method of logical imperatives. A risk analysis methodology is presented and justified, which is based on a fuzzy risk map, formed on the basis of the consolidation of vectors, which allows to combine all possible negative impacts that arise in the cooperative system, detailed depending on the stages of production of high-tech products available in the cooperative system. As a result of detailing, an integral risk cube is formed, covering all variants of negative events in relation to all objects of the cooperation system in the context of the main stages of the production of high-tech products. The principles of evaluating the effectiveness of risk management are substantiated, taking into account the behavioral characteristics of participants in a cooperative system in an innovative environment. A model of accumulation of effects and losses of stakeholders for assessing the effectiveness of risk management is formulated, which includes a set of criteria and rules for selecting indicators, as well as sources of initial data provided by participants in the cooperative system.

The Second Quantum Revolution: Development of Subatomic Quantum Nanotechnologies of Intelligent Materials

The article analyzes the future development of quantum nanotechnology based on attosecond physics of the subatomic level of the condensed state. The ways of realizing the main achievements of the second quantum revolution in subatomic nanotechnologies of materials, namely quantum entanglement, quantum contextuality and quantum dissipativity are considered. The theoretical analysis of the prospects for this direction in the development of quantum subatomic nanotechnologies has been carried out within the framework of the well-known theory of thermal field dynamics of the condensed state. The analysis shows that subatomic entanglement of electron pairs is realized by attosecond single-cycle photons. The entangled electron pairs form the interfaces of supra-atomic capsules — quantum nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) of the condensed state of the material. The Coulomb blockade of quantum NEMS interfaces is complemented by the fact that they are controlled by the infrastructure of subatomic two-electron sensors and actuators located at the interface boundaries. When the primary subatomic interfaces of NEMS function, secondary supra-atomic scale entangled pairs of electrons are generated, which dissipate the NEMS energy and form a dissipative multilevel hierarchy of condensed state interfaces at higher spatio-temporal scales of intelligent materials

Improved Efficiency of Multilevel Monte Carlo for Stochastic PDE through Strong Pairwise Coupling

Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) has become an important methodology in applied mathematics for reducing the computational cost of weak approximations. For many problems, it is well-known that strong pairwise coupling of numerical solutions in the multilevel hierarchy is needed to obtain efficiency gains. In this work, we show that strong pairwise coupling indeed is also important when MLMC is applied to stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) of reaction-diffusion type, as it can improve the rate of convergence and thus improve tractability. For the MLMC method with strong pairwise coupling that was developed and studied numerically on filtering problems in (Chernov in Num Math 147:71-125, 2021), we prove that the rate of computational efficiency is higher than for existing methods. We also provide numerical comparisons with alternative coupling ideas on linear and nonlinear SPDE to illustrate the importance of this feature.

Globally Convergent Multilevel Training of Deep Residual Networks

We propose a globally convergent multilevel training method for deep residual networks (ResNets). The devised method can be seen as a novel variant of the recursive multilevel trustregion (RMTR) method, which operates in hybrid (stochastic-deterministic) settings by adaptively adjusting minibatch sizes during the training. The multilevel hierarchy and the transfer operators are constructed by exploiting a dynamical system's viewpoint, which interprets forward propagation through the ResNet as a forward Euler discretization of an initial value problem. In contrast to traditional training approaches, our novel RMTR method also incorporates curvature information on all levels of the multilevel hierarchy by means of the limited-memory SR1 method. The overall performance and the convergence properties of the our multilevel training method are numerically investigated using examples from the field of classification and regression.

Impact of situational awareness attributes for resilience assessment of active distribution networks using hybrid dynamic Bayesian multi criteria decision-making approach

The planning and operation of distribution systems have significantly changed due to the extensive osmosis of ICT (information and communication technologies) into power systems. Load growth, together with increased power quality expectations by the customers, has transformed the conventional distribution network to active distribution network (ADN), with penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). This has imposed the necessity to analyze resilient performance of ADN subjected to the boon of ICT for enhanced situational awareness (SA). This paper focuses on a detailed multi-level hierarchy framework using linguistic scale based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for SA oriented resilience level estimation of ADN, considering different high impact low frequency (HILF) events. The rapidly changing environmental conditions and ambiguity in interaction of network parameters lead to non-deterministic resilience (NDR), thus, affecting the operational resilience of ADN on a daily basis. To analyze the uncertain ADN availability due to NDR, hybrid MCDM-dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) approach is used. For better decision-making, the operational performance of ADN, to withstand critical loads due to NDR is analyzed in terms of load not served (LNS) index. The proposed framework is tested on IEEE 33-bus distribution network.

How an information perspective helps overcome the challenge of biology to physics

Living systems have long been a puzzle to physics, leading some to claim that new laws of physics are needed to explain them. Separating physical reality into the general (laws) and the particular (location of particles in space and time), it is possible to see that the combination of these amounts to efficient causation, whereby forces are constrained by patterns that constitute embodied information which acts as formal cause. Embodied information can only be produced by correlation with existing patterns, but sets of patterns can be arranged to form reflexive relations in which constraints on force are themselves formed by the pattern that results from action of those same constrained forces. This inevitably produces a higher level of pattern which reflexively reinforces itself. From this, multi-level hierarchies and downward causation by information are seen to be patterns of patterns that constrain forces. Such patterns, when causally cyclical, are closed to efficient causation. But to be autonomous, a system must also have its formative information accumulated by repeated cycles of selection until sufficient is obtained to represent the information content of the whole (which is the essential purpose of information oligomers such as DNA). Living systems are the result of that process and therefore cannot exist unless they are both closed to efficient causation and capable of embodying an independent supply of information sufficient to constitute their causal structure. Understanding this is not beyond the scope of standard physics, but it does recognise the far greater importance of information accumulation in living than in non-living systems and, as a corollary, emphasises the dependence of biological systems on the whole history of life, leading up to the present state of any and all organisms.

Intrinsic heterogeneity of grain boundary states in ultrafine-grained Ni: A cross-scale study by SIMS and radiotracer analyses

Using a correlated diffusion study applying secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and radiotracer analyses, the co-existence of both relaxed and deformation-modified non-relaxed high-angle grain boundaries (GBs) in ultrafine-grained Ni of 2N6 purity processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is clearly revealed. Due to different depth and lateral resolutions and using experimentally accessible diffusion times, SIMS provides a direct access to the properties of relaxed “slow” GBs (at short penetration depths) while the radiotracer measurements reveal simultaneously the contribution of the deformation-modified “fast” GBs (at large penetration depths). The temperature stability of ultrafine-grained structure of 2N6 Ni is investigated using electron back-scatter diffraction after annealing treatments corresponding to the diffusion experiments. No changes of the ECAP-produced microstructure occur at 403 K, while the ultrafine-grained structure is remarkably evolving to a coarse-grained one at 603 K. The knowledge of the microstructure evolution is used to quantify the diffusion data. The combination of the two complementary techniques allows not only to perform a cross-scale analysis of the mass transport, but also to probe consistently the existence and kinetic properties of different multi-level hierarchic microstructure features. Therefore, the results obtained is a step forward a better understanding of the physics of ultra-fine-grained materials (UFG). For the first time in the case of UFG materials, the SIMS technique is used in a mode with lateral resolution which is correlated with the microstructure characteristics resolving a multi-level hierarchy of diffusion properties of short circuits in severe plastically deformed materials.

A generalized multigrid method for solving contact problems in Lagrange multiplier based unfitted Finite Element method

Internal interfaces in a domain could exist as a material defect or they can appear due to propagations of cracks. Discretization of such geometries and solution of the contact problem on the internal interfaces can be computationally challenging. We employ an unfitted Finite Element (FE) framework for the discretization of the domains and develop a tailored, globally convergent, and efficient multigrid method for solving contact problems on the internal interfaces. In the unfitted FE methods, structured background meshes are used and only the underlying finite element spaces are modified to incorporate the discontinuities. The non-penetration conditions on the embedded interfaces of the domains are discretized using the method of Lagrange multipliers. We reformulate the arising variational inequality problem as a quadratic minimization problem with linear inequality constraints. Our multigrid method can solve such problems by employing a tailored multilevel hierarchy of the FE spaces and a novel approach for tackling the discretized non-penetration conditions. We employ pseudo-L2 projection-based transfer operators to construct a hierarchy of nested FE spaces from the hierarchy of non-nested meshes. The essential component of our multigrid method is a technique that decouples the linear constraints using an orthogonal transformation. The decoupled constraints are handled by a modified variant of the projected Gauss–Seidel method, which we employ as a smoother in the multigrid method. These components of the multigrid method allow us to enforce linear constraints locally and ensure the global convergence. We will demonstrate the robustness, efficiency, and level independent convergence property of the proposed method for Signorini’s problem and two-body contact problems.

Increased Signs of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Dental Students: A Multilevel Approach.

Despite the fact that the new generations of rotary tools emit less noise, some recent studies suggest that dental students are still at risk of hearing impairment. The aim of the study was to determine a possible association between noise exposure from dental equipment and early signs of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in dental students. A cross-sectional study was carried out with dental and non-dental students from two universities in Chile. A group of 102 dental students routinely exposed to noise emitted from dental equipment was selected as the study group. A group of 251 non-dental students was selected as the control group. Pure-tone audiometry was carried out on all participants ensuring that they were not exposed to noise for at least 24 hours prior to testing. The presence of a notch was determined for each participant. Simultaneous-quantile regressions were used to compare percentiles of the hearing threshold between both groups. Then, the notch prevalence ratio adjusted by gender and age was estimated for each group of participants. Finally, the prevalence of an audiometric notch was compared between both groups using logistic regression models and generalized linear methods. Both fixed effect and multilevel hierarchy models were constructed. Significant differences between groups for the 75th percentile of hearing threshold distributions at 4 and 6 kHz in the left ear and at 6 kHz in the right ear were found. In addition, study group participants exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of a notch at 4 kHz in the left ear than control group participants. Exposure to noise derived from learning activities as a dental student is associated with early signs of NIHL. Such signs include poorer hearing thresholds than those of non-dental students at 4 and 6 kHz as well as the presence of a notch at high frequencies.

An integrated solar evaporator with multilevel hierarchy and multifunctional properties for efficient and salt fouling-resistant desalination

A hierarchy is integrated into the solar evaporator and triggers multifunctional properties, by which salt-resistant desalination is achieved without sacrificing the energy efficiency even in hypersaline solutions (83–93% in 3.5–25 wt% brine).

A Family of Experiments to Compare Two Model-Driven Development Tools vs a Traditional Development Method

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Context:</b> There are many papers which extol the benefits of Model-Driven Development (MDD) compared to traditional developments. However, the adoption of MDD to develop fully functional systems without coding is not frequent. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Objective:</b> This paper presents a family of experiments with 7 replications and 56 sample units to compare a traditional method versus MDD, analysing two MDD tools. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Method:</b> The factor in the experiment is the method with two treatments (traditional and MDD). We analyse together all replications thanks to two moderator variables in a multilevel hierarchy: Replication (from 1 to 7) and MDD Tool (INTEGRANOVA and WebRatio). Response variables are Functional Suitability, measured in terms of effectiveness in simple and complex problems; Effort, measured as time to develop simple problems; and Satisfaction, measured in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and intention to use. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Result:</b> Functional Suitability in MDD yields significantly better results both in simple and complex problems, while Effort for simple problems is also significantly better for MDD. Differences for Functional Suitability in complex problems are greater than with simple ones. Considering the MDD tools, INTEGRANOVA yields significantly better Functional Suitability in complex problems. Regarding Satisfaction, replications with WebRatio have a better intention to use than replications with INTEGRANOVA. <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Conclusions:</b> Even though MDD yields better Functional Suitability and Effort, the subjects’ Satisfaction with MDD is not better than with a traditional method.

Методи та підходи до моделювання ефективності цілей операцій в транспортних системах

Methods and approaches to modeling the goals of operations in transport systems are given, which allows to obtain not only purposeful, but also flexibly oriented solutions when choosing a strategy for forecasting their work. Partial decision-making tasks for structuring the initial information using the mapping method are defined. The classification of factors by the nature of uncertainty is given, which is one of the results of solving the problem of uncertainty analysis. Tasks are formulated that allow to quickly receive, analyze and process information. A formalized formulation of the problem of forming the initial set of strategies for modeling the problem situation in the transport system is presented. It was found that on the one hand, the set of alternatives between the desired result and the conditions of its implementation should be as wide as possible, which will ensure freedom of choice of the decision-maker and minimize the possibility of missing the optimal decision. It is determined that the initial set of strategies should be comprehensive and, therefore, quite narrow, which will allow the decision-maker to verify the alternatives on the available models with resource constraints. It was found that many components of the task of forming the initial set of strategies are clearly not set and are heuristically formed by the decision maker. Taking into account the indicator of reliability of transport systems, the main directions of solving the problem of satisfying conflicting requirements for many initial strategies are identified. It is found that the need, in the general case, to consider not one model, but their multilevel hierarchy is determined by the peculiarity of the efficiency study scheme, in which the description of the higher level depends on generalized and factorized lower level variables. The mathematical formula of the criterion of adaptability in the choice of solutions is given. The set of features that can be used as a basis for the classification of decision-making tasks in the transport system on the basis of the degree of certainty of information about the problem situation is generalized.

РЕГІОНАЛЬНА ІННОВАЦІЙНА СИСТЕМА ЄС

In modern economic realities, the formation of regional/territorial innovation systems, or «innovation ecosystems», is one of the effective mechanisms for intensifying the creation and implementation of new technologies and innovation strategies. Within the framework of the modern regional innovation system of the European Union, the object of its functioning is the space of development, the goal is to expand through open access and support high innovation activity of participants, and the result is to enhance positive practices and effects. The aim is to study the role of the regional innovation system of the European Union in the development of the innovation market of member states. The research methodology involved extensive analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalisation tools. It is proved that in the modern innovation market of the European Union, a kind of multilevel hierarchy with different institutional conditions has been formed. It is determined that today the degree of «network integration» of the regional innovation system of the European Union into the global innovation network, its place and market position in the global value chain is determined by the share of value-added created by the country/region in its export value. It is noted that European multinational companies are an essential subject of the European Union regional innovation system. The article analyses the concept of «smart specialisation», which is inscribed in the European Union innovation policy. It is concluded that the modern feature of the European Union regional innovation sustem is the active use of the technology platforms, whose major competitive advantage is the transformation of innovative tools of the technological process into market control tools. As a materialisation of holistic technologies based on fundamentally new scientific and technological results, technological platforms are an ideal communicative structure for improving the original idea through multilateral collaboration. Within the regional innovation system, the European Union’s multinational companies are now the owners of leading and highly efficient technology platforms, successfully forming key network nodes and structuring innovation-production and information-communication processes.

Learning hierarchical Bayesian networks to assess the interaction effects of controlling factors on spatiotemporal patterns of fecal pollution in streams

The dynamics of fecal indicator bacteria, such as fecal coliforms (FC) in streams, are influenced by the interactions of a myriad of factors. To predict complex spatiotemporal patterns of FC in streams and assess the relative importance of numerous controlling factors, the adoption of a hierarchical Bayesian network (HBN) was proposed in this study. By introducing latent variables correlated to the observed variables into a Bayesian network, the HBN can represent causal relationships among a large set of variables with a multilevel hierarchy. The study area encompasses 215 sites across the watersheds of the four major rivers in South Korea. The monitoring data collected during the 2012–2019 period included 32 input variables pertaining to meteorology, geography, soil characteristics, land cover, urbanization index, livestock density, and point sources. As model endpoints, the exceedance probability of the FC standard concentration as well as two pollution characteristics (i.e., pollution degree and type), derived from FC load duration curves were used. The probability of exceeding an FC threshold value (200 CFU/100 mL) showed spatiotemporal variations, whereas pollution degree and type showed spatial variations that represent long-term severity and relative dominance of nonpoint and point source fecal pollution, respectively. The conceptual model was validated using structural equation modeling to develop the HBN. The results demonstrate that the HBN effectively simplified the model structure, while showing strong model performance (AUC = 0.81, accuracy = 0.74). The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that land cover is the most important factor in predicting the probability of exceedance and pollution degree, whereas the urbanization index explains most of the variability in pollution type. Furthermore, the results of the scenario analysis suggest that the HBN provides an interpretable framework in which the interaction of controlling factors has causal relationships at different levels that can be identified and visualized.

A TISM and MICMAC Analysis of Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Indian Apparel Supply Chain

The objective of this study is to explore the challenges faced by the Indian apparel supply chain in the wake of COVID-19 to identify the factors that are being affected and build a multilevel hierarchy model to prioritize the factors and understand their inter-relationships. An intensive literature review was conducted and many experts from apparel supply chain were consulted. The study was conducted by the help of a survey sent to these experts from different echelons in the apparel industry. The data was then analysed using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM). The “Difficulty in export order fulfilment” factor is found to be the most sensitive factor which means that it is present in the TISM model hierarchy in a place that it is affected by most of the factors and in-turn impacts factors like operational cost, change in marketing strategy, change in consumer buying pattern, which impact Profitability and Cut-off in employment. “Cut-off in employment” is found to be most impacted by all other factors in TISM model.

A Multi-Level Interdependent Hierarchy of Interpersonal Synergies in Team Sports: Theoretical Considerations.

A Multi-Level Interdependent Hierarchy of Interpersonal Synergies in Team Sports: Theoretical Considerations.

Multilevel Monte Carlo method for topology optimization of flexoelectric composites with uncertain material properties

We present an efficient multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method for the topology optimization of flexoelectric structures. A flexoelectric composite consisting of flexoelectric and purely elastic building blocks is investigated. The governing equations are solved by Non-Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBS)-based isogeometric analysis (IGA) exploiting its higher order continuity. Genetic algorithms (GA) based integer-valued optimization is used to obtain the optimal topological design. The uncertainties in the material properties and the volume fraction of the constituents are considered to quantify the uncertainty in the electromechanical coupling effect. Then, a multilevel hierarchy of computational meshes is obtained by a uniform refinement according to a geometric sequence. We estimate the growth rate of the simulation cost, in addition to the rates of decay in the expectation and the variance of the differences between the approximations over the hierarchy. Finally, we determine the minimum number of simulations required on each level to achieve the desired accuracy at different prescribed error tolerances. The results show that the proposed method reduces the computational cost in the numerical experiments without loss of the accuracy. The overall computation saving was in the range 2.0–3.5.

MEHMANXANA SƏNAYESİNİN İNKİŞAF PROBLEMLƏRİ

The essence of the principle of network organization is that multi-level hierarchy is replaced by groups of enterprises, and specialized units coordinated by market mechanisms replace administrative mechanisms. Franchising, one of the forms of hotel management, is a contractual relationship between companies with a well-known brand and other hotels. As well as the positive role of franchising management in the hotel chain, there are also a number of problems. Key words: hotel, Franchising, hospitality, industry, service, tourist

Тенденції розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад – як туристичної дестинації

Abstract. Introduction. The article is devoted to the development of a tourist-hotel administration in the united territorial communities of the Southern region of Ukraine. The processes of development designed to improve business culture and community hospitality, improve tourist infrastructure and implement programs, projects and concepts. Purpose. The purpose of the article is scientific and theoretical substantiation and implementation of the approaches of the united territorial communities to improve the business climate, creating conditions for the development of tourism and hotel business in the territorial communities of the Southern region of Ukraine. Results. The article explores the main directions of formation and development of united territorial communities - as a tourist destination. Disclosure of the concept and essence of a tourist destination. The tourist potential of the Southern region of Ukraine is described and it is noted that for the formulation of tourist destinations on the basis of territorial communities it is necessary to take into account that the destination is a geographical area, to serve tourist clients of certain travel segments. The approaches of the united territorial communities to improve the business climate, create conditions for the development of tourism and hotel business in the territorial communities of the Southern region of Ukraine are substantiated. It is established that the tourism industry and one of its main areas of development is a tourist destination. The types of tourism are described and it is noted that the development of tourist infrastructure is crucial in the attractiveness of the destination, as well as the created tourist product that should be more accessible to consumers than in similar resorts in other countries. An important approach and basis for the formation and development of tourist destinations is the legal support and assistance of state and local authorities to approximate the legislation of Ukraine in terms of improving the legislation to the law of the European Union. Also in our study it was noted that for better disclosure and realization of the tourist potential of the Southern region of Ukraine, in our opinion, it is necessary to apply a process approach that simplifies the multilevel hierarchy of organizational structures and improves the management system in increasing competition. Local governments need to improve the strategy for the development of the tourism industry and taking into account the existing tourism potential of the united territorial communities of the Southern Region of Ukraine, taking into account: historical, economic, natural, geographical factors. Conclusions. Local governments need to improve the strategy for the development of the tourism industry and taking into account the existing tourism potential of the united territorial communities of the Southern Region of Ukraine, taking into account: historical, economic, natural, geographical factors, to unite efforts of public authorities and local governments. sectors of the economy to promote Ukraine in the world.