Multilayers Of Poly Research Articles

Multilayers of poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(acrylic acid) coatings on Ti6Al4V acting as lubricated polymer-bearing interface.

To achieve an efficient lubricated interface on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) alloy, polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) polymer coatings, based on poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(acrylic acid) (PEI/PAA), were fabricated on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy substrates using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. Their composition and morphology were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance (FTIR/ATR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The tribological properties were investigated by a ball-on-disk rotating tribometer using deionized water, saline, and calf serum. The results exhibit that (PEI/PAA)*n coatings have the internal cross-linked network and porous structure on the surface. The surface of PEI/PAA coatings-modified Ti6Al4V shows the sufficient wettability. The polymer-bearing interface of (PEI/PAA)*10 exhibits a low friction coefficient, 0.059, for 2 hr, and represents an 88% decline compared with bare Ti6Al4V. Moreover, the wear track on the polymer-bearing interface is superlow. There is no obvious wear volume, which indicates effective wear resistance. The hydrated layer, the cross-linked network structure, and the porous structure of PEM coatings are the main factors for efficient tribological properties. The multilayer PEI/PAA coating shows the potential uses of developing the lubricated-bearing interface on Ti6Al4V alloy.

Preparation and Characterization of Multi-layer Poly(arylene sulfide sulfone) Nanofibers Membranes for Liquid Filtration

Owing to the excellent filtration performance and low energy cost, polymeric nanofibers microfiltration (MF) membranes have attracted increasing attentions. Poly(arylene sulfide sulfone) (PASS), as one of the structurally modified polymers based on poly-(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), has been selected as the raw material to fabricate nanofibers MF membranes via electrospun techniques. The effects of PASS solution and the electrospinning processing parameters on the structural morphology of nanofibers were investigated in detail. The average diameter of PASS nanofibers was (296 ± 46) nm under the optimal condition: polymer concentration of 0.27 g·mL−1 PASS/DMI, applied voltage of 20 kV, and speed of collector drum of 300 r·min−1. And then the multi-layer PASS nanofibers MF membranes were fabricated from cold-pressing the optimized PASS nanofibers (as-prepared PASS nanofibers) membrane. The morphology, porosity, pore size, mechanical properties, and surface wettability of the multi-layer PASS nanofibers MF membranes could be tuned by the layers of as-prepared nanofibers membrane. The results demonstrated that the membrane with 6 layers (marked as PASS-6) exhibited the smallest porosity, smallest pore size, highest mechanical property, and best surface wettability. Meanwhile, the multi-layer PASS nanofibers MF membranes showed that the rejection ratio gradually increased, while the pure water flux decreased with increasing membranes thickness. The PASS-6 membrane exhibited large water flux of 747.76 L·m−2·h−1 and high separation efficiency of 99.9% to 0.2 µm particles, making it a promising candidate for microfilter.

Stem Cells Seeded on Multilayered Scaffolds Implanted into an Injured Bladder Rat Model Improves Bladder Function.

To investigate whether human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) seeded on multilayered poly (l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone) (PLCL) sheets improve bladder function in a rat model of detrusor smooth muscle-removed bladder. Male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Normal, injury (detrusor smooth muscle-removed bladder), PLCL (detrusor smooth muscle-removed bladder implanted with PLCL sheets), and PLCL + ADSC (detrusor smooth muscle-removed bladder implanted with PLCL sheets seeded with hADSCs). Four weeks after the treatment, physiological, histological, immunohistochemical, and immunoblot analyses were performed. hADSCs were compatible with PLCL sheets. Further, the physiological study of PLCL + ADSC group showed significant improvement in compliance and contractility suggesting the functional improvement of the bladder. Histological, immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed the uniform distribution of hADSCs in between PLCL sheets as well as differentiation of hADSCs into smooth muscle cells (SMC) which is illustrated by the expression of SMC markers. hADSCs seeded on the multilayered PLCL sheets has the potential to differentiate into SMC, thus facilitating the recovery of compliance and contractility of the injured bladder.

Effect of side chain variation on surface and biological properties of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) multilayers

Multilayers of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOX) with varying side chains were constructed through layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly using Tannic Acid (TA). Surface morphology, stability, wettability and stimuli-responsive drug release properties of the films were correlated with antiadhesive and antibacterial properties of the multilayers. Thickness, roughness, wettability and stability of multilayers were affected by the chemical nature of PAOX side chain, phase behaviour of PAOX and the binding strength between the layers. PAOX-multilayers released remarkably different amounts of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) especially at acidic pH and 37 °C. Antibacterial activity of the films against S. aureus was in good agreement with the amounts of CIP released from multilayers. Despite the differences in the released CIP amount, PAOX-multilayers showed similar antibacterial activity against E. coli under all conditions. Multilayers with greater wettability exhibited greater resistance against Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) adsorption and were more effective to reduce adherence of E. coli. None of the PAOX-films exhibited antiadhesiveness against S. aureus.

Controlled release of methylene blue from layer-by-layer assembled chitosan/polyacrylic acid

The electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled multilayer films were widely used in the biomedical technology such as drug delivery. In this work, loading capabilities and release behavior of the multilayer films chitosan (Cts) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were studied. The multilayer films were assembled by LbL technique through alternating deposition of Cts and PAA on glass slides, using methylene blue (MB) as a model drug. All the results showed that the LBL film’s loading and release efficiency greatly controllable by pH and ionic strength of the solution. It suggested that the Cts/PAA LBL film had potential applications in drug delivery and controlled release studies.

Multi-layered PLLA-nanosheets loaded with FGF-2 induce robust bone regeneration with controlled release in critical-sized mouse femoral defects

To overcome clinical issues caused by large bone defects and subsequent nonunion, various approaches to bone regeneration have been researched, including tissue engineering, biomaterials, stem cells and drug screening. Previously, we developed a free-standing biodegradable polymer nanosheet composed of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) using a simple fabrication process consisting of spin-coating and peeling techniques. We reported that sandwich-type PLLA nanosheets loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) displayed long-lasting, sustained release of rhBMP-2, and markedly enhanced bone regeneration in mouse calvarial bone defects. Here, we fabricated multi-layered nanosheets loaded with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and investigated their application for long bone regeneration. Subcutaneously implanted tri-layered PLLA nanosheets displayed sustained release of loaded rhFGF-2 for about 2 weeks. Next, we prepared critical-sized mouse femoral defects and implanted mono- or tri-layered nanosheets, or a gelatin hydrogel with rhFGF-2. Amongst these conditions, the tri-layered nanosheet most efficiently induced bone regeneration. Indeed, bone regeneration was enhanced even after 4 weeks in the tri-layered nanosheet group, and was accompanied by FGFR1 activation and subsequent osteoblast differentiation. Multi-layered PLLA nanosheets loaded with rhFGF-2 may be useful for bone regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the multi-layered PLLA nanosheet structure may potentially be applied as a potent sustained-release carrier. Statements of SignificanceHere, we describe multi-layered poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanosheets loaded with recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-2 (rhFGF-2) as a modified sustained-release carrier for bone regeneration. In vivo imaging system analysis revealed that subcutaneously implanted tri-layered PLLA nanosheets displayed sustained release of loaded rhFGF-2 for 2 weeks. In critical-sized mouse femoral defects, tri-layered nanosheets loaded with rhFGF-2 most efficiently induced bone regeneration. Notably, bone regeneration was enhanced even after 4 weeks in the tri-layered nanosheet group, and was accompanied by FGFR1 activation and subsequent osteoblast differentiation. Multi-layered PLLA nanosheets loaded with rhFGF-2 may be useful for bone regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the multi-layered PLLA nanosheet structure may potentially be applied as a potent sustained-release carrier.

Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Glucose and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFAs) for Diabetes Management

In this paper, the feasibility of simultaneous electrochemical detection of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) is investigated using enzyme-based biosensors. The detection of glucose is based on ferrocene-Nafion-glucose oxidase (Fc-Nafion-GOx) modified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Solutions of Fc-Nafion-GOx were drop casted on SPEs and dried at room temperature allowing immobilisation of GOx entrapped in Nafion polymer with Fc. The detection of NEFA is based on bi-enzyme electrodes fabricated by the layer-by-layer technique applied onto SPEs using multilayers of poly(dimethyldiallyammonium chloride) polymer, multi-walled carbon nanotube composite films, and two enzymes: acyl-CoA synthetase and acyl-CoA oxidase. Oleoyl coenzyme A lithium salt (OACoA) and oleic acid (OA) were used as NEFA of interests because they are two of the most employed markers in clinical tests. Preliminary results demonstrated that enzyme electrodes showed linear response within the physiological concentration range of glucose and OA in human blood plasma as 5 and 1.2 mM, respectively. These results indicate a promising multi-biosensor platform for rapid one-step determination of glucose and NEFA simultaneously. This could lead the way toward the fabrication of glucose-NEFA biosensors, which can be important in diabetes management and early diagnosis.

Multilayered electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for tailored controlled release of embelin

ABSTRACTPolymeric electrospun meshes are highly attractive as versatile platforms for numerous biomedical applications, tissue engineering, biosensors, and controlled release of bioactive agents. Herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of multilayered nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds with different embelin content by electrospinning technique. In vitro release in physiological and acidic pH and kinetic analysis were performed. The results show that it is possible to modulate the release profile depending on the number and thickness of layers added to drug-loaded scaffold that acts as an embelin reservoir. Electrospun multilayered scaffolds present characteristics, morphology and release profiles that could be very attractive for use as embelin controlled release systems.

PH- and temperature-induced release of doxorubicin from multilayers of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) and tannic acid

We present a simple strategy to prepare Doxorubicin (DOX) containing hydrogen-bonded films of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOX) and Tannic Acid (TA) which release DOX at acidic conditions, while release minimal amount of DOX at physiological pH. Water soluble complexes of TA and DOX (TA-DOX) were prepared prior to film construction. PIPOX and TA-DOX were deposited at the surface at pH 6.5 using LbL technique. We found that multilayers released minimal amount of DOX at physiological pH due to further ionization of TA with increasing pH and enhanced electrostatic interactions among TA and DOX. In contrast, pH-induced release of DOX was observed at moderately acidic conditions due to protonation of TA as the acidity increased and loss of electrostatic interactions among TA and DOX. Moreover, we found that raising the temperature from 25 °C to 37.5 °C increased the amount of DOX released from the surface. This can be rationalized with the conformational changes within the multilayers correlated with the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour of PIPOX and increased kinetic energy of DOX molecules. Considering the acidic nature of tumor tissues and important biological properties of PIPOX and TA, these multilayers are promising for pH- and temperature-triggered release of DOX from surfaces.

Automated microfluidic devices integrating solid-phase extraction, fluorescent labeling, and microchip electrophoresis for preterm birth biomarker analysis.

We have developed multichannel integrated microfluidic devices for automated preconcentration, labeling, purification, and separation of preterm birth (PTB) biomarkers. We fabricated multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane)-cyclic olefin copolymer (PDMS-COC) devices that perform solid-phase extraction (SPE) and microchip electrophoresis (μCE) for automated PTB biomarker analysis. The PDMS control layer had a peristaltic pump and pneumatic valves for flow control, while the PDMS fluidic layer had five input reservoirs connected to microchannels and a μCE system. The COC layers had a reversed-phase octyl methacrylate porous polymer monolith for SPE and fluorescent labeling of PTB biomarkers. We determined μCE conditions for two PTB biomarkers, ferritin (Fer) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). We used these integrated microfluidic devices to preconcentrate and purify off-chip-labeled Fer and CRF in an automated fashion. Finally, we performed a fully automated on-chip analysis of unlabeled PTB biomarkers, involving SPE, labeling, and μCE separation with 1h total analysis time. These integrated systems have strong potential to be combined with upstream immunoaffinity extraction, offering a compact sample-to-answer biomarker analysis platform. Graphical abstract Pressure-actuated integrated microfluidic devices have been developed for automated solid-phase extraction, fluorescent labeling, and microchip electrophoresis of preterm birth biomarkers.

Electrospinning Superhydrophobic and Antibacterial PS/MWNT Nanofibers onto Multilayer Gas Barrier Films

In this work, we demonstrate the non‐synthetic surface modification of a co‐extruded multilayer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) film with gas barrier properties through electrospinning of polystyrene (PS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nanofibers. As produced by forced assembly layer multiplying co‐extrusion, the heterogeneous nucleating crystallization of PCL was induced using the glassy confinement of the amorphous PMMA thus creating in‐plane lamellae crystallization, which is impermeable to most gas molecules. To complement these intrinsic gas barrier properties of the multilayer film, electrospun PS/MWNT nanofibers were deposited onto the surface of the PMMA/PCL film, which increased the surface roughness and resulted in superhydrophobic behavior (water contact angles>150°). Furthermore, the inclusion of the MWNT in the matrix caused an increasing antibacterial efficacy, which was determined to reach 97% inactivation against gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The fiber mats were further characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-dexamethasone and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate-carbon nanotubes coatings on glassy carbon microelectrode arrays for controlled drug release.

The authors present an electrochemically controlled, drug releasing neural interface composed of a glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode array combined with a multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating. The system integrates the high stability of the GC electrode substrate, ideal for electrical stimulation and electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters, with the on-demand drug-releasing capabilities of PEDOT-dexamethasone compound, through a mechanically stable interlayer of PEDOT-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)-carbon nanotubes (CNT). The authors demonstrate that such interlayer improves both the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the neural interface, when compared with a single PEDOT-dexamethasone coating. Moreover, the multilayer coating is able to withstand 10 × 106 biphasic pulses and delamination test with negligible change to the impedance spectra. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy images support that the PEDOT-PSS-CNT interlayer significantly improves the adhesion between the GC substrate and PEDOT-dexamethasone coating, showing no discontinuities between the three well-interconnected layers. Furthermore, the multilayer coating has superior electrochemical properties, in terms of impedance and charge transfer capabilities as compared to a single layer of either PEDOT coating or the GC substrate alone. The authors verified the drug releasing capabilities of the PEDOT-dexamethasone layer when integrated into the multilayer interface through repeated stimulation protocols in vitro, and found a pharmacologically relevant release of dexamethasone.

Effects of layer-by-layer assembled PEI/MWCNT surfaces on enhanced pool boiling critical heat flux

Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile deposition technique for the fabrication of nanostructured thin films on a substrate. In this study, multilayers of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were deposited onto a stainless steel surface. Since a substrate experiences notable changes in surface characteristics and structures during the LbL deposition process, resulting surface characteristics were thoroughly investigated. It was found that randomly oriented porous structures were developed by the fibrous wires of MWCNTs. As a result, surface roughness increased by 20–30%, and surface wettability increased by 70% for all samples. Both roughness and wettability were improved as the bilayer number increased. After the surface modification process, pool boiling heat transfer experiments were conducted to investigate the thermal margin achievable with the LbL deposition. Critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement was obtained as the number of bilayers increased, with the maximum enhancement evaluated at 94%. The enhancement was mainly attributed to the improved surface characteristics due to the formation of porous structures in the PEI/MWCNT layer. The comparison works with newly proposed CHF correlations supported the wicking effect on the CHF enhancements for the LbL-assembled test samples. Image processing results indicated a desirable structure for improved capillary action, which could affect further wetting to dry spots. High-speed bubble departure images were obtained from which a few msec reduction in rewetting intervals was observed for all LbL-assembled heaters.

Structures of spin-coated and annealed monolayer and multilayer poly(3-dodecylthiophene) thin films

The effects of film thickness and post annealing on the edge-on ordering and grain-size of spin-coated P3DDT films, which are of immense importance for their better device performances, were investigated using complementary XR and AFM techniques.

Rapid assembly of multilayer microfluidic structures via 3D-printed transfer molding and bonding.

A critical feature of state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies is the ability to fabricate multilayer structures without relying on the expensive equipment and facilities required by soft lithography-defined processes. Here, three-dimensional (3D) printed polymer molds are used to construct multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) devices by employing unique molding, bonding, alignment, and rapid assembly processes. Specifically, a novel single-layer, two-sided molding method is developed to realize two channel levels, non-planar membranes/valves, vertical interconnects (vias) between channel levels, and integrated inlet/outlet ports for fast linkages to external fluidic systems. As a demonstration, a single-layer membrane microvalve is constructed and tested by applying various gate pressures under parametric variation of source pressure, illustrating a high degree of flow rate control. In addition, multilayer structures are fabricated through an intralayer bonding procedure that uses custom 3D-printed stamps to selectively apply uncured liquid PDMS adhesive only to bonding interfaces without clogging fluidic channels. Using integrated alignment marks to accurately position both stamps and individual layers, this technique is demonstrated by rapidly assembling a six-layer microfluidic device. By combining the versatility of 3D printing while retaining the favorable mechanical and biological properties of PDMS, this work can potentially open up a new class of manufacturing techniques for multilayer microfluidic systems.

Multilayers of poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) microspheres with core-shell morphology: Characterization by AFM, SIMS and XPS

The methods of preparation and characterization of core-shell poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol) particles arranged in colloidal crystals are described. The particles were prepared via emulsifier free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzyl-polyglycidol macromonomer in aqueous medium, initiated by potassium persulfate. The individual polymerizations differed in a way of addition of macromonomer to the polymerization mixture. The particles assemblies were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In-depth distribution of chemical states was determined by XPS combined with argon gas cluster ion sputtering (Ar-GCIB). The morphology of microspheres assemblies reflected the composition of the entire particles. It was found that the method of macromonomer addition to the polymerization mixture affects the particles size, surface and overall morphology. The XPS profiles revealed the chemical composition of the particles arranged in multilayers. It was found that distribution of polyglycidol segments at the particles interfacial layer depends on the time and way of addition of macromonomer. The thickest outer layer composed from polystyrene-polyglycidol segments was obtained for particles when macromonomer was added at the beginning of polymerization.

Alendronate-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for bone-specific dual delivery of drug and bone mineral

Alendronate (Alen)-modified hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles with multilayers of poly(allylamine) (PAA) and alginate (ALG) were fabricated for bone-specific dual delivery of drug and mineral. Negatively charged HAp nanoparticles were coated with three layers of PAA and ALG using a layer-by-layer (LbL) method and then conjugated with Alen at the outmost layer of the LbL-coated HAp nanoparticles via carbodiimide chemistry. Alen-modified HAp nanoparticles had a spherical morphology and an average size of 61.5 nm. The superior adsorption property of the Alen-modified HAp nanoparticles was quantitatively confirmed using tricalcium phosphate disks as a bone model, compared to HAp nanoparticles. Cell culture assays revealed a higher proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts treated with the Alen-modified HAp nanoparticles.

Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on the "Living" Surface of a Polyelectrolyte Multilayer.

The adhesion of living eukaryotic cells to a substrate, one of the most complex problems in surface science, requires adsorption of extracellular proteins such as fibronectin. Thin films of polyelectrolyte complex made layer-by-layer (polyelectrolyte multilayers or PEMUs) offer a high degree of control of surface charge and composition-interconnected and essential variables for protein adhesion. Fibroblasts grown on multilayers of poly(styrenesulfonate), PSS, and poly(diallyldimethylammonium), PDADMA, with increasing thickness exhibit good adhesion until the 12th layer of polyelectrolyte has been added, whereupon there is a sudden transition to nonadhesive behavior. This sharp change is due to the migration of excess positive charge to the surface-a previously unrecognized property of PEMUs. Precise radiotracer assays of adsorbed (125)I-albumin show how protein adsorption is related to multilayer surface charge. With more negative surface charge density from the sulfonates of PSS, more albumin adsorbs to the surface. However, a loosely held or "soft corona" exchanges with serum protein under the Vroman effect, which is correlated with poor cell adhesion. A comprehensive view of cell adhesion highlights the central role of robust protein adhesion, which is required before any secondary effects of matrix stiffness on cell fate can come into play.

Biotin-Conjugated Multilayer Poly [D,L-lactide-co-glycolide]-Lecithin-Polyethylene Glycol Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin

Multilayer nanoparticle combining the merits of liposome and polymer nanoparticle has been designed for the targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. In this study, DOX-PLGA-lecithin-PEG-biotin nanoparticles (DOX-PLPB-NPs) were fabricated and functionalized with biotin for specific tumor targeting. Under the transmission electron microscopy observation, the lipid layer was found to be coated on the polymer core. The physical characteristics of PLPB-NPs were also evaluated. The confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the cellular uptake of nanoparticles and targeted delivery PLPB-NPs. The in vitro release experiment demonstrated a pH-depending release of DOX from drug-loaded PLPB-NPs. Cytotoxicity studies in HepG2 cells and in vivo antitumor experiment in tumor-bearing mice both proved DOX-PLPB-NPs showed the best inhibition effect of tumor proliferation. In biodistribution studies, DOX-PLPB-NPs showed a higher DOX concentration than free DOX and DOX-PLGA-lecithin-PEG nanoparticles (DOX-PLP-NPs) in tumor site, especially in 24 h, and the lowest DOX level in normal organs. The results were coincident with the strongest antitumor ability showed among in vivo antitumor experiment. Histopathology analysis demonstrated that DOX-PLPB-NPs exhibited the strongest antitumor ability and lowest cardiotoxicity. In brief, the PLPB-NPs were proved to be an efficient delivery system for tumor-targeting treatment.

Adhesive and robust multilayered poly(lactic acid) nanosheets for hemostatic dressing in liver injury model.

Freestanding biodegradable nanosheets composed of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) have been developed for various biomedical applications. These nanosheets exhibit unique properties such as high adhesiveness and exquisite flexibility; however, they burst easily due to their nanometer thickness. We herein describe a freestanding, multilayered nanosheet composed of PLLA fabricated using a simple combination procedure: (i) multilayering of PLLA and alginate, (ii) gelation of the alginate layers, (iii) fusion-cut sealing, and (iv) elution of the alginate layers. The multilayered nanosheets not only reinforced the bursting strength but also provided a high level of adhesive strength. In fact, they were found to show potential as a hemostatic dressing, and they tended to show reduced tissue adhesion that accompanies liver injury. Therefore, we propose this biomaterial as a candidate for an alternative to conventional therapy in hemorrhage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1747-1757, 2017.