Multilayered Foil Research Articles

The Development of Sustainable Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Based (PETG) Blends for Additive Manufacturing Processing-The Use of Multilayered Foil Waste as the Blend Component.

The polymer foil industry is one of the leading producers of plastic waste. The development of new recycling methods for packaging products is one of the biggest demands in today's engineering. The subject of this research was the melt processing of multilayered PET-based foil waste with PETG copolymer. The resulting blends were intended for additive manufacturing processing using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. In order to improve the properties of the developed materials, the blends compounding procedure was conducted with the addition of a reactive chain extender (CE) and elastomeric copolymer used as an impact modifier (IM). The samples were manufactured using the 3D printing technique and, for comparison, using the traditional injection molding method. The obtained samples were subjected to a detailed characterization procedure, including mechanical performance evaluation, thermal analysis, and rheological measurements. This research confirms that PET-based film waste can be successfully used for the production of filament, and for most samples, the FDM printing process can be conducted without any difficulties. Unfortunately, the unmodified blends are characterized by brittleness, which makes it necessary to use an elastomer additive (IM). The presence of a semicrystalline PET phase improves the thermal resistance of the prepared blends; however, an annealing procedure is required for this purpose.

Utilization of Multilayered Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)-Based Film Packaging Waste Using Reactive Compatibilizers and Impact Modifier

This research aimed to evaluate the material properties of reactive extrusion-modified blends containing PET multilayered foil waste. Three types of PET-based multilayer foil waste were used as the compound during the reprocessing of standard bottle-grade PET. Flakes used for this purpose were made from laminated foils: (A) PET/PE, (B) PET/EVOH/PE, and PET/PE/met. All types of the prepared materials were compounded with 30% of the waste foil flakes. Additionally, the blend was modified with an epoxy-based chain extender and polyolefin-based impact modifier. The prepared blends were processed using two methods; initially, the materials were prepared by injection molding, while cast-film samples were also prepared. All samples were subjected to full characterization using mechanical testing methods, thermal analysis, and structural observations. The study shows that the addition of multilayered foil waste is leading to significant deterioration of PET-based material properties. While, in most cases, the use of a chain extender led to some improvement in mechanical characteristics, the impact modifier addition strongly influenced most of the properties. It was also observed that the reactive extrusion procedure led to melt strength improvement, which greatly facilitates the film production process. Due to the limited possibility of separating the film components, the developed method of foil recycling might be useful for the utilization of multilayered packaging.

Ultrasonic Metal Welding of Multilayered Copper Foils to Nickel-Plated Copper Sheet in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell

The battery performance of electric vehicles depends on the density and capacity of the battery; thus, the battery cells must be assembled in as many layers as possible. Electric vehicle batteries are typically composed of several cells which form modules connected by busbars, with dozens of modules manufactured as battery packs. The ultrasonic metal welding (UMW) technology is applied to such multilayered foil welding. This study analyzed UMW to ensure the weldability of multilayered Cu foils and a Ni-plated Cu strip in lithium-ion battery cells through various approaches. In UMW, the effect of the alignment on weld production and quality were examined through the energy and mechanical performance of the weld by conducting comparative experiments on the alignment of the horn and anvil. Additionally, the effects of UMW process parameters, such as the welding pressure, amplitude, and welding time, were statistically analyzed. The weldability evaluation and characteristic analysis were performed based on these variables. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shapes and microstructure behavior of the Ni layers were analyzed based on the weld quality.

Multi-layered copper foil reinforced by co-deposition of single-walled carbon nanotube based on electroplating technique

For the realization of high-performance power electronics, further improvements to thermal and electrical conductivities are required. Although much effort has been put into revealing the excellent physical properties of SWCNTs in conventional Cu-based materials, the aggregation/bundles of SWCNTs induced by strong van der Waals interaction complicates the preparation of Cu/SWCNT and has been still challenging to solve. In this work, we tried to prepare Cu/SWCNT composites using an electroplating technique based on co-deposition. Utilizing not only cationic surfactant trimethyloctadecylammonium chloride (STAC) but also an atomization process involving shear stress, SWCNTs were successfully immobilized inside a Cu metal matrix to form a Cu/SWCNT sheet without significant loss of crystallinity for SWCNTs, which was confirmed by using Raman spectroscopy. A multi-layered Cu-Cu/SWCNT-Cu foil with an intermediate thickness of 4 μm exhibited higher mechanical properties of 519 MPa strength and approximately 10% elongation compared to that of an electroplated Cu foil without SWCNTs. This is probably because cross-linking SWCNTs strongly immobilized between Cu crystals suppressed further crack generation by increasing fracture resistance. The obtained results indicate that this electroplating method is a promising way to prepare Cu/SWCNT composites.

THERMO-ACTIVE SHAPE MEMORY MULTI-LAYER PAPERBOARD PACKAGING

A new shape memory paperboard laminated packaging concept is presented by introducing a polymeric shape memory layer within the multilayer structure. A shape memory polyethylene-like polymer, with low triggering temperature (Ttrans= 49.8ºC), was developed by crosslinking a polycyclooctene with a peroxide. Thermo-mechanical properties of the polymer were characterised, as well as shape memory properties. Once the shape memory material was developed and characterised, a series of different opportunities for shape memory packaging are presented, where the increase of temperature in food and/or packaging allows geometrical shape changes. Thus, from opening to collapsing movements of the carton-like packaging under heating operations are described. This thermoresponsive concept becomes into a new design tool to surprise the consumer. New interactive elements could emerge from packages which are able to open when suitable temperature is achieved and the food is ready. Equally, materials that change shape when exposed to high temperature could report about cooked dried food by thermo-responsive packaging. Finally, the presented concept is experimentally demonstrated by a laminate consisted of a thick paperboard layer, an adhesive polyvinyl alcohol film, a shape memory polyalkenamer film and a multilayered aluminium foil (polyethylene/aluminium/polyethylene), which was moulded as a self-opening package. Keywords: Shape memory polymers, Paperboard packaging, Self opening, Active packaging

Ultrasonic Bonding of Multi-Layered Foil Using a Cylindrical Surface Tool

A cylindrical tool was applied for ultrasonic bonding of multi-layered copper foil and a copper sheet to prevent damage to the foil during bonding. The strength of the joints bonded with the cylindrical tool was comparable to that of the joints bonded with a conventional knurled tool. The effect of the cylindrical surface tool on bondability was investigated thorough relative motion behaviors between the tool surface and the bonding materials, as well as on bond microstructure evolution. The relative motion was visualized with in-situ observation using a high-speed camera and digital image correlation. At shorter bonding times, relative motions occurred at the bonding interfaces of the foil and the copper sheet. Thereafter, the relative motion between the tool and the bonding material became predominant owing to bond formation at the bonding interface, resulting in a macroscopic plastic flow in the bonded region. This relative motion damaged the foil in knurled tool bonding, and the cylindrical tool achieved bonding without any damage.

Experimental progress of laser-driven flyers at the SG-III prototype laser facility

Laser-driven flyers have unique advantages of high flyer velocity, low cost, simple facility compared with the flyers driven by other conventional dynamic high-pressure loading techniques. With the fast development of laser technique, launching hypervelocity flyers with high-intensity laser pulse has become more and more prevalent. In this paper, we introduce the recent experiments of laser-driven flyers at the SG-III prototype laser facility. Three ways of launching hypervelocity flyers are developed and introduced, respectively. In the first way, multilayered aluminum flyers are gradually accelerated to a terminal velocity of 8 km/s, which is measured by optical velocimetry, without melting and vaporization. The pressure distribution within the flyer shows that the temporally ramped pulse ablation generates a compression wave, and the flyer is accelerated by this wave and its reverberation within the flyer. In the second way, a strong laser ablates the low-density reservoir foil and generates strong shock in the foil. The shock wave is strong enough, and when the shock breaks out from the free surface, the foil will unload as plasma towards the flyer with a density profile. The plasma decelerates upon colliding the flyer, and the single-layered flyer is gradually accelerated by the momentum transition. In our experiments, single-layered aluminum foil and single-layered tantalum foil are accelerated to 11.5 km/s and 6.5 km/s, respectively. According to the pressure distribution within the flyer, the flyer is also accelerated by the compression wave produced by the plasma collision, which is similar to the case of direct ablation by temporally ramped pulse. However, the way of plasma collision could better reduce X-ray and electron preheat and obtain cleaner flyers. In the last way, the flyers are launched by direct strong short-laser ablation. The multi-layered aluminum foil is accelerated to a high average velocity of 21.3 km/s by using a 3-ns quadrate laser pulse at 351 nm after spatial homogenization. A line-velocity interferometer system for any reflect (VISAR) is employed to monitor the processes of flyer launch and flight in a vacuum gap and the shock velocity associated with phase change in fused silica target after flyer impact is inferred. The reflectivity variations of the VISAR fringe pattern and the shock velocity in the fused silica suggest that the flyer owns a density gradient characteristic. Furthermore, specifically designed multi-layered flyers (polyimide/copper) are accelerated by shock impedance and reverberation techniques to a super high averaged velocity of 55 km/s, which is much faster than recently reported results. Light-emission signals of shock breakout and flyer impact on flat or stepped windows are obtained, which indicates the good planarity and integrity for the flyer. Compared with single-layer flyers, multi-layered flyers have a good planarity, and a high energy conversion efficiency from laser to flyers. In this paper, we give a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the experimental designs, technique means and data results about laser-driven flyers. This would provide a reference for further experimental study of laser-driven flyers and also verify that the SG-III prototype laser facility is a very promising facility for studying the hypervelocity flyers launching field.

Analysis of Counterfeit Coated Tablets and Multi-Layer Packaging Materials Using Infrared Microspectroscopic Imaging.

An effective method for detecting and characterizing counterfeit finished dosage forms and packaging materials is described in this study. Using attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging, suspect tablet coating and core formulations as well as multi-layered foil safety seals, bottle labels, and cigarette tear tapes were analyzed and compared directly with those of a stored authentic product. The approach was effective for obtaining molecular information from structures as small as 6 μm.

Ambiguity-free spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for determining the layer thicknesses in fluttering foils in real time

When imaging thick or axially moving samples with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, mirror terms overlapping with the signals of interest can cause ambiguities. These ambiguities complicate the analysis of the imaged structures and are especially troublesome for processes in which sample parameters have to be monitored in a fully automated way and in real time. In this study we focus on a purely hardware-based approach to overcome this problem. The method is based on shifting and shaping the sensitivity profile by spatially separating the two interferometer beams on the diffraction grating in the spectrometer. The usefulness of the approach, including its robustness against axial sample movements, is demonstrated for a multi-layered plastic foil structure. The proposed method neither requires additional data post-processing nor a significant increase in cost or complexity of the experimental design. It is therefore well suited for in-line quality control purposes.

Tensile Behavior and Fractography of Ti-TiAl Multi-Layered Foil Prepared by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Technology

Ti-TiAl multi-layered materials have been prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition technique. The tensile behavior of samples at room temperature and high temperature was tested, and then the deformation mechanism at different temperature was analyzed according to the fracture surface. The results show that the tensile curves hot-pressed samples have a broad step during the plastic deformation process, and the breaking strain of the sample has been increased for a wide-range. The presence of Ti layers have led to the cracks stagger along the inter-laminar interface or the layer due to which micro laminate expresses a good characteristic of delayed fracture. With the increase of temperature, the bulk modulus and yield strength of multi-layered Ti-TiAl have been increased abnormally due to the anomalous yield strengthening behavior of TiAl intermetallic.

Laser ablation of multilayered hot stamping foil

The patterning of multilayered hot stamping foil by excimer laser has been examined in terms of irradiation parameters and layer structure. The foil consisted of (a) an upper layer of lacquer, (b) intermediate layers of polymer and Al and (c) a base layer of low melting point resin. Ablation of the foil was characterised by a sequential removal of the layers at a threshold level of fluence and number of pulses. For ablation by single pulse, the upper layer of lacquer (∼1000 nm) was removed at 20 J/cm 2 and intermediate layers (∼3500 nm) at 20–30 J/cm 2. Multiple pulses (≥5) at fluences of ≥40 J/cm 2 resulted in ablation through the base resin layer. Ablation through the layers was accompanied by the formation of molten debris and resulted in the exposure of undamaged interfaces.

X-ray ultraviolet absorption measurements of laser-driven Au∕CH∕Al multilayers

X-ray ultraviolet absorption measurements of aluminum plasma at high temperature and high density are reported. A sample plasma was created by direct laser irradiation of a multilayered foil consisting of Au, CH, and Al. Observations were made using the method of self-backlighting spectroscopy. Simulations were performed with one-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code to compute the backlight profile as well as the time history of the density and temperature in the sample. By comparing the measured absorption spectra with detailed-term-accounting calculations at Te=120eV and ρ=0.1g∕cm3, it is found that the major spectral features predicted by calculations have been observed. Even better agreement between the experiment and the simulated absorption spectra was obtained by temporally averaging the radiation-hydrodynamics result over the backlight profile. This experiment shows that it is possible to measure high density and high temperature opacity by a laser-driven multilayer experiment.

A one-way hydrophobic surface foil as sample support for MALDI and off- line CZE/MALDI mass spectrometry: An alternative for low and high molecular mass compounds

A one-way multilayered flexible hydrophobic foil, fixed onto a standard microtiter-format MALDI target, has been utilized as a sample support for UV matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric experiments as well as for the automated off- line coupling of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with MALDI. Various matrices as well as preparation techniques on this polar solution-repellent foil were evaluated with regard to matrix suppression effects, sensitivity and crystallization of deposited samples as well as drop migration on the surface. The results were compared with those yielded on the conventional stainless steel targets. It turned out that this foil is a sample support of choice due to significant improvements in chemical noise reduction, spot area reduction, sensitivity and no drop migration dealing with low molecular mass compounds such as tryptic peptide mixtures, small organic synthetic biomolecules (200–700 Da) as well as intact proteins. Furthermore the foil was a useful MALDI sample surface for the deposition of CZE peptide fractions in proteomics applications.

MULPEX: A compact multi-layered polymer foil collector for micrometeoroids and orbital debris

Detailed studies of preserved hypervelocity impact residues on spacecraft multi-layer insulation foils have yielded important information about the flux of small particles from different sources in low-Earth orbit (LEO). We have extended our earlier research on impacts occurring in LEO to design and testing of a compact capture device. MUlti- Layer Polymer EXperiment (MULPEX) is simple, cheap to build, lightweight, of no power demand, easy to deploy, and optimised for the efficient collection of impact residue for analysis on return to Earth. The capture medium is a stack of very thin (8 and 40 μm) polyimide foils, supported on poly-tetrafluoroethylene sheet frames, surrounded by a protective aluminium casing. The uppermost foil has a very thin metallic coating for thermal protection and resistance to atomic oxygen and ultra-violet exposure. The casing provides a simple detachable interface for deployment on the spacecraft, facing into the desired direction for particle collection. On return to the laboratory, the stacked foils are separated for examination in a variable pressure scanning electron microscope, without need for surface coating. Analysis of impact residue is performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Our laboratory experiments, utilising buck-shot firings of analogues to micrometeoroids (35–38 μm olivine) and space debris (4 μm alumina and 1 mm stainless steel) in a light gas gun, have shown that impact residue is abundant within the foil layers, and preserves a record of the impacting particle, whether of micrometer or millimetre dimensions. Penetrations of the top foil are easily recognised, and act as a proxy for dimensions of the penetrating particle. Impact may cause disruption and melting, but some residue retains sufficient crystallographic structure to show clear Raman lines, diagnostic of the original mineral.

Multi-layered foil capture of micrometeoroids and orbital debris in low Earth orbit

Analyses of multi-layered polymer insulation foils recovered from the Japanese Space Flyer Unit suggest that such foils have the potential to retain substantial remnants of micrometeoroid and space debris material from hypervelocity impact events. A purpose-built multi-layer foil collector could sample large numbers of impacts from smaller particles in low Earth orbit. Abundant residue could be classified as spece debris or micrometeoroid in origin, both quickly and easily – a significant improvement over materials surveyed on an opportunistic basis (such as solar cells, aluminium surfaces and aluminised multi-layer insulation foils) or metallic foil collectors, in that it would allow recognition of the whole range of impacted projectile compositions in a single survey. The collector is also intended to be relatively easy and cheap to construct, light in weight, negligible in power requirements, easy to deploy, of large surface area, easy to retrieve, small in storage, and unlikely to acquire substantial contamination upon the crucial inner foils.

Observations on hypervelocity impact damage sustained by multi-layered insulation foils exposed in low Earth orbit and simulated in the laboratory

Retrieved multi-layered foil thermal blankets exposed on the Japanese Space Flyer Unit and the MIR Space Station have revealed abundant evidence of damage generated by space debris and micrometeoroids. The blankets have acted as an efficient shield by disrupting small particles during penetration through the many foil layers, with abundant impact-derived residue material being identifiable on the upper layers of the blanket. The morphology of the impact-derived residues is complex with projectile fragments bound by degraded foil material, resulting in highly-evolved melt droplets. A light-gas-gun impact test programme was carried out using single homogeneous olivine mineral grains to help understand the observations of residue made on space-exposed samples from MIR and the Japanese Space Flyer Unit. The damage observed on the test samples, and the distribution and nature of the residue material, were found to be very similar to those from surfaces exposed in low Earth orbit. However, one of the experimental impact residues, preserved on the third layer of the foil stack, did yield a well-defined 820cm-1 Raman band, characteristic of olivine. This observation suggests that the particle had retained crystallographic integrity and had not undergone extensive melting and quenching during the shock-heating of the impact events. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

F-0219 マイクロガスタービン用気体軸受に関する研究 : マルチレイヤー型フォイル軸受の提案(S35-2 新しい潤滑技術への挑戦)(S35 トライボロジーと機械要素の新たな展開)

Recently, it's recognized as a common knowledge that natural resources are exhaustible. From viewpoint of consuming limited resources, it is expected for cogeneration system to supply heat and electric power. This system keeps the possibility that CO_2 emission can be reduced. Though the majority of the working system is occupied with the large-scale system, introduction of a small-scale system is begun, so that high-performance and maintenance-free micro gas turbine generators (30-100[kW] class) are expected in it. In this study, the author conducts research and development of self-acting gas bearing, in which a multilayered foil bearing is roposal.

Implosively manufactured composite Multilayered Foil Cylinders and tubular transition joints

AbstractUsing high energy‐rate implosive techniques, multi‐layered foil and foil mesh reinforced cylinders were manufactured in a range of ordinary engineering alloys based on aluminium, copper and variety of steels. Mechanical Properties of the welded interfaces and of the composites are discussed.Explosive welding of tubular bimetallic transition joints in four different welding systems is discussed together with the effect of the chosen technique on the mechanical properties of the joints.

薄膜積層拡散対の濃度均一化過程

薄膜積層拡散対の濃度均一化過程