Multilayer TiO2 Research Articles

Construction of self-cleaning gradient multilayer TiO2 coating on Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane for enhanced gelatin purification

Gelatin, a natural protein, is extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. However, purifying gelatin to meet the specific requirements of various industries remains a considerable challenge. Ceramic membrane separation technology, renowned for its high permeability, excellent anti-fouling properties, and long lifespan, has been widely applied in the food, biotechnology, and water purification industries. In this study, a sol-gel method was employed to fabricate a gradient multilayer TiO2-modified coating on the surface of an α-Al2O3 porous ceramic membrane. The viscosity of the TiO2 sols was adjusted by varying the concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 2000) and aging times. The results indicated that coating the C-P5^5 composite membrane with a sol containing 5 wt% PEG, aged for different durations (2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 d), effectively reduced the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the permeate from the feed solution of 52.4 kDa–11.9 kDa. However, the C-P10^5 composite membrane, with a 10 wt% PEG content and aged for the same durations, yielded a permeate gelatin Mw of 13.6 kDa. The composite membrane with excellent anti-fouling and photocatalytic self-cleaning properties holds promise for innovative applications in gelatin purification and bio-separation processes.

Design and fabrication of layered TiO2/rGO composited photoanode and its photovoltaic performance regulation for dye-sensitized solar cells

To improve the photovoltaic performance of the traditional TiO2 photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a series of layered TiO2/rGO composited DSSCs photoanode was assembled by changing the morphologies of the TiO2 and introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into different areas of the photoanode films. Firstly, TiO2 nanoflowers (TiO2-NFs), TiO2 nanorods (TiO2-NRs) were prepared employing the hydrothermal method and used as photoanode materials to explore the synergistic effect of TiO2 with different morphologies in layered photoanode. Then, TiO2-NFs/rGO composited photoanode (TNF/rGO) were fabricated to research the mechanism of rGO on improving electron transmission in the layered photoanode. The effect of adding rGO at different parts of the layered photoanode on the performance of DSSCs was also investigated. Attributing to the enhancement of light absorption and charge transfer, a champion power conversion efficiency (η) of 9.21 % (Jsc = 23.36 mA cm−2, Voc = 0.74 V, FF = 0.53) was achieved with the layered TiO2/rGO composited photoanode containing two consecutive layers of TiO2-NFs/rGO and P25/rGO, which exhibited an 82.01 % increase than traditional TiO2 (pure P25) photoanode (η = 5.06 %, Jsc = 12.09 mA cm−2, Voc = 0.73 V, FF = 0.58). It is an effective way to design and fabrication of layered TiO2/rGO composited photoanode to regulate the photovoltaic performance of traditional TiO2 photoanode for DSSCs based on the synergistic effect of its multi-layer structure, TiO2 morphologies and introduction of rGO.

Enhancing modulation performance by design of hybrid plasmonic optical modulator integrating multi-layer graphene and TiO2 on silicon waveguides

A novel way to enhance modulation performance is through the design of a hybrid plasmonic optical modulator that integrates multi-layer graphene and TiO2 on silicon waveguides. In this article, a design is presented of a proposed modulator based on the use of the two-dimensional finite difference eigenmode solver, the three-dimensional eigenmode expansion solver, and the CHARGE solver. Leveraging inherent graphene properties and utilizing the subwavelength confinement capabilities of hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPWs), we achieved a modulator design that is both compact and highly efficient. The electrical bandwidth f 3dB is at 460.42 GHz and it reduces energy consumption to 12.17 fJ/bit with a modulator that functions at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. According to our simulation results, our innovation was the optimization of the third dielectric layer’s thickness, setting the stage to achieve greater modulation depths. This synergy between graphene and HPWs not only augments subwavelength confinement, but also optimizes light–graphene interaction, culminating in a markedly enhanced modulation efficiency. As a result, our modulator presents a high extinction ratio and minimized insertion loss. Furthermore, it exhibits polarization insensitivity and a greater bandwidth. Our work sets a new benchmark in optical communication systems, emphasizing the potential for the next generation of chip-scale with high-efficiency optical modulators that significantly outpace conventional graphene-based designs.

Sol-Gel Multilayered Niobium (Vanadium)-Doped TiO2 for CO Sensing and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue.

Multilayered TiO2 films doped either with Niobium or Vanadium (1.2 at. %) were deposited by the sol-gel dip coating method on c-Si and glass substrates. The films on glass substrates were tested for CO sensing and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. X-ray diffraction data analysis showed that all the TiO2:Nb(V) films were nanocrystalline in the anatase phase, with a uniform and compact microstructure and a homogeneous superficial structure of small grains with diameters in the range of 13-19 nm. For the electrical characterization, the TiO2:Nb(V) films were incorporated in Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) structures. The specific resistivity is of the order of 104 Ωcm and its value decreases with increasing the electrical field, which testifies to the injection of electrons into these layers. From the analysis of the current-voltage curves taken at different temperature- and frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage and conductance-voltage characteristics, the density and parameters of deep levels in these TiO2 films are evaluated and the electron charge transport mechanism is established. It was shown that the current in these TiO2:Nb(V)-Si MIS structures is mainly carried out by inter-trap tunneling via deep levels energetically distributed in the TiO2 bandgap. Testing these sol-gel TiO2:Nb(V) layers for gas sensing and photocatalytic capabilities proved that they could serve such purposes. In particular, the results of the V-doped sol-gel TiO2 film confirm its CO detection capability, which is rarely reported in the literature. For the photodegradation of methylene blue, the Nb-doped TiO2 samples were superior, with nearly double the photocatalytic efficiency of undoped TiO2.

Facile fabrication of quantum dot–sensitized solar cells with multilayer TiO2 NCs/TiO2 HSs/CIS/CdS/CdSe(Xmin)/ZnS photoanode and modification of light scattering and co-sensitization for higher efficiencies

Facile fabrication of quantum dot–sensitized solar cells with multilayer TiO2 NCs/TiO2 HSs/CIS/CdS/CdSe(Xmin)/ZnS photoanode and modification of light scattering and co-sensitization for higher efficiencies

A cellulose derived nanofibrous nitrogen-doped carbon/TiO2/SnO2/carbon composite anodic material for lithium storage

SnO2 with high theoretical specific capacity is regarded as a desirable anodic material for lithium storage. However, the serious volume variation during discharge/charge cycling and poor conductivity significantly constrain the electrochemical performance. Herein, nanofibrous nitrogen-doped carbon (NC)/TiO2/SnO2/carbon composite was fabricated through layer-by-layer assembly of SnO2 and TiO2-gel layers alternately using cellulosic filter paper as the structural scaffold, followed by deposition of polypyrrole on the surface by chemical polymerization method, and subsequent calcination of the as-obtained matter in inert atmosphere. The achieved composite possesses a typical three-dimensional fibrous porous network structure inherited from the cellulosic substrate, and complete NC nanolayer coating on each nanofiber by adjusting the amount of pyrrole, which can alleviate the volume change and increase the conductivity of SnO2. Furthermore, the interlaced TiO2 multilayer can enhance the cycling stability during cycling, as well as facilitate the lithium-ion transfer through abundant interface. The optimal NC/TiO2/SnO2/carbon composite delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1492.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and retains a reversible capacity of 680.8 mAh g−1 after 200 discharge/charge cycles. This work provides an efficient strategy for design and construction of metal-oxides/carbon composite anodic materials with hierarchical microstructure that hold great potential in lithium storage.

Prominent ferroelectric properties in multilayered TiO2 Mn-doped BiFeO3 spin-coated thin films

The study investigates the effects of doping on the leakage current and ferroelectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) thin film-based heterostructures. The spin coating method has been employed to deposit thin films of BiFeO3 and heterostructures of TiO2/BiFeO3 and TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 on fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates. The ferroelectric behavior of the TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 films exhibited better ferroelectric hysteresis loop compared to the other prepared films. The ferroelectric behavior reveals the TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 heterostructure showed a significantly lower leakage current density compared to both the BiFeO3 thin film and TiO2/BiFeO3 heterostructure, and the TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 heterostructures are likely suitable for solar cell applications. Highlights FTO/TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3/Au heterostructure thin films prepared by spin coating method. Structure and optical properties of TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 heterostructure thin films were investigated. TiO2/BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 heterostructure thin films showed a low optical energy band gap of 2.25 eV. Enhanced ferroelectric property in TiO2 thin film composited with BiFe0.95Mn0.05FeO3 thin films.

Preparation and Upscaling of Zeolite@TiO2 Core‐shell for the Removal of Pb(II) and Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater

AbstractThe present work reports the preparation and adsorption kinetics of a Zeolite@TiO2 multifunctional adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal (Pb(II)) and organic pollutants (methylene blue) from wastewater. The design of the material is a core‐shell having a porous core of zeolite and the surface is supported with the growth of nano TiO2 for a tunable surface and interface designing for efficient wastewater treatment. The formation of Zeolite@TiO2 core‐shell has been characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and DRS spectroscopic techniques. BET surface analysis indicated increased surface area for efficient adsorption. The design of multifunctional adsorbent acts as a charged crossing point for quick adsorption and breakdown of pollutants in water. The adsorption of Pb(II) and methylene blue (MB) dye follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm confirming presence of multilayer of TiO2 in the adsorption process. Complete adsorption for Pb(II) is achieved in 25 minutes whereas MB dye is completely adsorbed within 15 minutes with high adsorption capacities. Photocatalytic degradation activity for MB dye were also analyzed and indicated 30 mg/l was degraded in 10 min. The DRS and photoluminescence life time study support good photocatalytic activity. The regeneration and recyclability of the core‐shell material have also been studied and reported.

Preparations of MgO Nanoparticles by a Poly(acrylic acid)s Template-Assisted Method and Photovoltaic Performances of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells based on MgO lnterlayer.

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles are commonly used to enhance the reactivity and performance of devices and systems in various applications, primarily due to the heat-resistance, binding, and alkaline properties of MgO. However, most of the methods used to synthesize MgO nanoparticles suffer from nonuniform particle size distributions that make it difficult to manufacture stable particles. In this study, uniform magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were developed for TiO2 photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to enhance their interfacial resistances. The uniform MgO nanoparticles were synthesized from MgO 93% using a poly(acrylic acid) template-assisted method. The particle size and crystalline structure of MgO nanoparticles were characterized by NANOPHOX particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Multilayered TiO2 photoelectrodes containing interlayers of MgO nanoparticles were fabricated as photoelectrodes for DSSC devices, and their photovoltaic performances were investigated. When the MgO interlayer was introduced into the multilayered TiO2 photoelectrode, it not only increased the photocurrent value of the DSSC device but also improved its power conversion efficiency. The DSSC device containing the MgO interlayer and the scattering layer exhibited an open-circuit voltage of 0.74 V, a short-circuit current density of 14.60 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.64 under a photointensity of 100 mW/cm2 at AM 1.5, resulting in an overall solar energy conversion efficiency of 6.94%. The application of an MgO interlayer in a DSSC device exhibited improved conductivity, charge transfer ability, and excellent device performance.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue on Multilayer TiO2 Coatings Elaborated by the Sol-gel Spin-Coating Method

Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue on Multilayer TiO2 Coatings Elaborated by the Sol-gel Spin-Coating Method

Designed Synthesis of Cu2O Quantum Dots/TiO2 Nanotubes Heterostructure as a Photocatalyst for Converting CO2 to CH4

Herein, H+ in oxalic acid is used instead of Na+ to obtain titanate nanosheets through P200 hydrolysis, which further curls to form a multilayer TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) structure. Then, Cu2O quantum dots (QDs) are successfully loaded on TiO2 NTs via a hydrothermal method using fructose as a reducing agent. The optical, impedance, and photocurrent tests indicate that the composite structure improves its optoelectronic performance. The photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction efficiency of Cu2O QDs/TiO2 NTs are lower than those of TiO2 NTs. However, the molar ratio of CH4 to CO produced by CO2 reduction of Cu2O QDs/TiO2 NTs composite catalyst is greater than that of pure TiO2 NTs. The CH4 production accounts for 97%, indicating that the composite catalyst has a high CH4 selectivity. The experimental and density functional theory calculation results prove that the Z‐scheme heterojunction accelerates the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers, and broadens the absorption range of visible light.

Efficiency enhancement and chrono-photoelectron generation in dye-sensitized solar cells based on spin-coated TiO2 nanoparticle multilayer photoanodes and a ternary iodide gel polymer electrolyte

The effect of the thickness of a multilayer TiO2 photoanode on the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) made with a polyethylene oxide-based gel polymer electrolyte containing ternary iodides and performance enhancer 4-tert-butylpyridine is studied. Multilayer photoanodes consisting of up to seven layers of TiO2 nano-particles (13 nm and 21 nm) are prepared by spin coating of successive layers. XRD results confirm the predominant presence of the anatase phase of TiO2 in the multilayer structure after sintering. The SEM images reveal the formation of a single TiO2 film upon sintering due to merging of individually deposited layers. The photocurrent density (JSC) and the efficiency increase with the number of TiO2 layers exhibiting the maximum efficiency and JSC of 5.5% and 12.5 mA cm−2, respectively, for the 5-layered electrode of total thickness 4.0 µm with a 9.66 × 10–8 mol cm−2 surface dye concentration. The present study introduces a method of determining the rate of effective photoelectron generation and the average time gap between two successive photon absorptions where the respective results are 1.34 molecule−1 s−1 and 0.74 s for the most efficient cell studied in this work.

Multi-Layer TiO2−x-PEDOT-Decorated Industrial Fe2O3 Composites as Anode Materials for Cycle-Performance-Enhanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

An industrial submicron-sized Fe2O3 with no special shape was decorated by a multi-layer coating of oxygen-deficient TiO2−x and conducting polymer PEDOT (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). A facile sol–gel method followed by an EDOT polymerization process was adopted to synthesize the hierarchical coating composite. The microstructure and phase composition were characterized using an X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, the existence state of PEDOT was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The characterization results indicated the dual phase was well-coated on the Fe2O3 and its thickness was nano scale. Electrochemical characterization indicated that the multi-layer coating was helpful for significantly enhancing the cycle stability of the Fe2O3, and its electrochemical performance was even better than that of the single-layer coating samples. The synergistic effects of the ceramic phase and conducting polymer were demonstrated to be useful for improving electrochemical properties. The obtained FTP-24 sample exhibited a specific discharge capacity of 588.9 mAh/g after 360 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, which effectively improved the intrinsic cycling performance of the Fe2O3, with a corresponding discharge capacity of 50 mAh/g after 30 cycles.

Synthesis and characterisation of single and duplex ZnO/TiO2 ceramic films on additively manufactured bimetallic material of 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V

Selective laser melting (SLM), one of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing methods, has enabled the layered production of Ti6Al4V/316L layered samples, thanks to the layer-by-layer construction. Although 316L and Ti6Al4V are used in many engineering applications, their wear performance is limited. This study aims to improve the tribological and electrochemical properties of Ti6Al4V/316L layered samples. Thus, ZnO, TiO2 monolayer, composite, and ZnO/TiO2, TiO2/ZnO multilayer ceramic films on Ti6Al4V/316L layered surface sample, were coated via the sol-gel dip-coating process. The structural, morphological, and tribological properties of ZnO-TiO2 ceramic films were analyzed via x-ray diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and 3D profilometer. The tribological properties of these coatings were examined using a reciprocating tribo-tester, and the electrochemical properties of samples were evaluated through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Structural and mechanical results indicated that ZnO and TiO2 films (monolayer, composite, and multilayer-coated) have higher surface roughness and hardness values than additively manufactured Ti6Al4V/316L layered models. Both single and multilayer ZnO and TiO2 ceramic-coated films improved the wear resistance of the Ti6Al4V/316L substrate. Also, The best tribological and corrosion resistance was acquired for the multilayer film (ZnO/TiO2) among all the coated models.

Thermoluminescence properties of TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayer thin films fabricated by (RF/DC) sputtering for radiation dosimetry

The most popular TLDs are composed of phosphors, ceramics, and crystals. Despite having a high light output per unit of absorbed dose, they suffer from rapid signal fading, light scattering, saturation at higher doses, and difficulties annealing for re-use. Here, we report the characteristics of a novel TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayer thin film dosimeter fabricated using radio-frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) sputtering methods with a faster deposition rate, high purity, and uniformity. The multilayer sequence was set to TiO2 (150 nm)/Cu (x)/TiO2 (50 nm), at varying Cu thicknesses (x = 5, 10, 25, 40, and 50 nm). The structure, morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of the films were characterized by the XRD, FESEM, EDX, and UV–Vis, respectively. Next, the best TiO2 multilayer films with 5 nm Cu were tested for morphological, structural, and optical properties at 600 and 1200 mGy of x-ray radiation. The dosimetric properties of samples irradiated with X-ray doses ranging from 100 to 1500 mGy were then investigated. The best annealing time, reproducibility, fading, low minimum detectable dose as well as the effect of different heating rates on the TL glow curve have all been studied. Our results indicate that the films are amorphous, porous with spherically shaped nanoparticles, have a uniform distribution of elements, and are transparent in the visible region. The optimum TL intensity was found at TiO2 (445 nm)/14.2 nm Cu/TiO2 (130 nm) sequence. The dose-response has a good linear correlation to x-ray radiation with a sensitivity that is 0.444 times less than that of TLD-100 sensitivity within the dose range 100–1500 mGy. Upon irradiation, the band gap decreases, crystallinity increases, pores increase, films become rougher, and the absorption band edge extends to higher wavelengths. The single and multilayer TiO2 films have high-intensity peaks at 270 and 274 ∘C, respectively, which is typical of TL glow curve peaks used in TLD applications. There were no significant changes in the TL reading after six times of reuse, and the fading was observed at 49.57% after 15 days of irradiation. The findings indicate that TiO2/Cu/TiO2 multilayer films are appropriate for thermoluminescence dosimetric applications.

The impact of 3D Raman imaging and HR-TEM analysis on the observed changes in the orientation of the crystallites in 3D flower-like nanostructured layers

The presented study aims to explain the formation phenomena of titanium dioxide flower_like forms on Ti foil. TiO2 nanoforms were obtained by chemical oxidation using H2O2 and further crystallization at 600 °C under an argon atmosphere. The morphology of layers is determined by reaction time. Understanding the factors that indicate the transition sequence and control the phase stability may provide insight into how the properties of titanium dioxide nanomaterials can be manipulated. A cross-sectional view of the samples reveals the complex arrangement of grains and their different shapes. HR-TEM and 3D Raman spectroscopy allowed to gain new insights into the structure formation. Observations of vibrational modes of anatase (101) and (001) surfaces allow quantitatively defining the percentage of facets exposition. Moreover, the spectra collected from different z-heights for the sample and the analysis of the integrated intensity ratio of Eg (144 cm−1) and A1g (514 cm−1) anatase bands show the grains' variable nature. The results present that the inner layer of the nanostructure is composed of more oriented crystallites, in contrast to the oxide/substrate interface and the sample surface. The model of the growth mechanism of a multilayered TiO2 scale formed on Ti has been proposed. Data availability statementThe raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.

Intensive study of coating multilayer TiO2 nanoparticles thin films used for optoelectronics devices

High-performance of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) thin films were synthesized using spin coating technique deposited on a glass substrate. The effect of the several layers of films which have formed is studied on the structure, morphology, surface, optical and electrical characteristics. From the analysis using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and impedance spectroscopy the obtained results show that anatase crystalline is obtained after annealing at 400 °C from TiO2 (NPs) in powder form. The surface of samples is uniform and the rms roughness is dependent on the number of layers and varied within the range 25.40–43.81 nm. The optical bandgap energy is obtained in the 2.9–3.2 eV range of multilayer TiO2 (NPs) thin films. The electrical characteristic analyzed as a function of temperature and frequency demonstrated a semiconducting behavior, and showed a decreased of resistance with the increase of temperature. The obtained activation energy based on impedance analysis is about 0.7 eV. It is showed that TiO2 deposited on the SnO2 glass substrate has anatase crystalline structure and their optical bandgap energy is about 3.0 eV. Electrical analysis shows semiconductor behavior over the explored temperature range from 400 °C.

LbL Fabricated PU/PSS/{201}TiO2 Multilayer Thin Films with Exposed High-Index {201} Facet for Environmental Applications

LbL Fabricated PU/PSS/{201}TiO2 Multilayer Thin Films with Exposed High-Index {201} Facet for Environmental Applications

Enhanced erosion resistance of anti-reflective TiO2/SiO2 coatings induced by Zr-oxide doping

The usage of renewable energy is an alternative countermeasure against the ongoing climatic change. In this regard, solar energy has been shown to be one of the best ways to tackle this issue. However, it has been discovered that the effectiveness of the solar panel is significantly influenced by environmental issues (dust, sand, contaminations, among others), which may induce surface erosion thus reducing the overall optical efficiency. We explored the possibility to enhance the erosion resistance for magnetron-sputtered antireflective TiO 2 /SiO 2 coatings by Zr-oxide doping and thermal annealing. When thermally annealed at 400 °C, these coatings demonstrated excellent mechanical (in dynamic conditions) and optical properties compared with the glass substrate. Moreover, laboratory sandstorm testing verified that the coating doped with 1 at.-% Zr and annealed at 400 °C displayed the highest erosion resistance (decreased erosion rate of 98%). Consequently, doped and thermally annealed ARCs offer a unique and promising option to protect the photovoltaic (PV) glass cover against erosive wear thus enhancing the longevity and efficiency (optical and electrical) of commercially available solar panels. • Development of anti-reflective coatings using multilayer TiO 2 /SiO 2 with Zr-oxide doping. • Assessment of mechanical properties via multi-cycle nanoindentation. • Innovative analysis of erosive wear by simulating sandstorms in the lab. • Zr-oxide doping and annealing synergistically improved erosion resistance.

Preparation and Tribological Properties of a Multilayer Graphene-Reinforced TiO2 Composite Nanolubricant Additive

The unique structure and physical properties of graphene and anatase TiO2 make them suitable for use as additives for engine lubricants. This study describes the use of dielectric barrier discharge plasma-assisted ball milling to synthesize a multilayer graphene-reinforced TiO2 composite nanolubricant additive (MGTC). A variety of physical and chemical tests were performed to characterize the resulting experimental materials, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four-ball friction and wear testing machines were used to study the tribological properties and extreme pressure anti-wear properties of a base oil containing 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt % of the modified TiO2. Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analyses were used to examine and analyze the microstructure of the friction pairs. As a result of the plasma-assisted ball milling process, expanded graphite was successfully separated into multilayer graphene nanosheets, and spherical TiO2 was successfully bonded to the nanosheets of the multilayer graphene. The 1.0 wt % composite oil was found to provide good friction reduction and wear resistance. It had a film thickness of 27.5 nm, which was 167% thicker than base oil. Due to its excellent dispersion stability, the MGTC nanocomposite exhibited excellent lubrication performance, which was attributed to the formation of carbon protective films, titanium dioxide deposition films, transfer films, and the occurrence of nano ball effects on the surface of friction pairs.